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This article is about the ancient city of Anatolia. For other uses, see Miletus (disambiguation).
Miletus
Μίλητος
—  Ancient Polis  —
Turkish transliteration(s)
 - Modern name Milet
Hittite transliteration(s)
 - Exonym Millawanda
 - Exonym Milawata
The Theater of Miletus Miletus
The Theater of Miletus
Miletus (Turkey )
Miletus
Miletus
Country Turkey
Region Ionia
Founder Neleus

Miletus (Ancient Greek: Μίλητος transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an ancient city on the western coast of Anatolia (in what is now Aydin Province, Turkey), near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Caria. A polis ( πόλις, pronunciation, in English-- plural poleis ( πόλεις, pronunciation, in English --is a City, a Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Hittite or Nesili is the Extinct language once spoken by the Hittites, a people who created an empire centered on ancient Hattusas (modern An exonym (from Greek el ἔξω exo = out el ὄνομα onoma = name is a name for a place that is not used within that place by the local An exonym (from Greek el ἔξω exo = out el ὄνομα onoma = name is a name for a place that is not used within that place by the local Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Aydın is a province of southwestern Turkey, located in the Aegean Region. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Büyük Menderes River (historically the Maeander also spelled Meander) Turkish: Büyük Menderes Nehri, Ancient Greek: Municipalities of Caria Cramer's detailed catalog of Carian towns in Classical Greece is based entirely on ancient sources Evidence of first settlement at the site has been made inaccessible by the rise of sea level and deposition of sediments from the Maeander. The first available evidence is of the Neolithic. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos

In the early and middle Bronze age the settlement came under Minoan influence. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which arose on the island of Crete. Legend has it that an influx of Cretans occurred displacing the indigenous Leleges. The Leleges were one of the aboriginal peoples of southwest Anatolia (compare " Pelasgians quot who were already there when the Indo-European Hellenes The site was renamed Miletus after a place in Crete. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the

The Late Bronze Age, 13th century BCE, saw the arrival of Luwian language speakers from south central Anatolia calling themselves the Carians. Luwian (sometimes spelled Luvian) is an extinct language of the Anatolian branch of the The Carians ( Greek: Κάρες Kares) were the inhabitants of Caria. Later in that century the first Greeks arrived, calling themselves Achaeans. The city at that time rebelled against the Hittite Empire. Hittites is the conventional English-language term for an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language and established a kingdom centered in Hattusa After the fall of that empire the city was destroyed in the 12th century BCE and starting about 1000 BCE was resettled extensively by the Ionian Greeks. The Ionians ( Greek:, Iōnes singular) were one of the three populations into which the Ancient Greeks considered the population of Hellenes to have been Legend offers an Ionian foundation event sponsored by a founder named Neleus from the Peloponnesus. The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula

The Greek Dark Ages were a time of Ionian settlement and consolidation in an alliance called the Ionian League. The Dark Ages (ca 1150 BC–800 BC refers to Greek history from the presumed Dorian invasion and end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 11th century The Ionian League ( Ancient Greek, Iōnes, koinon Iōnōn, koinē sunodos Iōnōn Latin commune consilium; also called The Archaic Period of Greece began with a sudden and brilliant flash of art and philosophy on the coast of Anatolia. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The first Greek science was devised by the Milesian School of philosophy. The Milesian school was a school of thought founded in the 6th Century BC.

Contents

Geography

Miletus is south of Söke. Söke is a town and a large district of Aydın Province in the Aegean region of western Turkey, south-west of the city of Aydın, near The ruin lies 5 km north of Akkoy and near to Balat village. Akkoy is a village near the western coast of Turkey, south of İzmir.

The city also once possessed a harbor, before it was clogged by alluvium brought by the Meander river. A harbor or harbour (see spelling differences) or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the Weather or are stored Alluvium (from the Latin, alluvius, from alluere, "to wash against" is Soil or Sediments deposited by a river or other running The Büyük Menderes River (historically the Maeander also spelled Meander) Turkish: Büyük Menderes Nehri, Ancient Greek:


Geology

During the Pleistocene epoch the Miletus region was submerged in the Aegean Sea. The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. It subsequently emerged slowly, the sea reaching a low level of about 130 m (427 ft) below present level at about 18,000 BP. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit BP plc, previously known as British Petroleum, is the third largest global Energy company, a multinational oil company (" Oil major The site of Miletus was part of the mainland.

A gradual rise brought a level of about 1. 75 m (6 ft) below present at about 5500 BP, creating several karst block islands of limestone, the location of the first settlements at Miletus. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Karst topography is a landscape shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble Bedrock, usually Carbonate rock such as Limestone At about 1500 BCE the karst shifted due to small crustal movements and the islands consolidated into a peninsula. Since then the sea has risen 1. 75 m but the peninsula has been surrounded by sediment from the Maeander river and is now land-locked. The Büyük Menderes River (historically the Maeander also spelled Meander) Turkish: Büyük Menderes Nehri, Ancient Greek: Sedimentation of the harbor began at about 1000 BCE and by 300 CE Lake Bafa had been created. [1]

History

Neolithic

The earliest available archaeological evidence indicates that the islands on which Miletus was originally placed were tenanted by a Neolithic population in the 2nd half of the 4th millennium BCE (3500-3000 BCE). The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos [2] Pollen in core samples from Lake Bafa in the Latmus region inland of Miletus suggest that a lightly-grazed climax forest prevailed in the Maeander valley, otherwise untenanted. Latmus ( Ancient Greek Λάτμος, Latmos Turkish Beşparmak Dağı) is a ridge of many spurs running in an east-west direction along the the The Büyük Menderes River (historically the Maeander also spelled Meander) Turkish: Büyük Menderes Nehri, Ancient Greek: Sparse Neolithic settlements were made at springs, numerous and sometimes geothermal in this karst, rift valley topography. The islands offshore were settled perhaps for their strategic significance at the mouth of the Maeander, a route inland protected by escarpments. The grazers in the valley may have belonged to them, but the location looked to the sea.

Bronze Age

Recorded history at Miletus begins with the records of the Hittite Empire in the Late Bronze Age. Hittites is the conventional English-language term for an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language and established a kingdom centered in Hattusa The prehistoric archaeology of the Early and Middle Bronze Age portray a city heavily influenced by society and events elsewhere in the Aegean, rather than inland.

Cretan period

Beginning at about 1900 BCE artifacts of the Minoan civilization acquired by trade arrived at Miletus. The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which arose on the island of Crete. [2] For some centuries the location received a strong impulse from that civilization, an archaeological fact that tends to support, but not substantiate, the legend of a founding; that is, a population influx, from Crete. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the According to Strabo:[3]

Ephorus says: Miletus was first founded and fortified above the sea by Cretans, where the Miletus of olden times is now situated, being settled by Sarpedon, who brought colonists from the Cretan Miletus and named the city after that Miletus, the place formerly being in possession of the Leleges. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. The Leleges were one of the aboriginal peoples of southwest Anatolia (compare " Pelasgians quot who were already there when the Indo-European Hellenes

The legends recounted as history by the ancient historians and geographers are perhaps the strongest; the late mythographers have nothing historically significant to relate. [4]

Luwian and Greek period

Miletus is first mentioned in the Hittite Annals of Mursili II as Millawanda. Mursili II (also spelled Mursilis II) was a king of the Hittite Empire (New kingdom ca In ca. 1320 BC, Millawanda supported the rebellion of Uhha-Ziti of Arzawa. Uhha-Ziti was the last independent king of Arzawa, a Bronze Age kingdom of western Anatolia. Arzawa was the name of a region or kingdom in Western Anatolia, which later to be known as Lydia (Assyrian Luddu, Greek Λυδία in the post- Hittite Mursili ordered his generals Mala-Ziti and Gulla to raid Millawanda, and they proceeded to burn parts of it (damage from LHIIIA:2 has been found on-site: Christopher Mee, Anatolia and the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age, p. 142). In addition the town was fortified according to a Hittite plan (ibid, p. 139).

Millawanda is then mentioned in the "Tawagalawa letter", part of a series including the Manapa-Tarhunta letter and the Milawata letter, all of which are less securely dated. The Tawagalawa letter ( CTH 181 was written by a Hittite king (generally accepted as Hattusili III) to a king of Ahhiyawa around 1250 BC The Manapa-Tarhunta letter (CTH 191 KUB 195 + KBo 1979 is a Hittite letter discovered in the 1980s The Milawata letter (CTH 182 is a diplomatic correspondence from a Hittite king at Hattusa to a Client king in western Anatolia around 1240 The Tawagalawa letter notes that Milawata had a governor, Atpa, who was under Ahhiyawan (today known as Achaean) jurisdiction; and that the town of Atriya was under Milesian jurisdiction. The Manapa-Tarhunta letter also mentions Atpa. Together the two letters tell that the adventurer Piyama-Radu had humiliated Manapa-Tarhunta before Atpa (in addition to other misadventures); a Hittite king then chased Piyama-Radu into Millawanda and, in the Tawagalawa letter, requested Piyama-Radu's extradition to Hatti. Piyamaradu (also spelled Piyama-Radu, Piyama Radu, Piyamaradus, Piyamaraduš) was a warlike aristocratic personage whose name figures prominently

The Milawata letter mentions a joint expedition by the Hittite king and a Luwiyan vassal (probably Kupanta-Kurunta of Mira) against Milawata (apparently its new name), and notes that Milawata (and Atriya) were now under Hittite control. Luwian (sometimes spelled Luvian) is an extinct language of the Anatolian branch of the Kupanta-Kurunta was the first recorded king of Arzawa, in the late 15th century BC

Homer records that during the time of the Trojan War, it was a Carian city (Iliad, book II). Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her The Carian language was the language of the Carians. It was an Anatolian language, apparently closer to Lycian than to Lydian. The Iliad ( Greek: Ἰλιάς (Ancient Ιλιάδα (Modern is together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient

In the last stage of LHIIIB, the citadel of Pylos counted among its female slaves "Mil[w]atiai", women from Miletus. This article is about the Greek geographical feature and town

During the collapse of Bronze Age civilisation, Miletus was burnt again - presumably by the Sea Peoples. The Sea Peoples is the term used for a confederacy of seafaring raiders of the second millennium BC who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political

Dark Age

Mythographers told that Neleus son of Codrus of Athens had come to Miletus after the return of the Heraclids (so, during the Greek Dark Age). Neleus was the son of Poseidon and Tyro, brother of Pelias. Tyro was married to Cretheus (with whom she had one son Aeson) but loved The Ionians killed the men of Miletus and married their widows.

Archaic period

Map of Miletus and Other Cities within the Lydian Empire
Map of Miletus and Other Cities within the Lydian Empire

The city of Miletus became one of the twelve Ionian cities of Asia Minor. The Ionian League ( Ancient Greek, Iōnes, koinon Iōnōn, koinē sunodos Iōnōn Latin commune consilium; also called Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black

Miletus was one of the cities involved in the Lelantine War of the 8th century BCE. The Lelantine War was a long military conflict between the two ancient Greek city states Chalkis and Eretria that took place in the early

Miletus was an important center of philosophy and science, producing such men as Thales, Anaximander and Anaximenes. Thales of Miletus According to Bertrand Russell, "Philosophy begins with Thales Anaximander ( Ancient Greek:) (c 610 BC–c 546 BC was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus Anaximenes (Άναξιμένης of Miletus (c 585 BC-c 525 BC was a Greek Pre-Socratic Philosopher from the latter half of the

By the 6th century BC, Miletus had earned a maritime empire but brushed up against powerful Lydia at home. The 6th century BC started the first day of 600 BC and ended the last day of 501 BC. Defining Lydia Aside from a legend related by Herodotus, who states that the name Lydia came from king Lydus at the time of the fall of Troy

When Cyrus of Persia defeated Croesus of Lydia, Miletus fell under Persian rule. This article refers to the historical King of Lydia For the opera by Reinhard Keiser, see Croesus (opera. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia In 502 BC, the Ionian Revolt began in Naxos; and when Miletus's tyrant Aristagoras failed to recapture the island, Aristagoras joined the revolt as its leader. The Ionian Revolts were triggered by the actions of Aristagoras, the Tyrant of the Ionian city of Miletus at the end of the 6th century Naxos (in Greek, Νάξος) is a Greek island the largest island ( in the Cyclades island group in the Aegean. In modern usage a tyrant is a single ruler holding absolute power over a State or within an Organization. Aristagoras was the leader of Miletus in the late 6th century BC and early 5th century BC Persia quashed this rebellion and punished Miletus in such a fashion that the whole of Greece mourned it. A year afterward, Phrynicus produced the tragedy The Capture of Miletus in Athens. Phrynichus, son of Polyphradmon and pupil of Thespis, was one of the earliest of the Greek tragedians. The Athenians fined him for reminding them of their loss.

Classical period

The Ionic Stoa on the Sacred Way
The Ionic Stoa on the Sacred Way

Its gridlike layout, planned by Hippodamos, became the basic layout for Roman cities. Hippodamus of Miletus ( or Hippodamos Greek Ἱππόδαμος (498 BC &mdash 408 BC was an ancient Greek Architect Urban Planner Physician Mathematician Meteorologist Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC

In 479 BC, the Greeks decisively defeated the Persians at the Greek mainland, and Miletus was freed of Persian rule. Events By place Greece The Persian commander Mardonius, now based in Thessaly, wins support During this time several other cities were formed by Milesian settlers, spanning across what is now Turkey and even as far as Crimea. The Milesians of Hellenic (Greek civilization were the inhabitants of Miletus, a city in the Anatolia province of modern-day Turkey, near Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым

The courtesan Aspasia, mistress of Pericles, was also born in Miletus as was the eponymous founder of the bawdy Miletian school of literature Aristides of Miletus. Aspasia (ca 470 BC&ndashca 400 BC Greek:) was a Milesian woman who was famous for her involvement with the Athenian statesman Pericles (also spelled Perikles) (c 495 – 429 BC Greek:, meaning "surrounded by glory" was a prominent and influential Statesman, orator The Milesian tale ( Milesiaka, in Latin fabula milesiaca, or Milesiae fabula) originates in ancient Greek and Roman literature

Alexandrian period

In 334 BC, the city was liberated from Persian rule by Alexander the Great. Events By place Persian Empire The king of Caria, Pixodarus, dies and is succeeded by his son-in-law Orontobates. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ'

Roman period

The New Testament mentions Miletus as the site where the apostle Paul met with the elders of the church of Ephesus before his capture and travel to Rome for trial, as well as the city where Trophimus, one of Paul's travelling companions, recovered while sick. Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and Ephesus ( Hittite Apasa; Ancient Greek; Turkish Efes) was a city of ancient Anatolia. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Trophimus, meaning a foster-child, was an Ephesian who accompanied Paul during a part of his third Missionary journey (Acts 204 2129

It is believed that Paul stopped by Great Harbour Monument and sat on its steps, on his way back to Jerusalem by boat. He may have met the Ephesian Elders there and then bid them farewell on the nearby beach, which was recorded in the book of Acts.

Byzantine period

During the Byzantine age Miletus became a residence for archbishops. The small Byzantine castle called Castro Palation located on the hill beside the city, was built at this time.

Turkish rule

Seljuk Turks settled into the city in the 12th century A. The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in D. and used Miletus as a port to trade with Venice. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the

Finally, Ottomans utilized the city as a harbour during their rule in Anatolia. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black As the harbour became silted up, the city was abandoned. Today the ruins of city lie some 10 kilometres from the sea.

Archaeological excavations

The first excavations in Miletus were conducted by the French archaeologist Olivier Rayet in 1873, followed by the German archaeologist Theodor Wiegand. Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Theodor Wiegand ( October 30 1864 &ndash December 19 1936) was one of the most famous German Archaeologists Wiegand But these were interrupted several times by wars and various other events. Today, excavations are organized by the Ruhr University of Bochum, Germany. Ruhr University Bochum ( German Ruhr-Universität Bochum, RUB) located on the southern hills of central Ruhr area Bochum Bochum (ˈboːχʊm is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

One remarkable artifact recovered from the city during the first excavations of the 19th century, the Market Gate of Miletus, was transported piece by piece to Germany and currently exhibited at the Pergamon museum in Berlin. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Pergamon Museum ( German: Pergamonmuseum) is among the museums on Museum Island in Berlin. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. The main collection of artifacts resides in the Miletus Museum in Didim, Aydın, serving since 1973. Didim, home of the antique city of Didyma with its ruined Temple of Apollo is a small town, popular seaside holiday resort and district of Aydın Aidın (Αϊδίνιο is a city in and the seat of Aydın Province in Turkey 's Aegean Region. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar.

Colonies of Miletus

Pliny the Elder mentions 90 colonies founded by Miletus in his Natural History (5. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Naturalis Historia ( Latin for "Natural History" is an Encyclopedia written Circa AD 77 by Pliny the Elder. 112).

Notable people

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Crouch (2004) page 180. The Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers were active before Socrates or contemporaneously but expounding knowledge developed earlier The Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers were active before Socrates or contemporaneously but expounding knowledge developed earlier The Milesian tale ( Milesiaka, in Latin fabula milesiaca, or Milesiae fabula) originates in ancient Greek and Roman literature Hecataeus of Miletus (c 550&ndashc 476 BC named after the Greek Goddess Hecate, was a Greek Philosopher of a wealthy Hesychius of Miletus, Greek chronicler and biographer surnamed Illustrius, son of an advocate flourished at Constantinople in the 6th century The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Isidore of Miletus (Ισίδωρος ο Μιλήσιοςin Greek) was one of the two Greek Architects (the other being Anthemius As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in Anno Domini / Common Era. Thales of Miletus According to Bertrand Russell, "Philosophy begins with Thales The Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers were active before Socrates or contemporaneously but expounding knowledge developed earlier Lucius Cornelius Alexander Polyhistor was a Greek scholar who was enslaved by the Romans during the Mithridatic War and taken to Rome as a tutor The Pergamon Museum ( German: Pergamonmuseum) is among the museums on Museum Island in Berlin.
  2. ^ a b Crouch (2004) page 183.
  3. ^ Book 14 Section 1. 6.
  4. ^ The late fantasy fiction of Antoninus Liberalis, Metamorphoses XXX 1-2 after Nicander, can be safely disregarded as being in any way history. Antoninus Liberalis was an Ancient Greek Grammarian who probably flourished between AD 100 and 300. His entertaining tales have the imaginary character named Miletus fleeing Crete to avoid being forced to become the eromenos of King Minos. According to some accounts Miletus was a boy loved by all three sons of Europa — Minos, Rhadamanthus and Sarpedon. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the In the pederastic tradition of Classical Athens, the eromenos ( Greek ἐρώμενος pl In Greek mythology, Minos ( Ancient Greek:) was a mythical king of Crete son of Zeus and Europa. He founds the city only after slaying a giant named Asterius, son of Anax, after whom the region known as Miletus was called 'Anactoria', "place of Anax. " Anax in Greek means "the king" and Asterius is "starry. "

References

External links

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