Middle High German diutsch, tiutsch
Spoken in:	southern Germany (south of the Benrath line), parts of Austria and Switzerland
Language extinction:	developed into Early New High German from the 14th century
Language family:	Indo-European  Germanic   West Germanic    High German     Middle High German
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	gmh
ISO 639-3:	gmh
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. In German linguistics the Benrath line (German Benrather Linie) is the maken-machen Isogloss. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken Early New High German (ENHG is a term for the period in the history of the German language, generally defined following Wilhelm Scherer, as the period 1350 List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of Languages and include languages such as English The High German languages (in German, Hochdeutsch) are any of the varieties of standard German, Luxembourgish and ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Middle High German (MHG, German Mittelhochdeutsch) is the term used for the period in the history of the German language between 1050 and 1350. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. It is preceded by Old High German and followed by Early New High German. Early New High German (ENHG is a term for the period in the history of the German language, generally defined following Wilhelm Scherer, as the period 1350 In some uses, the term covers a longer period, going up to 1500. ^[1]

Contents 1 Varieties 2 Writing System 3 Grammar 3.1 Pronouns 3.1.1 Personal pronouns 3.2 Nouns 3.2.1 Strong nouns 3.2.2 Weak nouns 3.3 Articles 3.4 Verbs 3.4.1 Strong verbs 3.4.2 Weak verbs 4 Periodisation 5 Phonology 5.1 Vowels 5.2 Diphthongs 5.3 Consonants 6 Sample text 7 Literature 8 See also 9 References 10 External links 11 Sources

Varieties

Middle High German (MHG) is not a unified written language and the term covers two main dialect areas:^[2]

• Upper German (Oberdeutsch)
  • Alemannic (Alemannisch = Westoberdeutsch)
  • Bavarian (Bairisch = Ostoberdeutsch)
  • East Franconian (Ostfränkisch = Nordoberdeutsch)
  • South Franconian (Südfränkisch = Nordoberdeutsch)
• Central German or Middle German (Mitteldeutsch)
  • Franconian (Westmitteldeutsch)
    • Rhine Franconian (Rheinfränkisch)
    • Middle Franconian (Mittelfränkisch)
    • Hessian (Hessisch)
  • East Central German (Ostmitteldeutsch)
    • Thuringian (Thüringisch)
    • Upper Saxon (Obersächsisch)
    • Silesian (Schlesisch)
    • High Prussian (Hochpreußisch)

While there is no standard MHG, the prestige of the Hohenstaufen court gave rise in the late 12th century to a supra-regional literary language (mittelhochdeutsche Dichtersprache) based on Swabian, an Alemannic dialect. Upper German Oberdeutsch is a family of High German Dialects spoken primarily in southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Northern Alemannic German ( Alemannisch) is a group of Dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family. Austro-Bavarian or Bavarian is a major group of Upper German varieties. East Franconian ( Ostfränkisch) is a dialect which is spoken in Bavaria and other areas in Germany around Bamberg, Coburg, South Franconian ( Südfränkisch) is a dialect which is spoken in Baden in Germany around Karlsruhe, Pforzheim and Rastatt Central German (in German: Mitteldeutsch, or rarely Zentraldeutsch) is a group of High German dialects spread from the Rhineland to West Central German ( Westmitteldeutsch) belongs to the Central, High German dialect family in the German language. Rhine Franconian (German Rheinfränkisch) or Rhenish Franconian, is a Dialect family of West Central German. East Central German is the non- Franconian sub-group of Central German dialects themselves part of High German: Thuringian Thuringian is an Central German Dialect spoken in much of the modern German Free State of Thuringia. Upper Saxon ( German: Obersächsisch or colloquially (but incorrectly Sächsisch) is a Central German Dialect spoken Lower Silesian language or simply Silesian (Schlesisch is a German Dialect / Language spoken in Lower Silesia. High Prussian (Hochpreußisch sometimes known simply as Prussian ( Preußisch) is a Dialect of East Central German that developed in the region Swabian ( Schwäbisch) is one of the Alemannic dialects of High German, spoken in the region of Swabia. Alemannic German ( Alemannisch) is a group of Dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family. However, the picture is complicated by the fact that modern editions of MHG texts have a tendency to use normalised spellings based on this variety (usually called "Classical MHG"), which make the written language appear more consistent than is actually the case in the manuscripts. It is uncertain whether the literary language reflected a supra-regional spoken language of the courts.

An important development in this period was the eastward expansion of German settlement beyond the Elbe-Saale line which marked the limit of Old High German. This article covers the medieval eastward migrations of Germans The Elbe ( die Elbe Low German: de Ilv) is one of the major Rivers of Central Europe. The Saale, also known as the Saxon Saale (Sächsische Saale and Thuringian Saale (Thüringische Saale is a River in Germany and a left-bank This process started in the 11th century, and all the East Central German dialects are a result of this expansion. East Central German is the non- Franconian sub-group of Central German dialects themselves part of High German: Thuringian

"Judeo-German" is the precursor of the Yiddish language which is attested in the 13th-14th centuries as a variety of Middle High German written in Hebrew characters. Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High

Writing System

Middle High German texts are written in the Latin alphabet, in Gothic minuscules that evolved into the Fraktur typefaces of the Early Modern period. Blackletter, also known as Gothic script or Gothic minuscule, was a script used throughout Western Europe from approximately 1150 The German word Fraktur () refers to a specific sub-group of Blackletter Typefaces The word derives from the past participle fractus (“broken” Vowel length may be marked diacritically, with a circumflex.

a, â (æ), b, d, e, ê, f, g, h, i, î (y), k (c, ch), l, m, n, o, ô, p, qu (=kw), r, s, t, u, û, v (f), w, z (c, cz, ʒ)

z also appears as c before e and i. After vowels it is weakened to ʒ ("weak z", or "sharp s", written as geschwänztes z "tailed z"; also transcribed as ȥ "z with hook"), after short vowels geminating to ʒʒ (haʒ, genitive haʒʒes "hate"). Z is the twenty-sixth and last letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Ȥ ( minuscule: ȥ, Unicode codepoints U+0224 and U+0225 respectively a Latin letter Z with a hook This group from early times begins merging with ss, ultimately the origin of the ß of Modern German orthography. The letter ß ( Unicode U+00DF is a letter in the German alphabet.

There is also emerging use of j in Nuremberg, often in place of g. J is the tenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet; it was the last of the 26 letters to be added

The full development of the Germanic umlaut was only completed in the course of the MHG period, and notation of umlauted vowels (Modern German ä, ö, ü) and their notation emerges in the period after 1300, e. In Linguistics, umlaut (from German um - "around"/"the other way" + Laut "sound" is a process whereby a g. uohse "armpit" vs. üehse (Wolkenstein 49. Oswald von Wolkenstein (born 1376 or 1377 possibly in the Puster (Pusteria Valley; died August 2 1445 in Merano) was a poet 1. 11). Note that the umlaut diacritic (the two dots) appear only in Early Modern German (around 1500). Diaeresis or trema See also Diaeresis History Historically the diaeresis mark or trema is far older than the umlaut mark Early New High German (ENHG is a term for the period in the history of the German language, generally defined following Wilhelm Scherer, as the period 1350 What in standard transliteration appears as üe in the manuscripts is usually written with a diacritic e, viz. the transliteration güete ("goodness") renders guͤte.

Grammar

Pronouns

Middle High German pronouns of the first person refer to the speaker; those of the second person refer to an addressed person. The pronouns of the third person may be used to replace nominal phrases. In Linguistics and Grammar, a pronoun is a Pro-form that substitutes for a (including a noun phrase consisting of a single Noun) with or These have the same gender, number and case as the original nominal phrase. Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social In linguistics grammatical number is a Grammatical category of nouns pronouns and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one" In Grammar, the case of a Noun or Pronoun indicates its Grammatical function in a greater Phrase or Clause; such as the This goes for other pronouns, too.

Personal pronouns

Personal Pronouns

	1st sg	2nd sg	3rd sg			1st pl	2nd pl	3rd pl
Nominative	ich	du	ër	sie	ëz	wir	ir	sie
Accusative	mich	dich	in	sie	ëz	uns	iuch	sie
Dative	mir	dir	im	ir	im	uns	iu	in
Genitive*	mîn	dîn	sîn	ir	sîn	unser	iuwer	ir

• Note: the genitive form is used as an adjective and hence takes on adjective endings following the normal rules. This includes 'unser' and 'iuwer', despite the fact that they already end in -er.

Nouns

Middle High German nouns were declined according to four cases (Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative), two numbers (singular and plural) and three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), much like Modern High German, though there are several important differences. The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive SINGULAR is a Computer algebra system for Polynomial computations with special emphasis on the needs of Commutative algebra, Algebraic geometry Plural is a Grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the Referent in the real world In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong

Strong nouns

	dër tac day m.		diu zît time f.		daʒ wort word n.
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	dër tac	die tage	diu zît	die zîte	daʒ wort	diu wort
Genitive	dës tages	dër tage	dër zît	dër zîte	dës wortes	dër worte
Dative	dëm tage	dën tagen	dër zît	dën zîten	dëm worte	dën worten
Accusative	dën tac	die tage	die zît	dër zîten	daʒ wort	diu wort

Weak nouns

	dër veter (male) cousin m.		diu zunge tongue f.		daʒ herze heart n.
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	dër veter	die veteren	diu zunge	die zungen	daʒ herze	diu herzen
Genitive	dës veteren	dër veteren	dër zungen	dër zungen	dës herzen	dër herzen
Dative	dëm veteren	dën veteren	dër zungen	dën zungen	dëm herzen	dën herzen
Accusative	dën veteren	die veteren	die zungen	die zungen	daʒ herze	diu herzen

Note that ë is a short, open /e/, so so MHG dër /dɛr/ as opposed to modern /de:r/.

Articles

Middle High German articles have a feature called "strength", which influences the declension of the adjectives. There are strong articles, weak articles, and articles that have strong and weak cases. Sometimes this feature is not constant in literature.

The inflected forms depend on the number, the case and the gender of the corresponding noun. Articles have the same plural forms for all three genders.

Definite article (strong)

	Masculine	Neuter	Feminine	Plural
Nominative	dër	daʒ	diu	die/diu
Genitive	dës	dës	dër	dër
Dative	dëm	dëm	dër	dën
Accusative	dën	daʒ	die	die/diu
Instrumental		diu

The instrumental case, only existing in the neuter singular, is used only with prepositions: von diu, ze diu, etc. The instrumental case (also called the eighth case) is a Grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the In Grammar, a preposition is a Part of speech that introduces a prepositional phrase. In all the other genders and in the plural it is substituted with the dative: von dëm, von dër, von dën.

Verbs

Main article: Middle High German verbs

Verbs were conjugated according to three moods (indicative, subjunctive and imperative), three persons, two numbers (singular and plural) and two tenses (present tense and preterite tense) There was a present participle, a past participle and a verbal noun that somewhat resembles the Latin gerund, but that only existed in the genitive and dative cases. Verbs in Middle High German are divided into strong or weak verbs Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. In Grammar, the subjunctive mood (sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood) is a Verb mood that exists in many languages SINGULAR is a Computer algebra system for Polynomial computations with special emphasis on the needs of Commutative algebra, Algebraic geometry Plural is a Grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the Referent in the real world Present Tense is the first Sagittarius album released in 1968 by Columbia Records. This article is about the grammatical term To see the article relating to Eschatology and the Book of Revelation, see Preterism. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. In Linguistics, “gerund” is a term used to refer to various non-finite verb forms in various languages As applied to English, In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another

An important distinction was made between strong verbs (that exhibited ablaut) and weak verbs (that didn't). In Linguistics, the term ablaut designates a system of Vowel gradation (i

Furthermore, there were also some irregular verbs.

Strong verbs

The present tense conjugation went as follows:

	nëmen to take
	Indicative	Subjunctive
1. Present Tense is the first Sagittarius album released in 1968 by Columbia Records. sg.	ich nime	ich nëme
2. sg.	du nim(e)st	du nëmest
3. sg.	ër nim(e)t	er nëme
1. pl.	wir nëmen	wir nëmen
2. pl.	ir nëm(e)t	ir nëmet
3. pl.	sie nëment	sie nëmen

Imperative: 2. sg: nim, 2. pl: nëmet Present participle: nëmente Infinitive: nëmen Verbal noun: Genitive: nëmennes, dative: ze nëmenne

The bold vowels demonstrate ablaut; the vowels in brackets were dropped in rapid speech. In Linguistics, the term ablaut designates a system of Vowel gradation (i

The preterite tense conjugation went as follows:

	genomen haben to have taken
	Indicative	Subjunctive
1. This article is about the grammatical term To see the article relating to Eschatology and the Book of Revelation, see Preterism. sg.	ich nam	ich næme
2. sg.	du næme	du næmest
3. sg.	ër nam	er næme
1. pl.	wir namen	wir n'æmen
2. pl.	ir namet	ir n'æmet
3. pl.	sie namen	sie n'æmen

Past participle: genomen

Weak verbs

The present tense conjugation went as follows:

	suochen to seek
	Indicative	Subjunctive
1. Present Tense is the first Sagittarius album released in 1968 by Columbia Records. sg.	ich suoche	ich suoche
2. sg.	du suoch(e)st	du suochest
3. sg.	ër suoch(e)t	er suoche
1. pl.	wir suochen	wir suochen
2. pl.	ir suoch(e)t	ir suochet
3. pl.	sie suochent	sie suochen

Imperative: 2. sg: suoche, 2. pl: suochet Present participle: suochente Infinitive: suochen Verbal noun: Genitive: suochennes, dative: ze suochenne

The vowels in brackets were dropped in rapid speech.

The preterite tense conjugation went as follows:

	gesuocht haben to have sought
	Indicative	Subjunctive
1. This article is about the grammatical term To see the article relating to Eschatology and the Book of Revelation, see Preterism. sg.	ich suochete	ich suochete
2. sg.	du suochetest	du suochetest
3. sg.	ër suochete	er suochete
1. pl.	wir suocheten	wir suocheten
2. pl.	ir suochetet	ir suochetet
3. pl.	sie suochetent	sie suocheten

Past participle: gesuochet

Periodisation

There are several criteria which separate MHG from the preceding Old High German period:

• the weakening of unstressed vowels to /e/ - OHG taga > MHG tage ("days")
• the full development of Umlaut and its use to mark a number of morphological categories
• the devoicing of final stops - OHG tag > MHG tac ("day")

Culturally, the two periods are distinguished by the transition from a predominantly clerical written culture to one centred on the courts of the great nobles. In Linguistics, umlaut (from German um - "around"/"the other way" + Laut "sound" is a process whereby a Morphology is the field of Linguistics that studies the internal structure of words The imperial court in Vienna and the rise of the Swabian Hohenstaufen and then the Habsburg dynasties make South Germany the dominant region in both political and cultural terms. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Swabia, Suabia, or Svebia ( German: Schwaben, Schwabenland or Ländle) is both a historic and linguistic

Linguistically, the transition to Early New High German is marked by four vowel changes which together produce the phonemic system of modern German:

• Monophthongisation of some of the MHG diphthongs: MHG huot> NHG Hut ("hat")
• Diphthongisation of long vowels MHG hût > NHG Haut ("skin"). Early New High German (ENHG is a term for the period in the history of the German language, generally defined following Wilhelm Scherer, as the period 1350 A monophthong ( Greek μονόφθογγος "monophthongos" = single note) is a "pure" Vowel sound one whose articulation at In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with
• lengthening of short vowels MHG sagen /zagən/ > NHG sagen /zaːgən/ ("say")
• The loss of unstressed vowels in many circumstances - MHG vrouwe > NHG Frau ("lady")

The centres of culture in the ENHG period are no longer the courts but the towns.

Phonology

The charts show the vowel and consonant systems of classical MHG. The spellings indicated are the standard spellings used in modern editions - there is much more variation in the manuscripts.

Vowels

	front				central		back
	unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	long
close	i	iː	y <ü>	yː <iu>			u	uː
close-mid	e
mid	ɛ	ɛː	ø <ö>	øː <œ>			o	oː
open-mid	æ <ä>	æː <æ>
open					a	aː

Notes:

1. Not all dialects distinguish the three unrounded mid front vowels. A front vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward A central vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between A back vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as In Phonetics, vowel roundedness refers to the amount of rounding in the Lips during the articulation of a Vowel. In Phonetics, vowel roundedness refers to the amount of rounding in the Lips during the articulation of a Vowel. In Linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a Vowel sound In Linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a Vowel sound A close vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close vowel is that the tongue is positioned as close as A close-mid vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close-mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned two-thirds A mid vowel is a Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned mid-way between an The open-mid vowels make a class of Vowel sounds used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of an open-mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned An open vowel is a Vowel sound of a type used in most spoken Languages The defining characteristic of an open vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far as
2. It is probable that the short high and mid vowels are lower than their long equivalents, as in Modern German, but this is impossible to establish from the written sources.
3. The <e> found in unstressed syllables may indicate [ɛ] or schwa [ə]. In Linguistics, specifically Phonetics and Phonology, schwa can mean the following An unstressed and toneless neutral

Diphthongs

MHG diphthongs are indicated by the spellings: <ei>, <ie>, <ou>, <öu> and <eu>, <üe>, <uo>.

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p  b		t  d			k <k, c>  g
Affricates	p͡f		ts <z>
Nasal	m		n			ŋ <ng>
Fricative		f v <f, v>	s  z	ʃ <sch>		x <ch, h>	h
Approximant	w				j
Liquid			r  l

1. Precise information about the articulation of consonants is impossible to establish, and will have varied between dialects. In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, labiodentals are Consonants articulated with the lower Lip and the upper Teeth. Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants Liquid consonants, or liquids, are Approximant Consonants that are not classified as Semivowels (glides because they do not correspond phonetically
2. In the plosive and fricative series, where there are two consonants in a cell, the first is fortis the second lenis. Fortis ( Latin "strong" and lenis ("weak" are linguistic terms The voicing of lenis consonants varied between dialects.
3. MHG has long consonants, and the following double consonant spellings indicate not vowel length as in Modern German orthography, but rather genuine double consonants: pp, bb, tt, dd, ck (for /kk/), gg, ff, ss, zz, mm, nn, ll, rr.
4. It is reasonable to assume that /x/ had an allophone [χ] before back vowels, as in Modern German.

Sample text

From the prologue of Hartmann von Aue's Iwein (circa 1200; c. Hartmann von Aue (c 1170 - c 1210 was a leading Poet of the Middle High German period f. MS B (Giessen), mid 13th c. )

5 10 15 20

Swer an rehte güete wendet sîn gemüete, dem volget sælde und êre. des gît gewisse lêre künec Artûs der guote, der mit rîters muote nâch lobe kunde strîten. er hât bî sînen zîten gelebet alsô schône daz er der êren krône dô truoc und noch sîn name treit. des habent die wârheit sîne lantliute: sî jehent er lebe noch hiute: er hât den lop erworben, ist im der lîp erstorben, sô lebet doch iemer sîn name. er ist lasterlîcher schame iemer vil gar erwert, der noch nâch sînem site vert.

Whoever to true goodness Turns his mind He will meet with fortune and honour. We are taught this by the example of Good King Arthur who with knightly spirit knew how to strive for praise. In his day He lived so well That he wore the crown of honour And his name still does so. The truth of this is known To his countrymen: They affirm that he still lives today: He won such fame that Although his body died His name lives on. He will forever be free Of sinful shame Who follows his example.

This text shows many typical features of Middle High German poetic language. Most Middle High German words survive into modern German in some form or other: this passage contains only one word (jehen 'say' 14) which has since disappeared from the language. But many words have changed their meaning substantially. Muot (6) means 'state of mind', where modern German Mut means courage. Êre (3) can be translated with 'honour', but is quite a different concept of honour from modern German Ehre; the medieval term focusses on reputation and the respect accorded to status in society.

Literature

Main article: Medieval German literature

• Minnesang
  • Codex Manesse
  • Walther von der Vogelweide
  • Heinrich Frauenlob
  • Oswald von Wolkenstein

• Epics
  • Hartmann von Aue's Erec and Iwein
  • Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival
  • Gottfried von Strassburg's Tristan
  • Nibelungenlied
  • Kudrun
  • Ulrich von Türheim's Rennewart and Willehalm
  • Rudolf von Ems's works
  • Konrad von Würzburg's works
  • Eilhart von Oberge' Tristrant

• Nonfiction writings
  • Annolied (Early Middle High German)
  • Jans der Enikel's Weltchronik and Fürstenbuch
  • Kaiserchronik
  • Sachsenspiegel

See also

• High German consonant shift
• Matthias von Lexer

References

External links

• Wright's Middle High German Primer
• Middle High German conceptual database
• Online versions of the two main MHG dictionaries
• Mediaevum. de's MHG Texts:
  • 11th Century (Early MHG)
  • 12th Century
  • 13th Century
  • 14th Century

Sources

• Hermann Paul, Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik, 23rd edn, edited by Peter Wiehl and Sigfried Grosse (Niemeyer, 1989) ISBN 3-484-10233-0
• M. Hermann Otto Theodor Paul ( August 7, 1846, Salbke – December 29, 1921, Munich) was a German linguist O'C. Walshe, A Middle High German Reader: With Grammar, Notes and Glossary (Oxford University Press, 1974) ISBN 0-19-872082-3
• Joseph Wright, Middle High German Primer, 5th edn revised by M. Joseph Wright FBA (1855–1930 rose from humble origins to become Professor of Comparative Philology at Oxford University. O'C. Walshe (Oxford University Press, 1955)

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic