Mileva Marić
Mileva Marić
Born	December 19, 1875(1875-12-19) Titel, Vojvodina, present day Serbia. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Titel (Тител is a town and municipality in the South Bačka District of the Vojvodina, Serbia. The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country
Died	August 4, 1948 (aged 72) Zurich, Switzerland
Burial place	Nordheim Cemetery, Zurich
Residence	Serbia (1875-1891 1913-1914 1924-1935 1938-1939)  Switzerland (1894-1896)  Italy (1901-1903 1912-1913)  Czech Republic (1905-1912 )  Germany (1914-1921 1921-1948)  Sweden (1921-1923)
Nationality	Serbia
Occupation	Occasional teacher
Spouse	Albert Einstein
Children	Hans Albert Einstein, Eduard Einstein and Lieserl Einstein. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Hans Albert Einstein ( May 14, 1904 &ndash July 26, 1973) was a professor of Hydraulic engineering at the University of Eduard Einstein ( 28 July 1910 &ndash 25 October 1965) was born in Zurich, the second son of physicist Albert Einstein Lieserl Einstein ( Serbian Cyrillic: sr Лизерл Ајнштајн (February 4 1902 – ? was the first child of physicist Albert Einstein and Mileva
Relatives	Milos Marić, Marija Ruzic Marić, Zorka Marić, and Milos Marić (Jr).
Website http://www.pbs.org/opb/einsteinswife/

Mileva Marić (December 19, 1875 – August 4, 1948; Serbian Cyrillic: Милева Марић) was the Serbian first wife (1903-1919) of Albert Einstein, and mother of three children with him. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical There are some claims that she may have contributed to Einstein's early research, but scholarly scrutiny of these claims indicates that they cannot be substantiated.

Timeline of her life

Mileva Einstein about 1903

• December 19, 1875 Marić was born into a wealthy family in Titel, in the province of Vojvodina (then a part of the Austro-Hungarian empire, today in Serbia). Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Titel (Тител is a town and municipality in the South Bačka District of the Vojvodina, Serbia. The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság She was the oldest of three children. Shortly after her birth, her father ended his military career and took a job at the court in Ruma and later in Zagreb (at the time also known by its German name, Agram). For other meanings see Ruma (disambiguation Ruma ( Serbian cyrillic: Рума is a Town and Municipality Zagreb (ˈzɑːgrɛb is the Capital and the largest city of Croatia.

• 1886/87 High school for girls in Novi Sad. Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Novi Sad ( Cyrillic: Нови Сад 'nɔviː 'saːd; Hungarian: Újvidék Slovak ^[1]

• 1887 Changed to a high-school in Sremska Mitrovica. Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Sremska Mitrovica ( Serbian Cyrillic: Сремска Митровица is a city and municipality located ^[1] This school was equipped with excellent laboratories for physics and chemistry. (Trbuhovic-Gjuric 1983)

• 1890 From 1890 on she attended the Royal Serbian Grammar School in Sabac. Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[1] In 1891 her father obtained special permission to enroll Marić as a private student at the all male Royal Classical High School in Zagreb. Zagreb (ˈzɑːgrɛb is the Capital and the largest city of Croatia. ^[2] Mileva passed the entrance exam and entered the tenth grade in 1892. She won special permission to attend physics lectures in February 1894 and passed the final exams in September 1894. Mileva Marić's grades in mathematics and physics were the highest awarded. ^[2] (Trbuhovic-Gjuric 1983; Krstic 1991)

• 1894 Mileva fell seriously ill and decided to move to Switzerland, where on the 14th November she started at the girls 'high school in Zurich. Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[3]

• Spring 1896 Marić passed her matura exam, and in Summer she started studying medicine for one semester at the University of Zurich. Spring is one of the four Temperate Seasons Spring marks the transition from Winter into Summer. Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Summer is one of the four Temperate Seasons Summer marks the warmest time of year with the longest days The University of Zurich ( German: Universität Zürich) located in the city of Zurich, is the largest University in Switzerland ^[3]

• Winter 1896 Marić started studies in mathemathics and physics in Switzerland at ETH Zurich. Winter is one of the four Seasons of Temperate zones Calculated astronomically, it begins on the Solstice and ends on the Equinox Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the This was the only University in the area to accept women for the final exams.

She was the fifth woman to study physics at ETH, the only one in her year. ^[3] During practical physics lessons, she met Albert Einstein.

• 1897 until April 1898 Studied in Heidelberg, Germany^[4] (Theory of numbers, analytical mechanics, differential and integral calculus, elliptical functions, theory of heat, electrodynamics. Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Heidelberg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2006 over 140000 people live within the city's area (Trbuhovic-Gjuric, 4. Auflage 1984, p. 49, and ETH-Archiv der wissenschaftlich-historischen Abteilung)

• 1898 Mileva rejoined the Zurich Polytechnic in April ^[4]

• 1900 Mileva Marić failed her Zurich Polytechnic teaching diploma examination, almost certainly because of her poor grade in mathematics. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar ^[5] [The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 1, Ed. J. Stachel, 1987, p. 247]

• 1901 Mileva Marić became pregnant by Albert Einstein; it remained a secret. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting [2]

• 1901 Mileva Marić left ETH without a certificate; she did not continue her Ph. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting D. [3]

• 1902 Birth of Lieserl in Serbia, daughter of Mileva Marić and Albert Einstein. Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Lieserl Einstein ( Serbian Cyrillic: sr Лизерл Ајнштајн (February 4 1902 – ? was the first child of physicist Albert Einstein and Mileva

• 1903 Marriage with Albert Einstein. Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting

• May 14, 1904 Birth of son Hans Albert. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Hans Albert Einstein ( May 14, 1904 &ndash July 26, 1973) was a professor of Hydraulic engineering at the University of

• 1910 Birth of son Eduard. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Eduard Einstein ( 28 July 1910 &ndash 25 October 1965) was born in Zurich, the second son of physicist Albert Einstein [4]

• 1913/14 In July 1913 Max Planck and Walther Nernst offered Albert a new job in Berlin, which he accepted but which caused Mileva distress. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Walther Hermann Nernst ( June 25, 1864 &ndash November 18, 1941) was a German Physicist who is known for his theories (Highfield 154,156) In August the Einsteins took a walking holiday with their son Hans Albert, Marie Curie and her two daughters, but Mileva was delayed temporarily due to Eduard's illness. (Highfield 157) In September the Einsteins visited Mileva's parents near Novi Sad, and on the day they were to leave for Vienna Mileva had her sons baptised as Orthodox Christians. (Highfield, 160) After Vienna Albert visited relatives in Germany while Mileva returned to Zurich. After Christmas Mileva traveled to Berlin to stay with Fritz Haber who helped her look for accommodation for the Einsteins' impending move in April 1914. Fritz Haber (9 December 1868 &ndash 29 January 1934 was a German chemist, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his development for (Highfield 166) The Einsteins both left Zurich for Berlin in late March, on the way Albert visited an uncle in Antwerp and then Ehrenfest and Lorentz in Leiden while Mileva took a holiday with the children in Locarno, arriving in Berlin in mid-April. (Highfield 166) In May Ehrenfest noted that Mileva was pining for Switzerland, and in summer Mileva took the boys back to Zurich, to a boarding house , never to return to Albert. (Highfield 167) By the end of 1914 the couple's friends realised the marriage had collapsed; Mileva moved to a flat on Voltastrasse and Albert promised her an annual maintenance of 5600 Reichsmarks^[6]. (Highfield 172)

• 1919 February 14 Albert and Mileva were divorced. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[7] They had negotiated a settlement where Mileva would receive the entire Nobel prize money,^[8][9] which they both expected Albert would win. After Albert married his second wife in June, he returned to Zurich to talk to Mileva about the children's future, taking Hans Albert on Lake Constance and Eduard to Arosa for convalesence. Afterwards Albert wrote to Mileva urging her to move to Constance in Germany, later Durlach and then Darmstadt, offering to help her hunt for a house. (Highfield 218) Mileva, who was then living in a flat at Gloriastrasse 59 on the Zürichberg, refused to move. The Zürichberg is a wooded hill rising to 679 metres (2228 feet overlooking Lake Zürich and located immediately to the east of the City of Zurich in Switzerland

• 1922 Albert received news that he had won the Nobel Prize in November and the money was transferred to Mileva in 1923. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature The money was used to buy three houses in Zurich: Mileva lived in one, a five storey house at Huttenstrasse 62, the other two were investments. (Highfield 221) The family of Georg Busch, later to become Professor Busch at the ETH, was one of her tenants. In the late 1930s the costs of Eduard's care - he had been diagnosed with schizophrenia - overwhelmed Mileva and resulted in the forced sale of two of the houses. Schizophrenia ( from the Greek roots schizein (σχίζειν "to split" and phrēn In 1939 Mileva agreed to transfer ownership of the Huttenstrasse house to Albert in order to prevent its loss as well, with Mileva retaining power of attorney. Albert also made regular cash transfers to Mileva for Eduard's and her own livelihood. (Highfield 252)

• August 4, 1948 Mileva Marić dies in Zurich. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Role in physics

Annus Mirabilis Papers

The extent of Mileva's contributions to Einstein's Annus Mirabilis Papers is controversial. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical The Annus Mirabilis Papers (from Latin, Annus mirabilis, for 'extraordinary year' are the papers of Albert Einstein published in the " According to Evan Harris Walker, a physicist, the basic ideas for relativity came from Mileva [5]. Evan Harris Walker (died August 17, 2006) was an American physicist Senta Troemel-Ploetz, a German linguist, says that the ideas may have been Albert's, but Mileva did the mathematics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Some argue neither of these claims are likely. [6][7]

On the other hand, John Stachel, keeper of Albert's letters, says that Mileva was little more than a sounding board. John Stachel (born 1928 is an American physicist and philosopher of science The case for Mileva as co-genius mostly depends on letters in which Albert referred to "our" theory and "our" work and on a divorce agreement in which Albert promised her his Nobel Prize money. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature He gave the money to Mileva but he did not publicly acknowledge any putative scientific involvement by her in his work. Mileva used the award money to support their sons. Based on newly released letters (sealed by Albert's stepdaughter Margot Einstein until 20 years after her death), Walter Isaacson (Time 168(3):50-55, July 17, 2006) reported that Mileva invested Albert's Nobel Prize money in three apartment buildings in Zurich. Some of his current descendents are Christian Knox, and Mathew Knox.

The contention that the Soviet scientist Abraham Joffe claimed to have seen the original manuscripts of Einstein’s 1905 papers is not borne out by an examination of the passage in question, in which he clearly attributes them to a single author. Joffe identifies Einstein as Einstein-Marity, the name by which he presumed Einstein was officially known in Switzerland at that time. This is clearly a single name, not two separate names, and there is no justification for stating that Joffe claimed the articles were co-authored, as Martinez shows:^[10] John Stachel comprehensively refutes the claims about Joffe in the editorial Introduction to Einstein’s Miraculous Year: Five Papers that Changed the Face of Physics (2005), pp. liv-lxxii.

There are no strong arguments to support the idea that Mileva helped Einstein to develop his theories. Other Nobel winners, beside Einstein, have shared their prize money with their ex-wives as a part of the divorce settlements. When Einstein's surviving son was asked about his own mother's scientific contribution to the Theory of Special Relativity he couldn’t recall any. Albert remained an extremely fruitful scientist for the rest of his life, producing works of importance long after divorcing Mileva. She, on the other hand, never published any significant work and was never mentioned, including by any of hers or Albert’s acquaintances, as having contributed any ideas to Einstein's work. Mileva never claimed that she took any important part in the scientific work attributed to Albert . [8]

Children

Einstein and Marić had two sons and a daughter. Their daughter Lieserl, born before their marriage, is variously said to have been given up for adoption or to have died in childhood. Lieserl Einstein ( Serbian Cyrillic: sr Лизерл Ајнштајн (February 4 1902 – ? was the first child of physicist Albert Einstein and Mileva Hans Albert Einstein, their older son, became a professor in hydraulic engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. Hans Albert Einstein ( May 14, 1904 &ndash July 26, 1973) was a professor of Hydraulic engineering at the University of Hydraulic engineering is a sub-discipline of Civil engineering concerned with the flow and conveyance of Fluids principally Water. The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley The other son, Eduard Einstein, was diagnosed with schizophrenia and institutionalized; most of the money Einstein had received upon being awarded the Nobel Prize went towards his care. Eduard Einstein ( 28 July 1910 &ndash 25 October 1965) was born in Zurich, the second son of physicist Albert Einstein Schizophrenia ( from the Greek roots schizein (σχίζειν "to split" and phrēn Mileva cared for him until she died in 1948. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Both of their sons were baptized in the Serbian orthodox church of Nikolajevska in Novi Sad. The Serbian Orthodox Church ( Serbian: Српска Православна Црква / Srpska Pravoslavna Crkva; СПЦ / SPC) or the

Memorials to Mileva Marić

There are three known sculptoral busts of Mileva Marić, and a few memory reliefs (mostly on houses where she lived). All of them are located in different towns in Vojvodina, Serbia. The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The newest of the busts, one in her high-school town, Sremska Mitrovica, was placed in December 2005. Sremska Mitrovica ( Serbian Cyrillic: Сремска Митровица is a city and municipality located Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Another bust is located on the campus of the University of Novi Sad. A high-school in her birth town Titel is also named after her^[11]. Titel (Тител is a town and municipality in the South Bačka District of the Vojvodina, Serbia.

References

• Roger Highfield, Paul Carter (1993). The Private Lives of Albert Einstein. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-17170-2 (US ed. ISBN 0312110472).  

• Maurer, Margarete: "Weil nicht sein kann, was nicht sein darf. . . 'DIE ELTERN' ODER 'DER VATER' DER RELATIVITÄTSTHEORIE? Zum Streit über den Anteil von Mileva Maric an der Entstehung der Relativitätstheorie". Published in: PCnews, Nr. 48, Jg. 11, Heft 3, Wien, Juni 1996, S. 20-27. Electronic Version of RLI-Homepage (im RLI-Web): August 2005

• Ronald W. Clark: Albert Einstein. Leben und Werk, Munich, (1981). English Original: Einstein, the Life and Times, 1973).

• Dord Krstic: "Mileva Einstein-Maric", in: Elizabeth Roboz Einstein: Hans Albert Einstein. Reminiscences of His Life and Our Life Together, Iowa Cita (Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research) 1991, S. 85-99.

• R. S. Shankland: "Conversations with Albert Einstein", in: American Journal of Physics, Vol. 31, 1963, S. 47-57.

• Desanka Trbuhovic-Gjuric: Mileva Einstein, Editions des Femmes (1991). ISBN 2721004077.
• Desanka Trbuhovic-Gjuric: Im Schatten Albert Einsteins. Das tragische Leben der Mileva Einstein-Maric, Bern: Paul Haupt, (1983). ISBN 3258047006.

• Stachel, J. (2002). Einstein from 'B' to 'Z'. Boston: Bïrkhauser, pp. 26-38; 39-55.

• Stachel, J (ed. ) (2005). Einstein's Miraculous Year: Five Papers That Changed the Face of Physics. Princeton, pp. liv-lxxii.

• Stachel, J. et al (eds. ) (1987): The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein: Volume 1. (With English commentary).

• Havas, P. (ed. ) (1987): The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein: Volume 1 (English translation).

• Popovic, M. (ed. ) (2003): In Albert's Shadow: The love Life and Letters of Mileva Maric.

• Martinez, A: "Handling Evidence in History: The Case of Einstein's Wife," in School Science Review (March 2005). http://www.butterfliesandwheels.com/articleprint.php?num=183

See also

• Albert Einstein
• Relativity priority dispute

External links

• PBS's Einstein's wife: Mileva Marić - contains a highly dramatized account of Mileva's life. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Albert Einstein presented the theories of Special Relativity and General Relativity in groundbreaking publications that did not include references to the work of others The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Unfortunately it contains a large number of factual errors: http://www.esterson.org/PBS_Theory_and_Practice_Einsteins_Wife.htm
• Mileva Marić family picture (Tesla Society. com)
• Picture of Mileva Marić and Albert Einstein with child (Tesla Society. com)
• Burial Record for Mileva Marić Einstein at Findagrave.com