A military exercise (also called war game in American English) is the employment of military resources in training for military operations, either exploring the effects of warfare or testing strategies without actual combat. Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. This article describes three distinct but related terms military operations Operations as military events and operational level of war War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units The ComBat was an Aluminium Cricket bat and the subject of an incident that occurred at the WACA cricket ground in Perth in December 1979. Exercises in the 20th century have often been identified by a unique codename in the same manner as military operations. A code name or cryptonym is a word or name used clandestinely to refer to another name or word
Contents |
Types of exercises
- Field exercises
The more typically thought of exercise is the field exercise, or the full-scale rehearsal of military maneuvers as practice for warfare. Historical names for field exercises in the Commonwealth include 'schemes. ' In a field exercise, the two sides in the simulated battle are typically called "blue" and "red", to avoid naming a particular adversary.
- Simulations
Other types of exercise include the TEWT (Tactical Exercise Without Troops), also known as a sand table, map or cloth model exercise. Military simulations, also known informally as war games, are simulations in which theories of warfare can be tested and refined without the need for actual hostilities This type of exercise (in recent years assisted by computer simulation) allows commanders to manipulate models through possible scenarios in military planning. A computer simulation, a computer model or a computational model is a Computer program, or network of computers that attempts to simulate an Scientific modelling is the process of generating abstract, conceptual, Graphical and or mathematical models. This is also called warfare simulation, or in some instances a virtual battlefield and in the past has been described as "wargames. A virtual battlefield is the digital Simulation of a War, generally accomplished by the combination of differing " Though "wargames" today is used more frequently to refer to recreational wargaming using either a playing board with physical pieces to represent units, or played with miniatures, or a genre of computer games. A wargame is a Game that simulates or represents a Military operation. A board game is a Game in which counters or pieces that are placed on removed from or moved across a "board" (a premarked surface usually specific to that game A personal computer Game (also known as a computer game or simply PC game) is a Video game played on a Personal computer, rather Such examples of modern military wargames include DARWARS, a serious game developed since 2003 by the US DARPA agency with BBN Technologies, a defense contractor which was involved in the development of packet switching, used for ARPANET and developed the first computer modem in 1963. DARWARS is a research program intended to accelerate the development and deployment of military training systems A serious game is a term used to refer to a Software or Hardware application developed with game technology and Game design principles for The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new Technology A defense contractor (or defence contractor, also sometimes called a military contractor) is a Business organization or individual that provides products Packet switching is a network communications method that splits data traffic (digital representations of text sound or video data into chunks called packets, that are then The ARPANET ( Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) developed by ARPA of the United States Department of Defense, was the world's first operational Modem (from mo dulator- dem odulator is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode Digital information
History
The modern use of military exercises grew out of the military need to study warfare and to 'reenact' old battles for learning purposes. The Indian Air Force (Devanāgarī भारतीय वायु सेना IAST Bhartiya Vāyu Senā is the air arm of the Armed Forces of India and has the WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The United States of America —commonly referred to as the India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units During the age of Kabinettskriege (Cabinet wars), Frederick the Great, King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, "put together his armies as a well-oiled clockwork mechanism whose components were robot-like warriors. Kabinettskriege (English "Cabinet War" is the German expression referring to the type of Wars which affected Europe during the period of Absolute Frederick II (Friedrich II January 24 1712 August 17 1786) was a King of Prussia (1740&ndash1786 from the The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and from 1871 was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising Year 1740 ( MDCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap Year 1786 ( MDCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A robot is a mechanical or Virtual Artificial agent In practice it is usually an electro-mechanical system which by its appearance or movements No individual initiative was allowed to Frederick's soldiers; their only role was to cooperate in the creation of walls of projectiles through synchronized firepower. " [1] This, of course, was in the pursuit of a more effective army, and such practices made it easier to look at war from a top-down perspective. Disciplined troops should respond predictably, allowing study to be confined to maneuvers and command. Maneuver, manoeuvre (or seldomly manoeuver) may be Military or naval movement Military maneuver aka Military exercise Command and control can be defined as the exercise of Authority and Direction by a properly designated Commander over assigned and attached Forces
The stunning Prussian victory over the Second French Empire in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) is sometimes partly credited to the training of Prussian officers with the game Kriegspiel, which was invented around 1811 and gained popularity with many officers in the Prussian army. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870 between the Second The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 Kriegsspiel, from the German word for wargame was a system used for training officers in the Prussian army These first wargames were played with dice which represented "friction", or the intrusion of less than ideal circumstances during a real war (including morale, meteorology, the fog of war, etc). For other uses see either Die or Dice (disambiguation. Dice (the Plural of Die, from Old French Morale, also known as esprit de corps when discussing the morale of a group is an intangible term used for the capacity of people to maintain Belief in Meteorology (from Greek grc μετέωρος metéōros, "high in the sky" and grc -λογία -logia) is the Interdisciplinary The fog of war is a term used to describe the level of ambiguity in situational awareness experienced by participants in military operations
21st century militaries still use wargames to simulate future wars and model their reaction. Note The term model has a different meaning in Model theory, a branch of Mathematical logic. According to Manuel de Landa, after World War II the Command, Control and Communications (C3) was transferred from the military staff to the RAND Corporation, the first think tank. Manuel DeLanda, (born 1952 in Mexico City) is a Writer, Artist and Philosopher who has lived in New York since 1975 World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including C2I stands for Command Control and Intelligence C4I stands for Command Control Communications Computers and (military Intelligence The RAND Corporation ( R esearch AN d D evelopment is a Nonprofit global policy Think tank first formed to offer research and analysis A think tank (also called a policy institute) is an organization institute corporation or group that conducts Research and engages in advocacy in areas such Von Neumann was employed by the RAND Corporation, and his game theory was used in wargames to modelize nuclear dissuasion during the Cold War. Game theory is a branch of Applied mathematics that is used in the Social sciences (most notably Economics) Biology, Engineering, Nuclear strategy involves the development of doctrines and strategies for the production and use of Nuclear weapons As a sub-branch of Military Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Thus, the US nuclear strategy was defined using wargames, SAM representing the US and IVAN the Soviet Union. Nuclear strategy involves the development of doctrines and strategies for the production and use of Nuclear weapons As a sub-branch of Military Early game theory included only zero-sum games, which means that when one player won, the other automatically lost. In Game theory and Economic theory, zero-sum describes a situation in which a participant's gain or loss is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the other The Prisoner's dilemma, which models the situation of two prisoners in which each one is given the choice to betray or not the other, gave three alternatives to the game:
- Neither prisoners betray each other, and both are given short-term sentences
- One prisoner betray the other, and is freed, while the other gets a long sentence
- Both prisoners betray each other, and both are given mid-sized sentences
While the first is their best overall choice, neither of them can be sure that the other wouldn't betray him (and thus be freed while he would get a long sentence). The Prisoner's Dilemma constitutes a problem in Game theory. It was originally framed by Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher Thus, betrayal was considered as the most rational thing to do, i. e. minimaxing the losses (getting the possible loss to be the minimal possible). Minimax (sometimes minmax) is a decision rule used in Decision theory, Game theory, Statistics and Philosophy for mini mizing This modelization gave the basis for the massive retaliation nuclear doctrine. Massive retaliation, also known as a massive response or massive deterrence, is a Military doctrine and Nuclear strategy in which a state commits The zero-sum fallacy and cooperative games would be theorized only later, while the evolution of nuclear technology and missiles made the massive retaliation nuclear strategy obsolete. The lump of labour or lump of jobs fallacy is an argument generally considered to be fallacious that the amount of work available to labourers is fixed This article is about a part of a game theory For video gaming see Cooperative gameplay. Nuclear technology is technology that involves the reactions of atomic nuclei. A missile (see also pronunciation differences) is a self-propelled explosive Projectile used as a weapon towards a target [2].
Military wargaming was thus progressively improved, although according to Manuel de Landa it still suffers today from a systemic bias on conflict against cooperative behavior. Systemic bias is the inherent tendency of a process to favour particular outcomes Conflict is a state of discord caused by the actual or perceived opposition of Needs values and interests Dice, which were a rational way to represent chaos, were replaced by the Prussians by artillery range tables, and then by evaluation of each weapon's lethality, etc. Chaos (derived from the Ancient Greek, Chaos) typically refers to Unpredictability, and is the antithesis of Cosmos.
See also
- Maneuver warfare
- Flanking maneuver
- Pincer movement
- Simulation
- Aggressor squadron (aircraft in military wargames)
- War games in progress on September 11, 2001
- Live fire exercise
- CAT (Canadian Army Trophy) Competition
References
- ^ Manuel de Landa, War in the Age of Intelligent Machines, p. Maneuver warfare, also spelled manoeuvre warfare, is the term used by military theorists for a concept of Warfare that advocates attempting to In Military tactics, a flanking maneuver, also called a flank attack, is an attack on the sides of an opposing force The pincer movement or double envelopment is a basic element of Military strategy which has been used to some extent in many Wars and is considered Simulation is the imitation of some real thing state of affairs or process An aggressor squadron is a Squadron that is trained to act as an Opposing force in military wargames. On September 11, 2001, the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD was involved in an ongoing operation which involved deploying fighter aircraft to A live fire exercise is any Exercise in which a realistic scenario for the use of specific equipment is simulated The Canadian Army Trophy ( CAT) was a Tank gunnery competition established to foster excellence and competition among the armoured forces of the NATO Manuel DeLanda, (born 1952 in Mexico City) is a Writer, Artist and Philosopher who has lived in New York since 1975 War in the Age of Intelligent Machines (1991 is a book by Manuel de Landa that traces the History of warfare and of technology. 127, Swerve Editions, New York, 1991
- ^ Concerning the use of military wargames, see Manuel de Landa, War in the Age of Intelligent Machines
External links
- Complete 911 Timeline: Military exercises up to 9/11
Dictionary
military exercise
-noun
- military activity intended as training for its participants
- (esp. plural) military activity that is suggestive of a training purpose, but largely intended to communicate an increase in the likelihood of hostilities, near the site of that activity, involving forces in the same chain of command
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic