Middle-earth refers to the fictional lands where most of the stories of author J. R. R. Tolkien take place. Tolkien's stories chronicle the struggle to control the world (called Arda) and the continent of Middle-earth, between the angelic Valar, the Elves and their allies among Men; and the demonic Melkor or Morgoth (a Vala fallen into evil) and his minions, mostly Orcs, Dragons and enslaved men. In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, Arda is the name given to the Earth in a period of prehistory wherein the places mentioned in The Lord of the Rings The Valar (singular Vala) are characters in J R R Tolkien 's legendarium. In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, an Elf is an individual member of one of the races that inhabit the lands of Arda. The race of Men in J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth books such as The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, refers to The name The name Morgoth is Sindarin, one of Tolkien's invented languages and means "Black Enemy" Bauglir is also Sindarin meaning In J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy writings Orcs or Orks are a race of creatures who are used as soldiers and henchmen by both the greater and lesser villains J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth Legendarium features dragons closely based on those of European legend In later ages, after Morgoth's defeat and expulsion from Arda, his role is continued by his acolyte Sauron. Sauron (ˈsaʊrɒn Quenya: /sawrɔn/ literal meaning "Abhorred") is the title character and the principal Antagonist of the Fantasy The Valar withdrew from direct involvement in the affairs of Middle-earth after the defeat of Morgoth, but in later years they sent the wizards or Istari to help in the struggle against Sauron. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, the Wizards of Middle-earth are a group of five beings outwardly resembling Men but possessing much greater physical The most important of these were Gandalf the Grey and Saruman the White. Concept and creation Humphrey Carpenter in his 1977 biography relates that Tolkien owned a Postcard entitled Der Berggeist ("the mountain Concept and creation Saruman first appears in 1954's The Fellowship of the Ring, the first volume of the Fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings Gandalf remained true to his mission and proved crucial in the fight for Sauron's destruction. Saruman however, became corrupted, and sought to establish himself as a rival to Sauron for absolute power in Middle-earth. Other races involved in the struggle against evil are Dwarves, Ents and most famously Hobbits. Ents are a fictional race of humanoid Trees from J R R Tolkien 's fantasy world of Middle-earth. In J R R Tolkien 's legendarium, Hobbits are a diminutive race that inhabit the lands of Middle-earth. The early stages of the conflict are chronicled in Tolkien's work The Silmarillion, while the final stages of the struggle to defeat Sauron are dealt with in his works The Hobbit and the main text of The Lord of the Rings. The Silmarillion is a collection of J R R Tolkien 's mythopoeic works edited and published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien in The Hobbit or There and Back Again is an award-winning fantasy The Lord of the Rings is an epic
A recurring theme in the stories is that the focus of conflict is on the possession and control of precious or magical objects. The First Age of Middle-earth is dominated by the doomed quest of the Elf Fëanor and most of his Noldor clan to recover the three precious jewels called the Silmarils (hence the name Silmarillion), stolen from them by Morgoth. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, the First Age, or First Age of the Children of Ilúvatar in full is the first documented time period and the setting In the works of J R R Tolkien, the Noldor (meaning those with knowledge) were those of the second clan of the Elves, the Tatyar, who came The Silmarils ( Quenya pl Silmarilli, radiance of pure light) are three brilliant jewels which contained the unmarred light of the Two Trees The Second and Third Age are both dominated by the forging of the Rings of Power, and in particular by the fate of the One Ring forged by Sauron, which grants the power to control all the others wearing the nine rings given to men or seven given to dwarves to its wearer (hence the name The Lord of the Rings). The Second Age is a time period from J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth fantasy writings The Third Age is a time period from J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth fantasy writings The Rings of Power are fictional artifacts of J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth Legendarium.
Tolkien prepared several maps of Middle-earth and the regions of Middle-earth in which his stories took place. Some were published in his lifetime, though some of the earliest maps were not published until after his death. The main maps were those published in The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion. Most of the events of the First Age took place in the subcontinent Beleriand (left), which was later subsumed by the ocean at the end of the First Age; the Blue Mountains at the right edge of the map of Beleriand, are the same Blue Mountains that appear on the extreme left of the map of Middle-earth described in the Second and Third Ages (right).
Tolkien said that his Middle-earth is located on our Earth, but in a fictional period in the past, estimating the end of the Third Age to about 6,000 years before his own time. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 The Third Age is a time period from J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth fantasy writings [1] He was later to refute this notion, and state that Middle-earth was not at a physically distant time, but rather "at a different stage of imagination". [2]
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Historical conceptions
In ancient Germanic myths, the world of Men (known by several names, such as Midgard, Middenheim, and Middengeard) lay in the centre of the universe, while Bifröst, the rainbow bridge, extended from Middle-earth to Asgard, the land of the gods. Midgard (an Anglicized form of Old Norse Miðgarðr) is an old Germanic name for our World, the places inhabited by humans, Bifröst ( Old Norse bifrǫst, literally the "tremulous way" from bifask "to tremble" and rǫst "a distance" in This article is about the realm of Norse Mythology For other uses of the names Asgard, Asgaard and Asgård, see Asgard (disambiguation Beneath Middle-earth lay Hel, the land of the Dead. See also Death in Norse paganism In Norse mythology, Hel, the location shares a name with Hel, a female figure associated with the location The universe as a whole was believed to consist of nine physical "worlds" joined together. The precise arrangement of these worlds is uncertain. According to one view, seven worlds lay across an encircling sea: The lands of Elves (Alfheim), Dwarves (Niðavellir), Gods (Asgard and Vanaheim), and Giants (Jotunheim and Muspelheim). Alfheim redirects here For other uses see Alfheim (disambiguation Álfheimr or Alfheim ( Elf-home) is the abode of the In Norse mythology, Niðavellir ( Dark fields) is a land inhabited by the dwarves. This article is about the realm of Norse Mythology For other uses of the names Asgard, Asgaard and Asgård, see Asgard (disambiguation For the imprint see Aardvark-Vanaheim. For the Norwegian metal band see Vanaheim (band. Jötunheimr (often anglicized Jotunheim) is the world ( Heim 'home homeland' of the Jötunn (two types rock (or hill giants and frost (or Muspelheim ("Flameland" also called Muspel ( Old Norse Múspellsheimr and Múspell, respectively is the realm of Fire Other Norse scholars place these seven worlds in the sky, in the branches of Yggdrasil the "World Ash Tree". In Norse mythology, Yggdrasil ( Old Norse Yggdrasill, ˈyɡˌdrasilː the extra -l is a Nominative case marker is the World
Etymology
The term "Middle-earth" was therefore not invented by Tolkien. It occurs in Early Modern English[3] as a development of the Middle English word middel-erde (cf. Early Modern English is the stage of the English language used from about the end of the Middle English period (the latter half of the 15th century to 1650 Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of modern German Mittelerde), which developed in turn from Old English middanġeard (the g being soft, i. e. pronounced like y in "yard"[4])[5]. By the time of the Middle English period, middangeard was being written as middellærd, midden-erde, or middel-erde. Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of A slight difference of wording, but not general meaning, had taken place as middangeard properly means "middle enclosure" instead of "middle-earth". [6] Nevertheless middangeard has been commonly translated as "middle-earth" and Tolkien followed this course.
Middangeard descends from an earlier Germanic word and so has cognates in languages related to Old English such as the Old Norse word Miðgarðr from Norse mythology, transliterated to modern English as Midgard. The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from Old Norse is the North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age Norse mythology comprises the indigenous pre-Christian religion, beliefs and Legends of the Scandinavian peoples including those who settled on Iceland Midgard (an Anglicized form of Old Norse Miðgarðr) is an old Germanic name for our World, the places inhabited by humans,
Use by Tolkien
Tolkien first encountered the term middangeard in an Old English fragment he studied in 1914:
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- éala éarendel engla beorhtast / ofer middangeard monnum sended. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year
- Hail Earendel, brightest of angels / above the middle-earth sent unto men.
This quote is from the second of the fragmentary remnants of the Crist poems by Cynewulf. Crist is the title given to a group of Anglo-Saxon religious Poems by the medieval poet Cynewulf, divided into Crist I II Cynewulf (ˈkɪnɪˌwʊlf is one of twelve Anglo-Saxon poets known by name today and one of four whose work survives today The name Earendel was the inspiration for Tolkien's mariner Eärendil. This article deals with the Half-elven Eärendil For the Gondorian king see Eärendil of Gondor. [7] who set sail from the lands of Middle-earth to ask for aid from the angelic powers, the Valar. The Valar (singular Vala) are characters in J R R Tolkien 's legendarium. Tolkien's earliest poem about Eärendil, from 1914, the same year he read the Crist poems, refers to "the mid-world's rim". [8]
The concept of middangeard was considered by Tolkien to be the same as a particular usage of the Greek word οἰκουμένη - oikoumenē (from which the word ecumenical is derived). Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Ecumene (also spelled œcumene or oikoumene) a term originally used in the Greco-Roman world to refer to the inhabited earth (or at least the known Ecumenism (also oecumenism, œcumenism) refers to initiatives aimed at greater Religious unity or cooperation In this usage Tolkien says that the oikoumenē is "the abiding place of men"[9]; by this he means it is the physical world in which man lives out his life and destiny, as opposed to the unseen worlds, like Heaven or Hell. Heaven may refer to the physical heavens the sky or the seemingly endless expanse of the Universe beyond Hell, according to many Religious beliefs, is a location in the Afterlife, which may be described as a place of suffering
"Middle-earth is . . . not my own invention. It is a modernization or alteration . . . of an old word for the inhabited world of Men, the oikoumene: middle because thought of vaguely as set amidst the encircling Seas and (in the northern-imagination) between ice of the North and the fire of the South. O. English middan-geard, mediaeval E. midden-erd, middle-erd. Many reviewers seem to assume that Middle-earth is another planet!"[10]
The term Middle-earth is not, however, used in Tolkien's earliest writings about his created world, writings that date from the early 1920s and which were later published in The Book of Lost Tales (1983-4), nor is the term used in The Hobbit (1937). The Book of Lost Tales is the title of a collection of early stories by J The Hobbit or There and Back Again is an award-winning fantasy [8] Tolkien began to use the term "Middle-earth" in the later part of the 1930s, in place of the earlier terms "Great Lands", "Outer Lands", and "Hither Lands" that he had used to describe this region in his stories. [8] The term Middle-earth appears in the drafts of The Lord of the Rings, and the first published appearance of the word "Middle-earth" in Tolkien's works is in the Prologue to that work: ". . . Hobbits had, in fact, lived quietly in Middle-earth for many long years before other folk even became aware of them. "[11]
Usage and misunderstandings
The term Middle-earth can be also applied as a nickname of the entirety of Tolkien's creation, instead of the more appropriate, but less known terms Arda which refers to Tolkien's world (including celestial bodies), and Eä, which refers to the universe. In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, Arda is the name given to the Earth in a period of prehistory wherein the places mentioned in The Lord of the Rings s are significant physical entities, associations or structures which current Science has confirmed to exist in Space. This is an overview of the Cosmology of J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth legendarium. This is seen also in the title of books such as The Complete Guide to Middle-earth, The Road to Middle-earth, The Atlas of Middle-earth, and in particular the series The History of Middle-earth, all of which cover areas outside of the strict geographical definition of the term Middle-earth. The Complete Guide to Middle-earth from The Hobbit to The Silmarillion is a reference book for the Fictional universe The Atlas of Middle-earth by Karen Wynn Fonstad is an atlas of J The History of Middle-earth is a 12-volume series of books published from 1983 through 1996 that collect and analyse material relating to the fiction of J Tolkien himself used the term loosely at times.
A possible explanation is that the word Arda is never mentioned in The Lord of the Rings, and it was not until the 1977 publication of The Silmarillion that readers learned of the word.
The term "Middle-earth" is sometimes mis-capitalised as "Middle-Earth"[12] and the hyphen is sometimes incorrectly omitted as well, as in "Middle Earth", "Middle earth" and "Middleearth".
Geography
Within the overall context of his legendarium, Tolkien's Middle-earth is part of his created world of Arda, which itself is part of the wider creation called Eä. Tolkien's Legendarium (ISBN 0-313-30530-7 is a collection of scholarly essays edited by Verlyn Flieger and Carl F In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, Arda is the name given to the Earth in a period of prehistory wherein the places mentioned in The Lord of the Rings This is an overview of the Cosmology of J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth legendarium.
Middle-earth cosmology
The easiest way to understand Middle-earth's place in Tolkien's complex system is to see his whole creation as a series of worlds within worlds. This is an overview of the Cosmology of J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth legendarium. At the outer layer is the whole universe itself, called by Tolkien Eä. This is an overview of the Cosmology of J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth legendarium. Within Eä are many mysterious and unknown worlds, but the events of his stories take place in the world called Arda. In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, Arda is the name given to the Earth in a period of prehistory wherein the places mentioned in The Lord of the Rings Arda is what we would call earth, called by Tolkien Imbar or Ambar (meaning 'the Habitation') and the sun, moon and stars which revolve around it. Within Arda are the continents of Aman, and Middle-earth, which are separated from each other by the Great Sea Belegaer. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, Belegaer, the Great Sea or the Sundering Seas, is the sea of Arda that is west of Middle-earth Within his stories, Tolkien translated the name "Middle-earth" as Endor (or sometimes Endórë) and Ennor in the Elvish languages Quenya and Sindarin respectively. Elvish languages are Constructed languages used typically by elves in a Fantasy setting Quenya 'kwɛɲa is one of the fictional languages spoken by the Elves (the Quendi, "those who speak with voices" because when Sindarin is an Artificial language developed by J R R Tolkien. The western continent, Aman, was the home of the Valar (and the elves called the Eldar). In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, the Elves are a sundered people An uninhabited Eastern continent is also mentioned, but does not figure in the stories. The island of Númenor lay in Belegaer between Aman and Middle-earth, but was later drowned. Númenor (ˈnuːmɛnɔɹ is a Fictional place in J R R Tolkien 's writings which the author intended to be an allusion to the legendary Atlantis. In later ages Aman was also removed by the creator Eru ( or Ilúvatar) from Arda completely to prevent men from trying to reach it. Eru as Creator The Quendi (ie Elves) and the Atani (ie Men) were created by Eru
In the beginning Ambar was supposed to be a "flat world", in that its habitable land-masses were all arranged on one side of the world. Tolkien's sketches show a disc-like face for the world which looked up to the stars. However, according to accounts in both The Silmarillion and The Lord of the Rings, when the king of Númenor called Ar-Pharazôn invaded Aman to seize immortality from the Valar, they laid down their guardianship of the world and Ilúvatar intervened, destroying Númenor, removing Aman "from the circles of the world", and reshaping Ambar into the round world of today. In the Fictional universe of J R R Tolkien, Ar-Pharazôn the Golden (–3319 r Akallabêth says that the Númenóreans who survived the Downfall sailed as far west as they could in search of their ancient home, but their travels only brought them around the world back to their starting points. Akallabêth is the fourth part of the Fantasy work The Silmarillion by J Hence, before the end of the Second Age, the transition from "flat Earth" to "round Earth" had been completed.
A few years after publishing The Lord of the Rings, in a note associated with the unique narrative story "Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth" (which is said to occur in Beleriand during the War of the Jewels), Tolkien equated Arda with the Solar System; because Arda by this point consisted of more than one heavenly body. In J R R Tolkien 's The Silmarillion, there were many battles between the Elves of Beleriand and the forces of Morgoth.
The Beginning of Days
Middle-earth or Endor originally conformed to a largely symmetrical scheme which was marred by Melkor. The name The name Morgoth is Sindarin, one of Tolkien's invented languages and means "Black Enemy" Bauglir is also Sindarin meaning The symmetry was defined by two large sub-continents, one in the north and one in the south, with each of them boasting two long chains of mountains in the eastward and westward regions. The mountain chains were given names based on colours (White Mountains, Blue Mountains, Grey Mountains, and Red Mountains).
The various conflicts with Melkor resulted in the shapes of the lands being distorted. Originally, Arda began as a single flat world and the Valar created two lamps to illuminate it, Illuin and Ormal. The Vala Aulë forged great towers, Helcar in the furthest north, and Ringil in the deepest south. Aulë is a fictional character from J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium. Illuin was set upon Helcar and Ormal upon Ringil. In the middle, where the light of the lamps mingled, the Valar dwelt at the island of Almaren. Minor places in Arda#Place Name -->;Place name description1 Further description prefix with: once When Melkor destroyed the lamps of the Valar which gave light to the world, two vast seas were created, but Almaren and its lake were destroyed. The Valar left Middle-earth and went to Aman, where they created their home called Valinor. Valinor (meaning Land of the Valar) is a Fictional location from J The northern sea became the Sea of Helcar (Helkar). Minor places in Arda#Place Name -->;Place name description1 Further description prefix with: once The lands west of the Blue Mountains became Beleriand. In J R R Tolkien 's fictional legendarium, Beleriand was a region in northwestern Middle-earth during the First Age. Melkor raised the Misty Mountains to impede the progress of the Vala Oromë as he hunted Melkor's beasts during the period of darkness prior to the awakening of the Elves. In J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy world of Middle-earth, the Misty Mountains (also known by its Sindarin name of Hithaeglir In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, an Elf is an individual member of one of the races that inhabit the lands of Arda. It is also possible that during this time the inland sea of Helcar was drained.
The First Age
Most of the events of the First Age took place in the land of Beleriand and its environs. In J R R Tolkien 's fictional legendarium, Beleriand was a region in northwestern Middle-earth during the First Age. Beleriand included within its bounds the hidden Elven kingdoms of Doriath, ruled by King Thingol and Gondolin founded by Turgon. In The Silmarillion Thingol originally known as Elwë, is introduced as one of the three chieftains of the Elves who depart from Cuiviénen Weaponcraft The smiths of Gondolin using Noldorin techniques and magics made powerful magic blades Also important was the fortress of Nargothrond founded by the elf Finrod Felagund. Character Overview In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, Finrod Felagund was a Noldorin Elf, the eldest son of Finarfin and In the Blue Mountains to the east were the great dwarf halls of Belegost and Nogrod. In the fictional history of J R R Tolkien 's Arda, Nogrod was one of the two western most Dwarven cities to the south of Mount Dolmed Beleriand was split into East and West sections by the great river Sirion. In East Beleriand was the river Gelion with its seven tributaries, which defined the Green-elf kingdom of Ossiriand. Beleriand, a location from In J R R Tolkien 's Fictional universe of Middle-earth, Ossiriand was a region of eastern Beleriand. To the north of Beleriand lay the regions of Nevrast, Hithlum and Dor-lómin, and the Iron Mountains where Morgoth (Melkor) had his fortress of Angband. Minor places in Beleriand#Place Name -->;Place name description1 Further description prefix with: In J R R Tolkien 's Fictional universe of Middle-earth, Hithlum is the region north of Beleriand near the Helcaraxë. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, Dor-lómin was a part of the land of Hithlum in Middle-earth. In J R R Tolkien 's Fictional world of Middle-earth, Angband ( Sindarin for 'Hells of Iron' although the literal meaning is 'iron prison' is The violent struggles during the War of Wrath between the Host of the Valar and the armies of Melkor at the end of the First Age brought about its destruction. In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, the War of Wrath, or the Great Battle, was the final war against Morgoth at the end of the First
The Second and Third Ages
In the Second and Third Ages the Western regions of Middle-earth contain the lands of Eriador, Gondor, the Misty Mountains, and the vales of the great river Anduin. In J R R Tolkien 's fictional Middle-earth, Anduin is the Sindarin name for the Great River of Wilderland, the longest River Angmar ( Sindarin: 'Iron-home' ˈaŋgmar is a fictional kingdom in J In the fictional Legendarium of J R R Tolkien, Arnor, or the Northern Kingdom, was a kingdom of the Dúnedain in the land of Eriador Minor places in Middle-earth#Place Name -->;Place name description1 Further description prefix with In J R R Tolkien 's Fictional universe of Middle-earth, the Bay of Belfalas was a large southern bay in the Great Sea. For the album by black metal band Summoning, see Lugburz. Barad-dûr ( Sindarin "Dark Tower" sometimes given In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, Belegaer, the Great Sea or the Sundering Seas, is the sea of Arda that is west of Middle-earth The Ered Luin or Blue Mountains, also known as Ered Lindon, is the mountain range at the far west of Eriador, in J Bree is a fictional town in J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth east of the Shire and south of Fornost Erain. In the fictional Legendarium of J R R Tolkien, Arnor, or the Northern Kingdom, was a kingdom of the Dúnedain in the land of Eriador Literature Once the ancient battlefield of Dagorlad, the Dead Marshes lie north-west of the Morannon, the principal entrance to Mordor. Dol Guldur ( Sindarin: "Hill of Sorcery" was Sauron 's stronghold in Mirkwood in the fictional world of J Adaptations For Peter Jackson's ''The Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy, produced by New Line Cinema, a fully realized set for Edoras was In J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth Legendarium, the Lonely Mountain ( Sindarin Erebor) is a Mountain in the northeast Eriador (the "Lone Lands" is a large region in J R R Tolkien 's fictional world of Middle-earth. Fangorn ( Sindarin:; "Beardtree") in JRR Tolkien's Legendarium, is a forest located in the fictional world of Middle-earth Gondor is a fictional kingdom in J R R Tolkien 's writings described as the greatest realm of Men in the west of Middle-earth by the end of the Minor places in Middle-earth#Place Name -->;Place name description1 Further description prefix with In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, the Ered Mithrin or Grey Mountains was a large mountain range to the north of Rhovanion. In J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy legendarium, Harad ( Sindarin: South, in Quenya: Hyarmen) was the name for the Aglarond Aglarond and Angrenost (later Isengard) were the two fortresses built by Gondor guarding the Fords of Isen. The Iron Hills are a range of mountains located in the northeastern part approximately in the middle of both Rhovanion and Rhûn of J For the assault on Isengard by the Ents see Destruction of Isengard. Gondor is a fictional kingdom in J R R Tolkien 's writings described as the greatest realm of Men in the west of Middle-earth by the end of the Minor places in Middle-earth#Place Name -->;Place name description1 Further description prefix with In J R R Tolkien 's fiction Lothlórien is a Welsh -sounding name given to the fairest forest realm of the Elves remaining in Middle-earth This article is about the city in the Third Age. For the First Age tower of the same name see Minas Tirith (First Age. Mirkwood is a name used for two distinct fictional forests in J The Elven ports of Mithlond or the Grey Havens was an Elvish port on the Gulf of Lune in the northwest of J In J R R Tolkien 's Fictional universe of Middle-earth, Mordor (from Sindarin Black Land and Quenya Land of Shadow In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, Moria was the name given by the Eldar to what had once been an enormous underground complex in north-western Middle-earth Minas Morgul (ˈminas ˈmɔrɡuɫ ( Sindarin: Tower of Black Magic) also known by its earlier name of Minas Ithil ( Sindarin: Tower of the Rivendell ( Sindarin: Imladris) is an Elven outpost in Middle-earth, a Fictional realm created by J In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, Rhovanion or Wilderland was a large region of northern Middle-earth. In the fictional Legendarium of J R R Tolkien, Arnor, or the Northern Kingdom, was a kingdom of the Dúnedain in the land of Eriador In the fictional world of Middle-earth created by J R R Tolkien, Rhûn is a large region of eastern Middle-earth Rohan, is a fictional realm in J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy era of Middle-earth. Minor places in Middle-earth#Place Name -->;Place name description1 Further description prefix with Minor places in Middle-earth#Place Name -->;Place name description1 Further description prefix with In J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy world of Middle-earth, the Misty Mountains (also known by its Sindarin name of Hithaeglir The Shire is a region of J R R Tolkien 's fictional Middle-earth, described in The Lord of the Rings and other works The White Mountains, a loose translation of the Sindarin Ered Nimrais "Whitehorn Mountains" is a fictional Mountain range in J Eriador (the "Lone Lands" is a large region in J R R Tolkien 's fictional world of Middle-earth. Gondor is a fictional kingdom in J R R Tolkien 's writings described as the greatest realm of Men in the west of Middle-earth by the end of the In J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy world of Middle-earth, the Misty Mountains (also known by its Sindarin name of Hithaeglir In J R R Tolkien 's fictional Middle-earth, Anduin is the Sindarin name for the Great River of Wilderland, the longest River Eriador is bordered by the Ered Luin or Blue Mountains to the west, which border the sea and the Grey Havens (or Mithlond). The Ered Luin or Blue Mountains, also known as Ered Lindon, is the mountain range at the far west of Eriador, in J The Elven ports of Mithlond or the Grey Havens was an Elvish port on the Gulf of Lune in the northwest of J To the east of Eriador lie the Misty Mountains which run from the far north to Isengard, home of the wizard Saruman, in the south. For the assault on Isengard by the Ents see Destruction of Isengard. Concept and creation Saruman first appears in 1954's The Fellowship of the Ring, the first volume of the Fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings The Misty Mountains contain the great Dwarvish hall of Khazad-dûm or Moria. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, Moria was the name given by the Eldar to what had once been an enormous underground complex in north-western Middle-earth Within Eriador first lay the kingdom of Arnor, founded by men who had fled the destruction of Númenor. In the fictional Legendarium of J R R Tolkien, Arnor, or the Northern Kingdom, was a kingdom of the Dúnedain in the land of Eriador It later split into the kingdoms of Arthedain , Cardolan and Rhudaur. In the fictional Legendarium of J R R Tolkien, Arnor, or the Northern Kingdom, was a kingdom of the Dúnedain in the land of Eriador In the fictional Legendarium of J R R Tolkien, Arnor, or the Northern Kingdom, was a kingdom of the Dúnedain in the land of Eriador In the fictional Legendarium of J R R Tolkien, Arnor, or the Northern Kingdom, was a kingdom of the Dúnedain in the land of Eriador These kingdoms too had long since passed into history by the time of The Lord of The Rings. The Lord of the Rings is an epic Eriador also contains The Shire, homeland of the Hobbits, and the nearby settlement of Bree. The Shire is a region of J R R Tolkien 's fictional Middle-earth, described in The Lord of the Rings and other works In J R R Tolkien 's legendarium, Hobbits are a diminutive race that inhabit the lands of Middle-earth. Rivendell or Imladris, the home of the Elf Elrond also lies in Eriador, close to the western side of the Misty Mountains. Rivendell ( Sindarin: Imladris) is an Elven outpost in Middle-earth, a Fictional realm created by J Character overview Elrond was Lord of Rivendell, one of the mighty rulers of old that remained in Middle-earth in its Third Age. East of the Mountains lies the land called Rhovanion and the great river Anduin and on its western side, under the eaves of the mountains lies the Elvish kingdom of Lothlórien, home of the Elf Galadriel, and the forest of Fangorn, home of the Ents. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, Rhovanion or Wilderland was a large region of northern Middle-earth. In J R R Tolkien 's fictional Middle-earth, Anduin is the Sindarin name for the Great River of Wilderland, the longest River In J R R Tolkien 's fiction Lothlórien is a Welsh -sounding name given to the fairest forest realm of the Elves remaining in Middle-earth Appearances Literature Stories of Galadriel's life prior to The Lord of the Rings are collected in the Unfinished Tales. Fangorn ( Sindarin:; "Beardtree") in JRR Tolkien's Legendarium, is a forest located in the fictional world of Middle-earth To the east of the Anduin lies the great forest of Mirkwood, (formerly Greenwood), and further east again is the Lonely Mountain or Erebor, home of the dragon Smaug, and the town of Dale. Mirkwood is a name used for two distinct fictional forests in J In J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth Legendarium, the Lonely Mountain ( Sindarin Erebor) is a Mountain in the northeast Smaug is a fictional dragon character in The Hobbit by J R R Tolkien. South and East of the Misty Mountains is the kingdom of Rohan, inhabited by the allies of Gondor, and further south is the kingdom of Gondor itself, founded by those Men who escaped the destruction of the island of Númenor. Rohan, is a fictional realm in J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy era of Middle-earth. Gondor is a fictional kingdom in J R R Tolkien 's writings described as the greatest realm of Men in the west of Middle-earth by the end of the Númenor (ˈnuːmɛnɔɹ is a Fictional place in J R R Tolkien 's writings which the author intended to be an allusion to the legendary Atlantis. East of Gondor, and surrounded by high mountains is Mordor, home of Sauron in his fortress of Barad-dûr. In J R R Tolkien 's Fictional universe of Middle-earth, Mordor (from Sindarin Black Land and Quenya Land of Shadow Sauron (ˈsaʊrɒn Quenya: /sawrɔn/ literal meaning "Abhorred") is the title character and the principal Antagonist of the Fantasy For the album by black metal band Summoning, see Lugburz. Barad-dûr ( Sindarin "Dark Tower" sometimes given South of Gondor lies the land of Harad, traditionally hostile to it, and under the sway of Sauron. In J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy legendarium, Harad ( Sindarin: South, in Quenya: Hyarmen) was the name for the
Maps of Middle-earth
Tolkien never finalized the geography for the world associated with The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. The Hobbit or There and Back Again is an award-winning fantasy The Lord of the Rings is an epic In The Shaping of Middle-earth, volume IV of The History of Middle-earth, Christopher Tolkien published several remarkable maps, of both the original flat earth and round world, which his father had created in the latter part of the 1930s. The Shaping of Middle-earth is the fourth volume of Christopher Tolkien 's 12-volume series The History of Middle-earth in which he analyzes the unpublished The History of Middle-earth is a 12-volume series of books published from 1983 through 1996 that collect and analyse material relating to the fiction of J Karen Wynn Fonstad drew from these maps to develop detailed, but non-canonical, "whole world maps" reflecting a world consistent with the historical ages depicted in The Silmarillion, The Hobbit, and The Lord of the Rings. Karen Wynn Fonstad was the author of several atlases of fictional worlds
Maps prepared by Christopher Tolkien and J. R. R. Tolkien for the world encompassing The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings were published as foldouts or illustrations in The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion. Early conceptions of the maps provided in The Silmarillion and The Lord of the Rings were included in several volumes, including "The First Silmarillion Map" in The Shaping of Middle-earth, "The First Map of the Lord of the Rings" in The Treason of Isengard, "The Second Map (West)" and "The Second Map (East)" in The War of the Ring, and "The Second Map of Middle-earth west of the Blue Mountains" (also known as "The Second Silmarillion Map") in The War of the Jewels. Contents The volumes include (HoME 6 The Return of the Shadow ( 1988) (HoME 7 The Treason of Isengard ( Contents The volumes include (HoME 6 The Return of the Shadow ( 1988) (HoME 7 The Treason of Isengard ( The War of the Jewels is the 11th volume of Christopher Tolkien's series The History of Middle-earth, analyzing the unpublished manuscripts of
Correspondence with the geography of Earth
Tolkien described the region in which the Hobbits lived as "the North-West of the Old World, east of the Sea",[11] which indicates a connection to England and the north-western region of Europe (the Old World). The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans Asians and Africans in the 15th century However, as he noted in private letters, the geographies do not match, and he did not consciously make them match when he was writing:
"As for the shape of the world of the Third Age, I am afraid that was devised 'dramatically' rather than geologically, or paleontologically. "[13]
". . . if it were 'history', it would be difficult to fit the lands and events (or 'cultures') into such evidence as we possess, archaeological or geological, concerning the nearer or remoter part of what is now called Europe; though the Shire, for instance, is expressly stated to have been in this region. "[14]
In another letter, he made correspondences in latitude, not equations, between Europe and Middle-earth:
"The action of the story takes place in the North-west of 'Middle-earth', equivalent in latitude to the coastlands of Europe and the north shores of the Mediterranean. . . . If Hobbiton and Rivendell are taken (as intended) to be at about the latitude of Oxford, then Minas Tirith, 600 miles south, is at about the latitude of Florence. The Mouths of Anduin and the ancient city of Pelargir are at about the latitude of ancient Troy. "[15]
He did confirm, however, that the Shire, the land of his Hobbit heroes, was based on England:
"'The Shire' is based on rural England and not any other country in the world. The Shire is a region of J R R Tolkien 's fictional Middle-earth, described in The Lord of the Rings and other works In J R R Tolkien 's legendarium, Hobbits are a diminutive race that inhabit the lands of Middle-earth. . . "[16]
In the Prologue to The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien writes: "Those days, the Third Age of Middle-earth, are now long past, and the shape of all lands has been changed. . . "
History
In The Silmarillion the history of Arda is divided into four great time periods, known as the Ainulindalë, the Years of the Lamps, the Years of the Trees and the Years of the Sun. In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, the history of the Fictional universe of Eä began when the Ainur entered Arda, following the This article includes several chronologies relating to J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium. Ainulindalë ( Quenya, "Music of the Ainur " or more literally "Singing of the Holy" is the first section and chapter of The Silmarillion In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, the Years of the Lamps are the first of the three great time-periods of Arda. In JRR Tolkien 's Middle-earth Legendarium, the Years of the Trees are one of the three great time-periods of Arda. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, the Years of the Sun are the last of the three great time-periods of Arda, together with the Years of the Lamps and In Middle-earth recorded history did not begin until the First Age and the Awakening of the Elves during the Years of the Trees - the time prior to that is simply known as the Beginning of Days. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, the First Age, or First Age of the Children of Ilúvatar in full is the first documented time period and the setting In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, an Elf is an individual member of one of the races that inhabit the lands of Arda. During the First Age the awakening of Men coincided with the first rising of the sun and the beginning of The Years of the Sun, which have lasted from the First Age, through the Second, Third and Fourth Ages to the present day.
Ainulindalë
In Tolkien's universe God is called Eru Ilúvatar. Ainulindalë ( Quenya, "Music of the Ainur " or more literally "Singing of the Holy" is the first section and chapter of The Silmarillion God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Eru as Creator The Quendi (ie Elves) and the Atani (ie Men) were created by Eru In the beginning, Ilúvatar created spirits named the Ainur and he taught them to make music. In J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy legendarium, the Ainur (singular Ainu) are spirits who are direct representatives of Eru Ilúvatar ( After the Ainur had become proficient in their skills, Ilúvatar commanded them to make a great music based on a theme of his own design. The most powerful Ainu, Melkor (later called Morgoth or "Dark Enemy" by the elves), disrupted the theme. The name The name Morgoth is Sindarin, one of Tolkien's invented languages and means "Black Enemy" Bauglir is also Sindarin meaning The name The name Morgoth is Sindarin, one of Tolkien's invented languages and means "Black Enemy" Bauglir is also Sindarin meaning In response, Ilúvatar introduced new themes that enhanced the music beyond the comprehension of the Ainur. The movements of their song laid the seeds of much of the history of the as yet unmade universe and the people who were to dwell therein.
Then Ilúvatar stopped the music and he revealed its meaning to the Ainur through a vision. Moved, many of the Ainur felt a compelling urge to experience its events directly. Ilúvatar therefore created Eä, the universe itself, and some of the Ainur went into the universe to share in its experience. But upon arriving in Eä, the Ainur found it was shapeless because they had entered at the beginning of time. The Ainur undertook great labours in these unnamed "ages of the stars", in which they shaped the universe and filled it with many things far beyond the reach of Men.
The Beginning of Days
In time, however, the Ainur formed Arda, the future abiding place of the Children of Ilúvatar, Elves and Men. Melkor and his followers entered Eä as well, and they set about ruining and undoing whatever the others did. The fifteen most powerful Ainur are called the Valar; Melkor was the most powerful, but Manwë was the leader. The Valar (singular Vala) are characters in J R R Tolkien 's legendarium. Background Manwë was (with his brother Melkor ie Morgoth the greatest of the Ainur and the one that best understood the will of Eru. Each of the Valar was attracted to a particular aspect of the world that became the focus of their powers. Melkor was drawn to terrible extremes and violence — bitter cold, scorching heat, earthquakes, rendings, breakings, utter darkness, burning light etc. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer His power was so great that at first the Valar were unable to restrain him, until the Vala Tulkas entered Eä and tipped the balance. The Valar (singular Vala) are characters in J R R Tolkien 's legendarium. Driven out by Tulkas, Melkor brooded in the darkness at the outer reaches of Arda. The Valar settled in Arda to watch over it and help prepare it for the awakening of the Children.
The Years of the Lamps began shortly after the Valar finished their labours in shaping Arda. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, the Years of the Lamps are the first of the three great time-periods of Arda. The Valar (singular Vala) are characters in J R R Tolkien 's legendarium. Arda began as a single flat world and the Valar created two lamps to illuminate it, Illuin and Ormal. In the middle, where the light of the lamps mingled, the Valar dwelt at the island of Almaren. Minor places in Arda#Place Name -->;Place name description1 Further description prefix with: once This period, known as the Spring of Arda, was a time when the Valar had ordered the World as they wished and rested upon Almaren, and Melkor lurked beyond the Walls of Night. The name The name Morgoth is Sindarin, one of Tolkien's invented languages and means "Black Enemy" Bauglir is also Sindarin meaning Minor places in Arda#Place Name -->;Place name description1 Further description prefix with: once During this time animals first appeared, and forests started to grow. The Spring was interrupted when Melkor returned to Arda, and ended completely when he destroyed the Lamps of the Valar. In the Mythology of J R R Tolkien 's fictional Middle-earth, Illuin (Sky-blue and Ormal (high gold were great lamps which stood respectively Melkor's destruction of the two Lamps marked the end of the Years of the Lamps.
The Years of the Trees began after Melkor's destruction of the two lamps, when the Valar retreated to the extreme western regions of Arda, where the Vala Yavanna made the Two Trees named Telperion and Laurelin to give light to their new homeland of Valinor in the land of Aman. In JRR Tolkien 's Middle-earth Legendarium, the Years of the Trees are one of the three great time-periods of Arda. The Valar (singular Vala) are characters in J R R Tolkien 's legendarium. "The Two Trees" is also a poem of Yeats' 1893 The Rose. "The Two Trees" is also a poem of Yeats' 1893 The Rose. "The Two Trees" is also a poem of Yeats' 1893 The Rose. Valinor (meaning Land of the Valar) is a Fictional location from J The Trees illuminated Aman, leaving the rest of Arda (in what is now Middle-earth) in darkness, illuminated only by the stars.
The First Age
At the start of the First Age the Elves awoke beside Lake Cuiviénen in the east of Endor (Middle-earth), and were soon approached by the Valar. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, the First Age, or First Age of the Children of Ilúvatar in full is the first documented time period and the setting In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, an Elf is an individual member of one of the races that inhabit the lands of Arda. Minor places in Arda#Place Name -->;Place name description1 Further description prefix with: once Many of the Elves were persuaded to undertake the Great Journey westwards towards Aman, but not all of them completed the journey (see Sundering of the Elves). In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, an Elf is an individual member of one of the races that inhabit the lands of Arda. In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, the Elves are a sundered people The Valar had imprisoned Melkor but he appeared to repent and was released on parole. He sowed great discord among the Elves and stirred up rivalry between the Elven princes Fëanor and Fingolfin. Fëanor is a character from J R R Tolkien 's fictional history The Silmarillion. Fingolfin in songs The song "Time Stands Still (At the Iron Hill" of the German power-metal band Blind Guardian tells the story of the fight between He then slew their father, king Finwë and stole the Silmarils, three gems crafted by Fëanor that contained light of the Two Trees, from his vault, and destroyed the Trees themselves. Concept and creation In the first drafts of the genealogy Finwë had four sons the youngest was named Finrun, but he was dropped after that thus Finrod (later Finarfin The Silmarils ( Quenya pl Silmarilli, radiance of pure light) are three brilliant jewels which contained the unmarred light of the Two Trees "The Two Trees" is also a poem of Yeats' 1893 The Rose.
Fëanor persuaded most of his people, the Noldor, to leave Aman in pursuit of Melkor to Beleriand, cursing him with the name Morgoth. In the works of J R R Tolkien, the Noldor (meaning those with knowledge) were those of the second clan of the Elves, the Tatyar, who came He and his sons swore an oath to recover the Silmarils, whatever the cost. Fëanor led the first of two groups of Noldor. The larger group was led by Fingolfin. The Noldor stopped at the Teleri port-city, Alqualondë, but the Teleri refused to give them ships to get to Middle-earth. In the works of J R R Tolkien, the Teleri (meaning Those who come last, singular Teler) were the third of the Elf clans who came to In the works of J R R Tolkien, Alqualondë (meaning Swanhaven) is the chief city of the Teleri on the shores of Valinor. The first Kinslaying ensued when Fëanor and many of his followers attacked the Teleri and stole their ships. J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth fantasy writings include many wars and battles set in the lands of Aman, Beleriand, Númenor, and Fëanor's host sailed on the stolen ships, leaving Fingolfin's behind. The second group had little choice but to cross over to Middle-earth through the deadly Helcaraxë (or Grinding Ice) in the far north. Minor places in Arda#Place Name -->;Place name description1 Further description prefix with: once Subsequently Fëanor was slain, but most of his sons survived and founded realms, as did Fingolfin and his heirs. Meanwhile, the Valar took the last two living fruit of the Two Trees and used them to create the Moon and Sun, which remained a part of Arda, but were separate from Ambar (the world).
The Years of the Sun began when the Valar made the Sun and it rose over the world, Imbar, and thereafter time in the First Age was counted from the date of its rising. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, the Years of the Sun are the last of the three great time-periods of Arda, together with the Years of the Lamps and In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, Arda is the name given to the Earth in a period of prehistory wherein the places mentioned in The Lord of the Rings After several great battles, a Long Peace ensued for four hundred years, during which time the first Men, the Edain, entered Beleriand by crossing over the Blue Mountains. Adan redirects here Adan is also the name of a governorate of Yemen. The Ered Luin or Blue Mountains, also known as Ered Lindon, is the mountain range at the far west of Eriador, in J When Morgoth broke the siege of Angband, one by one, the Elven kingdoms fell, even the hidden city of Gondolin. The Siege of Angband or "The Long Peace" in J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth fictional universe was the siege of the Noldor around the fortress Weaponcraft The smiths of Gondolin using Noldorin techniques and magics made powerful magic blades The only measurable success achieved by Elves and Men came when Beren of the Edain and Lúthien, daughter of Thingol and Melian, retrieved a Silmaril from the crown of Morgoth. In The Silmarillion Thingol originally known as Elwë, is introduced as one of the three chieftains of the Elves who depart from Cuiviénen Character Overview A visual description of Melian is given in the Lay of Leithian There Melian came the Lady grey and dark and long her Afterward, Beren and Lúthien died, and were restored to life by the Valar with the understanding that Lúthien was to become mortal and Beren should never be seen by Men again.
Thingol quarrelled with the Dwarves of Nogrod and they slew him, stealing the Silmaril. With the help of Ents, Beren waylaid the Dwarves and recovered the Silmaril, which he gave to Lúthien. Soon afterwards, both Beren and Lúthien died again. The Silmaril was given to their son Dior Half-Elven, who had restored the Kingdom of Doriath. Dior Eluchíl is a Fictional character in J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth Legendarium The sons of Fëanor demanded that Dior surrender the Silmaril to them, and he refused. The Fëanorians destroyed Doriath and killed Dior in the second Kinslaying, but Dior's young daughter Elwing escaped with the jewel. Three sons of Fëanor — Celegorm, Curufin, and Caranthir — died trying to retake the jewel.
By the end of the age, all that remained of the free Elves and Men in Beleriand was a settlement at the mouth of the River Sirion. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, Sirion was a River of Middle-earth in the First Age, the principal river of Beleriand. Among them was Eärendil, who married Elwing. Elwing is a character of Middle-earth, created by J R R Tolkien. But the Fëanorians again demanded the Silmaril be returned to them, and after their demand was rejected they resolved to take the jewel by force, leading to the third Kinslaying. Eärendil and Elwing took the Silmaril across the Great Sea, to beg the Valar for pardon and aid. The Valar responded. Melkor was captured, most of his works were destroyed, and he was banished beyond the confines of the world into the Door of Night. In J R R Tolkien 's Fictional universe of Middle-earth, the Door of Night was a place set at the utmost West of Arda, near to Avakúma
The Silmarils were recovered at a terrible cost, as Beleriand itself was broken and began to sink under the sea. Fëanor's last remaining sons, Maedhros and Maglor, were ordered to return to Valinor. Literature Appearances The Silmarillion Little is mentioned about Maedhros's youth in The Silmarillion. Valinor (meaning Land of the Valar) is a Fictional location from J They proceeded to steal the Silmarils from the victorious Valar. The Valar (singular Vala) are characters in J R R Tolkien 's legendarium. But, as with Melkor, the Silmarils burned their hands and they then realized they were not meant to possess them and that the oath was null. Each of the brothers met his fate: Maedhros threw himself with the Silmaril into a chasm of fire, and Maglor threw his Silmaril into the sea. Thus, one Silmaril ended in the sky, worn by Eärendil, a second in the earth, and the third in the sea.
The Second Age
Thus began the Second Age. The Second Age is a time period from J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth fantasy writings The Second Age is a time period from J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth fantasy writings The Edain were given the island of Númenor toward the west of the Great Sea as their home, while many Elves were welcomed into the West. Númenor (ˈnuːmɛnɔɹ is a Fictional place in J R R Tolkien 's writings which the author intended to be an allusion to the legendary Atlantis. The Númenóreans were blessed by the Valar with long life, three times that of lesser men. They became great seafarers, and in their days of glory, came to Middle-earth to teach the lesser men great skills. However, the Númenóreans grew jealous of their immortal brethren, the Elves. At the height of their power (if not wisdom), the Númenóreans ruled over the Men of Middle-earth, instead of helping them. After a few centuries, Sauron, Morgoth's chief servant, began to organize evil creatures in the eastern lands. Sauron (ˈsaʊrɒn Quenya: /sawrɔn/ literal meaning "Abhorred") is the title character and the principal Antagonist of the Fantasy He persuaded Elven smiths in Eregion to create Rings of Power, and secretly forged the One Ring to control the other Rings. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, Eregion or Hollin was a kingdom of the Noldorin Elves in Eriador during the Second Age The Rings of Power are fictional artifacts of J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth Legendarium. But the Elves became aware of Sauron's plan as soon as he put the One Ring on his hand, and they removed their own Rings before he could master their wills. During this time, the Shadow grew over Númenor, as kings no longer laid down their lives when they had lived to the fullest, but rather clung greedily to life. Númenor, ever thankful to the Valar and Eru in the past, now neglected to pay tribute, growing ever more restless about the Doom of Man, the curse of mortality. The people of Númenor became divided between the King's Men, those who would see the power and dominion of Númenor grow and their gratitude towards the Elves and Valar wane, and the Faithful, who still maintained their ties with the Elves, and still paid heed to the words of Eru.
With his newfound might and growing dominion over Middle-earth, Sauron claimed that he was the King of Men. Ar-Pharazôn, the last king of Númenor, thinking that none but he should have this title, sailed to Middle-earth with an army to challenge Sauron's claim. Sauron, seeing the might of Númenor at its noontide, knew that he could not stand against them. So he allowed himself to be captured and taken back to Númenor as a hostage. Soon, Sauron's deceit and fair-seeming words won him favour with the King. He lied to the King, and told him that Melkor, Lord of Darkness, was the true God and that Eru was but an invention of the Valar. Thus began the persecution of the Faithful, who were sacrificed in the name of Melkor. Finally, as Ar-Pharazôn grew old, Sauron, using the power of the One Ring, told the King that none, not even the Valar of Valinor, could challenge the might of Númenor, and that the King should assail Valinor, and by setting foot on the Undying Lands, achieve immortality. Ar-Pharazôn, fearing death, assembled a massive fleet and set sail for the Undying Lands. Amandil, chief of those still faithful to the Valar, remembering the embassy of Eärendil, set sail to seek mercy from the Valar. Amandil is a Fictional character from JRR Tolkien's Middle-earth Legendarium. To disguise his intent, he sailed first to the east, and then sailed west, but was never heard from again. His son Elendil and grandsons Isildur and Anárion kept the Faithful out of the coming war and made preparations to flee by ship. Literature Elendil is first introduced in The Fellowship of the Ring. Isildur is a fictional character in J R R Tolkien 's legendarium.
Before the end of the Second Age, when the Men of Númenor by the deceits of Sauron, Morgoth's most powerful servant of all and chief captain, rebelled against the Valar, Ilúvatar destroyed Númenor, separated Valinor from the rest of Arda, and formed new lands, making the world round. The Second Age is a time period from J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth fantasy writings Númenor (ˈnuːmɛnɔɹ is a Fictional place in J R R Tolkien 's writings which the author intended to be an allusion to the legendary Atlantis. Valinor (meaning Land of the Valar) is a Fictional location from J When the King's forces landed on Aman, the Valar called for Ilúvatar to intervene. The world was changed, so that Aman was removed from Imbar. From that time onward, Men could no longer find Aman, but Elves seeking passage in specially hallowed ships received the grace of using the Straight Road, which led from Middle-earth's seas to the seas of Aman. Minor places in Arda#Place Name -->;Place name description1 Further description prefix with: once The mighty fleet of Ar-Pharazôn and the land of Númenor, were utterly destroyed, and with it the fair body of Sauron; but his spirit endured and fled back to Middle-earth. Elendil and his sons escaped to Endor and founded the realms of Gondor and Arnor. Gondor is a fictional kingdom in J R R Tolkien 's writings described as the greatest realm of Men in the west of Middle-earth by the end of the In the fictional Legendarium of J R R Tolkien, Arnor, or the Northern Kingdom, was a kingdom of the Dúnedain in the land of Eriador
Sauron soon rose again, but the Elves allied with the Men to form the Last Alliance and defeated him. J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth fantasy writings include many wars and battles set in the lands of Aman, Beleriand, Númenor, and In a siege that lasted years, Gil-galad, High King of the Elves, Elendil, the ruler of Gondor and Arnor, and Anárion, son of Elendil, were slain, as was Sauron's body. Character overview Gil-galad was the last High King of the Noldor in Middle-earth Literature Elendil is first introduced in The Fellowship of the Ring. Elendil's other son Isildur finally cut the One Ring from Sauron's hand with his father's sword, thus diminishing Sauron's power, making his spirit flee once again, and achieved victory and peace for a time. But Isildur refused to destroy the One Ring in the fires of Mount Doom, against all advice, and took it as a weregild for his father and brother. Weregeld (alternative spellings wergild, wergeld, weregeld, etc However, the Ring soon betrayed him, as it abandoned him during an ambush of Orcs at the Gladden Fields; Isildur was slain and the Ring was lost in the Anduin for a time.
The Third Age
The Third Age saw the rise in power of the realms of Arnor and Gondor, and their decline. The Third Age is a time period from J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth fantasy writings The Third Age is a time period from J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth fantasy writings By the time of The Lord of the Rings, Sauron had recovered much of his former strength, and was seeking the One Ring. He learned that it was in the possession of a Hobbit and sent out the nine Ringwraiths to retrieve it. The Ring-bearer, Frodo Baggins, travelled to Rivendell, where it was decided that the Ring had to be destroyed in the only way possible: casting it into the fires of Mount Doom. Rivendell ( Sindarin: Imladris) is an Elven outpost in Middle-earth, a Fictional realm created by J Frodo set out on the quest with eight companions—the Fellowship of the Ring. The Fellowship of the Ring, or Company of the Ring, as described in the first volume of The Lord of the Rings, which bears the same name is At the last moment, he failed, but with the intervention of the creature Gollum—who was saved by the pity of Frodo and Bilbo Baggins—the Ring was nevertheless destroyed. Character overview Originally known as Sméagol, this character was later named Gollum after his habit Bilbo Baggins is the protagonist of The Hobbit and also makes an appearance in The Lord of the Rings, two of the most well-known of Frodo with his companion Sam Gamgee were hailed as heroes. Samwise Gamgee, later known as Samwise Gardner and commonly known as Sam, is a Fictional character in J Sauron was destroyed forever and his spirit dissipated.
The end of the Third Age marked the end of the dominion of the Elves and the beginning of the dominion of Men. The race of Men in J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth books such as The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, refers to As the Fourth Age began, many of the Elves who had lingered in Middle-earth left for Valinor, never to return; those who remained behind would "fade" and diminish. The Dwarves eventually dwindled away as well, and they also returned in large numbers to Moria and resettled it. Under King Elessar (Aragorn of the Arthedain), peace was restored between Gondor and the lands to the south and east. Aragorn II is a fictional character from J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth Legendarium.
Languages and peoples
- See also: List of Middle-earth peoples
Ainur
Middle-earth is home to several distinct intelligent species. The Languages of Arda are artificial languages invented by J R For the book see The Peoples of Middle-earth, for the full list of peoples see List of Middle-earth peoples Peoples of Middle-earth A list of species races peoples nations and factions of J R R In J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy legendarium, the Ainur (singular Ainu) are spirits who are direct representatives of Eru Ilúvatar ( First were the Ainur, angelic beings created by Ilúvatar. The Ainur sang for Ilúvatar, who created Eä to give existence to their music in the cosmological myth called the Ainulindalë, or "Music of the Ainur". Some of the Ainur then entered Eä, and the greatest of these were called the Valar. The Valar (singular Vala) are characters in J R R Tolkien 's legendarium. Melkor (later called Morgoth), the chief personification of evil in Eä, was initially one of the Valar. The Ainur only inhabited Middle-earth in the very early days of its creation, although Morgoth continued to live there until his expulsion at the end of the First Age. The language of the Ainur was Valarin. In J R R Tolkien 's Fictional universe of Middle-earth, Valarin is the tongue of the Ainur.
The other Ainur who entered Eä are called the Maiar. The Maiar (singular Maia) are beings from J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy legendarium. In the First Age the most active Maia was Melian, wife of the Elven King Thingol. In The Silmarillion Thingol originally known as Elwë, is introduced as one of the three chieftains of the Elves who depart from Cuiviénen There were also evil Maiar, called Umaiar, including the Balrogs and the second Dark Lord, Sauron. This article deals with J R R Tolkien's Balrogs For other uses see Balrog (disambiguation. Sauron (ˈsaʊrɒn Quenya: /sawrɔn/ literal meaning "Abhorred") is the title character and the principal Antagonist of the Fantasy Sauron devised the Black Speech (aka Burzum) for his slaves (mainly Orcs) to speak. Orkish redirects here For other uses see Urkish. The Black Speech is the Fictional language of Mordor in The Lord of the Rings In J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy writings Orcs or Orks are a race of creatures who are used as soldiers and henchmen by both the greater and lesser villains In the Third Age, five of the Maiar were embodied and sent to Endor to help the free peoples to overthrow Sauron. Those are the Istari (or Wise Ones) (called Wizards by Men), including Gandalf, Saruman, Radagast, Alatar and Pallando. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, the Wizards of Middle-earth are a group of five beings outwardly resembling Men but possessing much greater physical Concept and creation Humphrey Carpenter in his 1977 biography relates that Tolkien owned a Postcard entitled Der Berggeist ("the mountain Concept and creation Saruman first appears in 1954's The Fellowship of the Ring, the first volume of the Fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings Literature Radagast like the other Wizards, came from Valinor around the year 1000 of the Third Age of Middle-earth and was one of the Maiar In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, the Blue Wizards (or Ithryn Luin in the Elvish tongue Sindarin) are two of the five Wizards (or In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, the Blue Wizards (or Ithryn Luin in the Elvish tongue Sindarin) are two of the five Wizards (or
Elves
The Elves are known as the First Born of the Children of Ilúvatar: intelligent beings created by Ilúvatar alone (Men are the Second Born). In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, an Elf is an individual member of one of the races that inhabit the lands of Arda. Eru as Creator The Quendi (ie Elves) and the Atani (ie Men) were created by Eru There are many different clans of Elves, but the main distinction is between the Calaquendi (or Light Elves) and the Moriquendi (or Dark Elves). In the works of J R R Tolkien, the Calaquendi (singular Calaquende) are the Elves of Light, those who had seen the light of the Two Trees In J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth, the Moriquendi (the Elves of Darkness, singular Moriquende) are in essence the Elves that either did not Tolkien's work The Silmarillion tells of how the Valar came to Middle-earth shortly after the awakening of the Elves, and invited them to come and live with them in their home in the land of Aman. The Silmarillion is a collection of J R R Tolkien 's mythopoeic works edited and published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien in Those elves who accepted and began the Great Journey to Aman from their birthplace of Cuiviénen were called the Eldar. Minor places in Arda#Place Name -->;Place name description1 Further description prefix with: once In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, the Elves are a sundered people The elves who completed the journey were called the Light Elves, (or High Elves) because they saw the magical Light of the Two Trees (the source of light in Aman). "The Two Trees" is also a poem of Yeats' 1893 The Rose. Those elves who refused the offer (called the Avari), and the Eldar who tired of the long journey west and remained behind in Middle-earth were called the Dark Elves because they did not see this light. In the fictional works of J R R Tolkien, the Avari are a branch of the Elves. Generally Dark Elves were considered less noble and powerful than Light Elves, but the term 'Dark' did not imply they were in any way evil. In later years some of the Light Elves (chiefly the Noldor clan) returned to Middle-earth, mainly on a quest to retrieve precious jewels called the Silmarils, stolen from them by Morgoth. In the works of J R R Tolkien, the Noldor (meaning those with knowledge) were those of the second clan of the Elves, the Tatyar, who came The Silmarils ( Quenya pl Silmarilli, radiance of pure light) are three brilliant jewels which contained the unmarred light of the Two Trees The name The name Morgoth is Sindarin, one of Tolkien's invented languages and means "Black Enemy" Bauglir is also Sindarin meaning
Originally elves all spoke the same ancestral tongue , but after the long separation of thousands of years it diverged into different languages. For Elvish languages in general see Elvish languages. J R R Tolkien 's fantasy fiction contains several languages for Elves The two main Elven languages were Quenya, spoken by the Light Elves, and Sindarin, spoken by the Sindar, the Dark Elves who stayed behind in Beleriand (see above). Quenya 'kwɛɲa is one of the fictional languages spoken by the Elves (the Quendi, "those who speak with voices" because when Sindarin is an Artificial language developed by J R R Tolkien. Edhel redirects here See Éðel for the Anglo-Saxon term In the works of J Tolkien compared the use of Quenya in Middle-earth as like Latin, with Sindarin as the common speech. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. [17]
Men
Men were the second born of the Children of Ilúvatar, who awoke in Middle-earth much later than the elves and (probably) also after the dwarves. The race of Men in J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth books such as The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, refers to In appearance they are much like elves, but unlike them they are mortal, ageing and dying quickly. The men involved in Tolkien's stories are mainly the three tribes of Men who allied themselves with the Elves of Beleriand in the First Age, called the Edain. In J R R Tolkien 's fictional legendarium, Beleriand was a region in northwestern Middle-earth during the First Age. Adan redirects here Adan is also the name of a governorate of Yemen. As a reward for their loyalty and suffering in the Wars of Beleriand, the descendants of the Edain were given the island of Númenor to be their home. In J R R Tolkien 's The Silmarillion, there were many battles between the Elves of Beleriand and the forces of Morgoth. Númenor (ˈnuːmɛnɔɹ is a Fictional place in J R R Tolkien 's writings which the author intended to be an allusion to the legendary Atlantis. But as described in the section on Middle-earth's history, Númenor was eventually destroyed and a remnant of the Númenóreans established realms in the northern lands of Endor. Those who remained faithful to the Valar found the kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor. They were then known as the Dúnedain, whereas other Númenórean survivors, still devoted to evil but living far to the south, became known as the Black Númenóreans. In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, the Dúnedain (singular Dúnadan, "man of the west" were a race of Men descended from In J R R Tolkien 's fictional prehistory of the world ( Arda) the Black Númenóreans were men of Númenórean descent that dwelt on the coasts of Middle-earth The languages spoken by men include Adûnaic – spoken by the Númenóreans , Westron – The 'Common Speech' – represented by English , and Rohirric – spoken by the Rohirrim – represented in The Lord of the Rings by Old English
Dwarves
The Dwarves are said to have been created by the Vala Aulë, who offered to destroy them when Ilúvatar confronted him. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, Adûnaic ("language of the west" was the language of the Men of Númenor during the Second Age Númenor (ˈnuːmɛnɔɹ is a Fictional place in J R R Tolkien 's writings which the author intended to be an allusion to the legendary Atlantis. Westron, or the Common Speech, is an Artificial language developed by J English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States In the fictional world of Middle-earth by J R R Tolkien, Rohirric (also Rohirian and Rohanese, see below is the language of the Rohirrim In J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth, the Rohirrim were a Horse people, settling in the land of Rohan, named after them When Ilúvatar saw that the seven Dwarf fathers were alive, He forgave Aulë's transgression and adopted the Dwarves as his own. His only condition was that they were not allowed to awaken before the elves. Therefore, the Dwarves' creator Aulë laid them to sleep in hidden mountain locations until the elves awoke. These dwarves were known as the Seven Fathers of the Dwarves, who (along with their mates) went on to found the seven kindreds of dwarves when they awoke. The first dwarf to awake was Durin the father of the Longbeards, the oldest and wisest kindred of Dwarf, and the main focus of Tolkien's stories. This article is about characters in JRR Tolkien's legendarium Durin founded the greatest Dwarf kingdom called Khazad-dûm, later known as Moria in the Misty Mountains. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, Moria was the name given by the Eldar to what had once been an enormous underground complex in north-western Middle-earth In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, Moria was the name given by the Eldar to what had once been an enormous underground complex in north-western Middle-earth The Dwarves spread throughout northern Endor and each kindred founded its own kingdom. Only two other of these kingdoms are mentioned by Tolkien, Nogrod and Belegost in the Ered Luin or Blue Mountains. In the fictional history of J R R Tolkien 's Arda, Nogrod was one of the two western most Dwarven cities to the south of Mount Dolmed These were the home of the Firebeards and the Broadbeams, who were allies of the Elves of Beleriand against Morgoth in the First Age. The language spoken by the Dwarves is called Khuzdûl, and was kept largely as a secret language for their own use. Khuzdûl is the language of the Dwarves in J R R Tolkien 's fiction of Middle-earth The dwarves are mortal like Men, but live much longer, usually several hundred years. A peculiarity of dwarves is that both males and females are bearded, and thus appear identical to outsiders.
Hobbits
Tolkien identified Hobbits as an offshoot of the race of Men. In J R R Tolkien 's legendarium, Hobbits are a diminutive race that inhabit the lands of Middle-earth. Another name for hobbit is 'Halfling' as they were generally only half the size of Men. In their lifestyle and habits they closely resemble Men, except for their preference for living in holes underground. Although their origins and ancient history are not known, Tolkien implied that they settled in the Vales of Anduin early in the Third Age, but after a thousand years the Hobbits began migrating west over the Misty Mountains into Eriador. In J R R Tolkien 's fictional Middle-earth, Anduin is the Sindarin name for the Great River of Wilderland, the longest River Eriador (the "Lone Lands" is a large region in J R R Tolkien 's fictional world of Middle-earth. Eventually, many Hobbits settled in the Shire and in nearby Bree. The Shire is a region of J R R Tolkien 's fictional Middle-earth, described in The Lord of the Rings and other works Tolkien says that there were three kinds of Hobbit: the Stoors, Fallowhides and Harfoots. The hobbits who appear most prominently in Tolkien's stories are Bilbo Baggins and his nephew Frodo Baggins, who each have an important role in the quest to destroy the One Ring of Power forged by Sauron. Bilbo Baggins is the protagonist of The Hobbit and also makes an appearance in The Lord of the Rings, two of the most well-known of The Rings of Power are fictional artifacts of J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth Legendarium. Another creature with possible hobbit heritage who is central to the story is Sméagol, who took the One Ring after it was found in the Anduin. In J R R Tolkien 's fictional Middle-earth, Anduin is the Sindarin name for the Great River of Wilderland, the longest River In the Lord of the Rings, Frodo is told by Gandalf that Sméagol was part of a hobbit-like riverfolk. Long possession of the ring corrupted and deformed Sméagol into the creature Gollum. Character overview Originally known as Sméagol, this character was later named Gollum after his habit By the time of The Lord of the Rings Hobbits had long spoken the Mannish tongue Westron, though their dialect of Westron indicates that they formerly spoke a language akin to that of the Men of Rohan. Westron, or the Common Speech, is an Artificial language developed by J Rohan, is a fictional realm in J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy era of Middle-earth.
Other races
Another important race mentioned by Tolkien are the Ents, shepherds of the trees. Ents are a fictional race of humanoid Trees from J R R Tolkien 's fantasy world of Middle-earth. They were created by Ilúvatar at the Vala Yavanna's request to protect trees from the depredations of Elves, Dwarves, and Men. The Valar (singular Vala) are characters in J R R Tolkien 's legendarium. Despite this, the elves first taught them to speak, as when they first awoke, the elves 'desired to converse with all things'. In The Lord of The Rings, the Ents, led by the oldest of them, Treebeard, are instrumental in defeating Saruman by destroying his fortress of Isengard. Ents are a fictional race of humanoid Trees from J R R Tolkien 's fantasy world of Middle-earth. Concept and creation Saruman first appears in 1954's The Fellowship of the Ring, the first volume of the Fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings For the assault on Isengard by the Ents see Destruction of Isengard. The Ents had their own peculiar language 'Entish', which was impossible for other races to learn due to its long descriptive nature for even the smallest things, involving complex shades of sound and tone. Nevertheless, the ents could learn other races' languages and were able to communicate with others that way.
Orcs and Trolls and goblins are evil creatures bred by Morgoth. In J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy writings Orcs or Orks are a race of creatures who are used as soldiers and henchmen by both the greater and lesser villains In J R R Tolkien 's world of Middle-earth, Trolls are very large (twelve feet tall or more humanoids of great strength and poor intellect They are not original creations but rather "mockeries" of the Children of Ilúvatar and Ents, since only Ilúvatar has the ability to give being to things. The detailed origins of Orcs and Trolls are unclear (Tolkien considered many possibilities and frequently changed his mind). It seems most likely that the Orcs were bred largely from corrupted Elves or Men or both. Late in the Third Age, the Uruks or Uruk-hai appeared: a race of Orcs of great size and strength that, unlike ordinary Orcs, are not hurt by daylight. In J R R Tolkien 's Fictional universe of Middle-earth, the Uruk-hai ( Black Speech: Orc folk) anglicized to Uruks, were Tolkien also made mention of "Men-orcs" and "Orc-men"; or "half-orcs" or "goblin-men" , but it is not clear if these are the same as the Uruks, or are some other breed. Trolls were apparently made out of stone as the Ents were made out of trees as a rival to them. The Ent Treebeard describes them in The Lord of the Rings as "mockeries of Ents, they are stupid creatures, foul mouthed and brutal". If they were struck by daylight they turned to stone. In an episode of The Hobbit, three trolls catch Bilbo and his Dwarf companions, and plan on eating them. However they are turned back to stone by the light of dawn before they had a chance. Tolkien also describes a race of trolls bred by Sauron called the 'Olog-hai' who were larger and stronger than ordinary trolls, and who could endure daylight.
Sapient animals also appear, such as the Eagles, Huan the Great Hound from Valinor and the wolf-like Wargs. Sapience is often defined as Wisdom, or the ability of an organism or entity to act with appropriate judgment. In J R R Tolkien 's Fictional universe of Middle-earth, the eagles were immense flying Birds that were sapient and could speak Valinor (meaning Land of the Valar) is a Fictional location from J The Eagles were created by Ilúvatar along with the Ents, and the Wargs were possibly descendants of earlier werewolf's, but in general these animals' origins and nature are unclear. In J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth Legendarium, werewolves were servants of Morgoth, bred from wolves and inhabited by dreadful spirits Some of them might have been Maiar in animal form, or perhaps even the offspring of Maiar and normal animals. The giant spiders such as Shelob were descended from Ungoliant, who is possibly an Ainu. Literature Shelob was an "evil thing in Spider form" living high in the Ephel Dúath mountains that border Mordor; the “last child of Ungoliant is a fictional character in JRR Tolkien 's legendarium.
Books
The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings are presented as Tolkien's retelling of events depicted in the Red Book of Westmarch, which was written by Bilbo Baggins, Frodo Baggins, and other Hobbits, and corrected and annotated by one or more Gondorian scholars. The Red Book of Westmarch (sometimes Red Book of the Periannath, and The Downfall of the Lord of the Rings, also known as the Thain's Book after its principal Tolkien wrote extensively about the linguistics, mythology and history of the world, which provide back-story for these stories. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology In Narratology, a back-story (also back story or backstory) is the history behind the situation extant at the start of the main story Many of these writings were edited and published posthumously by his son Christopher. Christopher Reuel Tolkien (born 21 November 1924 is the youngest son of the Author J
Notable among them is The Silmarillion, which provides a creation story and description of the cosmology that includes Middle-earth. The Silmarillion is a collection of J R R Tolkien 's mythopoeic works edited and published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien in Cosmology (from Greek grc κοσμολογία - grc κόσμος kosmos, "universe" and grc -λογία -logia) is study The Silmarillion is the primary source of information about Valinor, Númenor, and other lands. Valinor (meaning Land of the Valar) is a Fictional location from J Númenor (ˈnuːmɛnɔɹ is a Fictional place in J R R Tolkien 's writings which the author intended to be an allusion to the legendary Atlantis. Also notable are Unfinished Tales and the multiple volumes of The History of Middle-earth, which includes many incomplete stories and essays as well as numerous drafts of Tolkien's Middle-earth mythology, from the earliest forms down through the last writings of his life. Unfinished Tales (full title Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth) is a collection of stories and essays by J The History of Middle-earth is a 12-volume series of books published from 1983 through 1996 that collect and analyse material relating to the fiction of J
Middle-earth works by Tolkien
- 1937 The Hobbit
- The Hobbit Bilbo Baggins joins a company of Dwarves and the Wizard Gandalf in a quest to reclaim an old Dwarvish kingdom from the dragon Smaug. The Hobbit or There and Back Again is an award-winning fantasy In J R R Tolkien 's legendarium, Hobbits are a diminutive race that inhabit the lands of Middle-earth. J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth Legendarium features dragons closely based on those of European legend Smaug is a fictional dragon character in The Hobbit by J R R Tolkien.
- 1954 The Fellowship of the Ring, part 1 of The Lord of the Rings
- Bilbo's cousin and heir Frodo Baggins sets out on a quest to rid Middle-earth of the One Ring, joined by the Fellowship of the Ring. The Fellowship of the Ring is the first of three volumes of the epic novel The Lord of the Rings by the English author J The Lord of the Rings is an epic The Fellowship of the Ring, or Company of the Ring, as described in the first volume of The Lord of the Rings, which bears the same name is
- 1954 The Two Towers, part 2 of The Lord of the Rings
- The Fellowship is split apart: while Frodo and his friend Sam continue their quest, Aragorn, Gimli and Legolas fight to rescue the hobbits Peregrin Took (Pippin) and Meriadoc Brandybuck (Merry) from Orcs and to save the Kingdom of Rohan. The Two Towers is the second volume of J R R Tolkien 's High fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings. The Lord of the Rings is an epic Samwise Gamgee, later known as Samwise Gardner and commonly known as Sam, is a Fictional character in J Aragorn II is a fictional character from J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth Legendarium. Character overview Gimli was a Dwarf of Durin's Folk who volunteered to accompany Frodo Baggins as a member of the Fellowship of the Ring Appearances Literature Legolas was the son of Thranduil, King of the Woodland Realm of Northern Mirkwood, who appears as "the Elvenking" Biography Pippin was the only hobbit who had not yet reached his 'coming of age' when the Fellowship set out (being eight years younger than Merry while Frodo himself was 50 Meriadoc Brandybuck, usually referred to as Merry, is a Fictional character from J In J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy writings Orcs or Orks are a race of creatures who are used as soldiers and henchmen by both the greater and lesser villains Rohan, is a fictional realm in J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy era of Middle-earth.
- 1955 The Return of the King, part 3 of The Lord of the Rings
- Frodo and Sam reach Mordor, while Aragorn arrives in Gondor and reclaims his heritage. The Return of the King is the third and final volume of J R R The Lord of the Rings is an epic In J R R Tolkien 's Fictional universe of Middle-earth, Mordor (from Sindarin Black Land and Quenya Land of Shadow
- 1962 The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Other Verses from the Red Book
- An assortment of poems, only loosely related to The Lord of the Rings
- 1967 The Road Goes Ever On
- A song cycle with the composer Donald Swann (long out of print but reprinted in 2002)
Tolkien died in 1973. The Adventures of Tom Bombadil is a collection of poetry written by J This article is about the song cycle book and recording For the individual songs of this name see The Road Goes Ever On (song. Donald Ibrahím Swann ( September 30, 1923 – March 23, 1994) was a British composer musician and entertainer All further works were edited by Christopher Tolkien. Only The Silmarillion and The Children of Húrin are presented as finished work — the others are collections of notes and draft versions.
- 1977 The Silmarillion
- The history of the Elder Days, before The Lord of the Rings, including the Downfall of Númenor
- 1980 Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth
- Stories and essays related to The Silmarillion and The Lord of the Rings, but many were never completed. The Silmarillion is a collection of J R R Tolkien 's mythopoeic works edited and published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien in Unfinished Tales (full title Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth) is a collection of stories and essays by J
- The History of Middle-earth series:
- 1983 The Book of Lost Tales 1
- 1984 The Book of Lost Tales 2
- The earliest versions of the mythology, from start to finish
- 1985 The Lays of Beleriand
- 1986 The Shaping of Middle-earth
- Start of rewriting the mythology from the beginning
- 1987 The Lost Road and Other Writings
- Introduction of Númenor to the mythology and continuation of rewriting
- 1988 The Return of the Shadow (The History of The Lord of the Rings v. The History of Middle-earth is a 12-volume series of books published from 1983 through 1996 that collect and analyse material relating to the fiction of J The Book of Lost Tales is the title of a collection of early stories by J The Book of Lost Tales is the title of a collection of early stories by J The Lays of Beleriand, published in 1985 is the third volume of Christopher Tolkien 's 12-volume book series The History of Middle-earth, in which he analyzes Character overview He was the son of Emeldir and Barahir, a Man of the royal House of Bëor of Dorthonion. Character overview Lúthien was the only child of Elu Thingol, king of Doriath, and his queen Melian the Maia. Túrin Turambar ('tuːrɪn tu'rambaɹ is a fictional character in J The Shaping of Middle-earth is the fourth volume of Christopher Tolkien 's 12-volume series The History of Middle-earth in which he analyzes the unpublished The Lost Road and Other Writings is the fifth volume of The History of Middle-earth, a series of compilations of drafts and essays written by J Contents The volumes include (HoME 6 The Return of the Shadow ( 1988) (HoME 7 The Treason of Isengard ( 1)
- 1989 The Treason of Isengard (The History of The Lord of the Rings v. Contents The volumes include (HoME 6 The Return of the Shadow ( 1988) (HoME 7 The Treason of Isengard ( 2)
- 1990 The War of the Ring (The History of The Lord of the Rings v. Contents The volumes include (HoME 6 The Return of the Shadow ( 1988) (HoME 7 The Treason of Isengard ( 3)
- 1992 Sauron Defeated (The History of The Lord of the Rings v. Contents The volumes include (HoME 6 The Return of the Shadow ( 1988) (HoME 7 The Treason of Isengard ( 4)
- The development of The Lord of the Rings. Sauron Defeated also includes another version of the Númenor story.
- 1993 Morgoth's Ring (The Later Silmarillion, part one)
- 1994 The War of the Jewels (The Later Silmarillion, part two)
- Post-Lord of the Rings efforts to revise the mythology for publication. Morgoth's Ring is the tenth volume of Christopher Tolkien 's 12-volume series The History of Middle-earth in which he analyzes the unpublished manuscripts The War of the Jewels is the 11th volume of Christopher Tolkien's series The History of Middle-earth, analyzing the unpublished manuscripts of Includes the controversial 'Myths Transformed' section, which documents how Tolkien's thoughts changed radically in the last years of his life.
- 1996 The Peoples of Middle-earth
- Source material for the appendices in The Lord of the Rings and some more late writings related to The Silmarillion and The Lord of the Rings. The Peoples of Middle-earth (1996 is the 12th and final volume of The History of Middle-earth, edited by Christopher Tolkien from the unpublished
- 2002 History of Middle-earth: Index
- This book has completely integrated all of the indices from the previous twelve volumes into one large index.
- 1974 Bilbo's Last Song
- Poem
- 2007 The Children of Húrin
- Retelling of one of the three "Great Tales" of the Silmarillion (the other two being the story of Beren and Lúthien and the story of the Fall of Gondolin) as one single work, meant to increase readability and give more details compared to the briefer retelling in The Silmarillion. Bilbo's Last Song is a poem by J R R Tolkien. It was given by Tolkien as a gift to his secretary Joy Hill in 1966. The Children of Húrin is an epic High fantasy Novel which forms the completion of a tale by J
Adaptations
- See also: Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings
Films
In a letter to his son Christopher Tolkien, J. This article is about the films and other media For the article on the musical see The Lord of the Rings (musical The Lord of the R. R. Tolkien set out his policy regarding film adaptations of his works: "Art or Cash". [18] He sold the film rights for The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings to United Artists in 1969 after being faced with a sudden tax bill. This article is about the film studio Previously it was affiliated with a cinema chain bearing its name now owned by Regal Entertainment Group. They are currently in the hands of Tolkien Enterprises. Tolkien Enterprises (TE a trading name for the Saul Zaentz Company owns the worldwide exclusive rights to certain elements of J The Tolkien Estate retains the film rights to The Silmarillion and other works. The Tolkien Estate is the legal body which manages the property of the late J
The first adaptation to be shown was The Hobbit in 1977, made by Rankin-Bass studios. J R R Tolkien 's The Hobbit was adapted into an animated Television movie by Rankin/Bass Productions in 1977 Rankin/Bass Productions Inc (formerly Videocraft International Ltd This was initially shown on United States television. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic
The following year (1978), a movie entitled The Lord of the Rings was released, produced and directed by Ralph Bakshi; it was an adaptation of the first half of the story, using rotoscope animation. JRR Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings is a 1978 animated Fantasy film directed by Ralph Bakshi. Ralph Bakshi (born October 29 1938 is an American director of animated and occasionally live-action films Rotoscoping is an Animation technique in which Animators trace over live-action film movement frame by frame for use in Animated films Originally Although the film was relatively faithful to the story and a commercial success, its critical response (from critics, readers and non-readers alike) was mixed. Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer The word critic comes from the Greek el κριτικός ( el-Latn kritikós) "able to discern" which in turn derives from the word
In 1980, Rankin-Bass produced a TV special covering roughly the last half of The Lord of the Rings, called The Return of the King. The Return of the King is an animated adaptation of the novel by J However, this did not follow on directly from the end of the Bakshi film.
Plans for a live-action version of The Lord of the Rings would wait until the late 1990s to be realized. The Lord of the Rings film trilogy consists of three Live action Fantasy Epic films The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 These were directed by Peter Jackson and funded by New Line Cinema with backing from the New Zealand government and banking system. Peter Robert Jackson, CNZM (born 31 October 1961 is a three-time Academy Award -winning New Zealand director producer and writer best known for directing New Line Cinema, founded in 1967 is one of the major American Film studios Though it initially began as an independent film studio it became a
- The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
- The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
- The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
The films were a huge box office and critical (both critic, reader and non-reader) success and together won seventeen Oscars (at least one in each applicable category for a fictional, English language, live-action feature film, except in the acting categories). The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring is a 2001 Fantasy film directed by Peter Jackson based on the similarly titled first The Lord of the Rings The Two Towers is a 2002 Fantasy film directed by Peter Jackson based on the second volume of J This article is about the live-action movie which shares a title with a book, video game, and animated film. A box office is a place where tickets are sold to the public for Admission to a venue "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. The films became the 11th, 5th, and 2nd highest grossing films of all time. The films have also helped to increase the impact of Tolkien's works on mainstream pop culture. Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — However, in adapting the book to film, Jackson and company made significant changes to the storyline, themes and characters, and even added numerous original scenes which were not condensations of longer plotlines.
Games
The works of Tolkien have been a major influence on role-playing games along with others such as Robert E. Howard, Fritz Leiber, H. P. Lovecraft, and Michael Moorcock. The works of J R R Tolkien have served as the inspiration topainters musicians film-makers and writers to such an extent that Tolkien is sometimes seen as the "father" While an immense number of computer and video games owe a great deal to J A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. Robert Ervin Howard ( January 22 1906 &ndash June 11 1936) was an American pulp writer of Fantasy, This article refers to the science fiction writer For the actor see Fritz Leiber Sr Howard Phillips Lovecraft ( August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American author of horror, fantasy Michael John Moorcock (born 18 December 1939, in London) is an English writer primarily of Science fiction and fantasy who has also Although the most famous game to be inspired partially by the setting was Dungeons & Dragons, there have been two specifically Middle-earth based and licensed games. Dungeons & Dragons (abbreviated as D&D or DnD) is a Fantasy Role-playing game (RPG originally designed by These are the Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game from Decipher Inc. and the Middle-earth Role Playing game (MERP) from Iron Crown Enterprises. The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game, released by Decipher Inc Decipher Inc is an American gaming company based in Norfolk Virginia, USA Middle-earth Role Playing (MERP is a Role-playing game based on the writings of J Iron Crown Enterprises is a publisher of role playing, board, miniature battle, and Collectible card games ICE was incorporated in A Middle-earth play-by-mail game was originally run by Flying Buffalo and is now produced by Middle-earth Games; this game was inducted into the Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design's Hall of Fame in 1997. Play-by-mail games are Games of any type played through postal Mail or e-mail. Flying Buffalo Incorporated ( FBI) is a Scottsdale Arizona game company that publishes Role playing games, Card games, gaming materials and The Origins Awards are American awards for outstanding work in the game industry
Simulations Publications created three war games based on Tolkien's work. Simulations Publications Inc, often abbreviated to SPI, was an American publisher of board Wargames in the 1970s and early 1980s A wargame is a Game that simulates or represents a Military operation. War of the Ring covered most of the events in The Lord of the Rings. Gondor focused on the battle of Pelennor Fields, and Sauron covered the Second Age battle before the gates of Mordor. The three games above were then released together as the Middle Earth game trilogy. Iron Crown Enterprises published The Fellowship of the Ring, a war/strategy boardgame. Iron Crown Enterprises is a publisher of role playing, board, miniature battle, and Collectible card games ICE was incorporated in The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game, a war game based on the Jackson movies, is currently published by Games Workshop. The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game (abbreviated as LotR SBG often referred to by players as Lord of the Rings, is a tabletop miniature wargame produced The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game or Lord of the Rings SBG rather than Lord of the Rings when A board game also called War of the Ring is currently published by Fantasy Flight Games. A board game is a Game in which counters or pieces that are placed on removed from or moved across a "board" (a premarked surface usually specific to that game Fantasy Flight Games ( FFG) is a Roseville Minnesota -based Game company that creates and publishes role-playing, board, and Card
EA Games has released games based on the Jackson movies for the gaming consoles and the PC. These include the platformers The Two Towers, The Return of the King, the real-time strategy game The Battle for Middle-earth, its sequel The Battle for Middle-earth IIand its expansion The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-King-- which puts you in control of the warriors of Angmar, the home of the Witch-King, and the role-playing game The Third Age. The Lord of the Rings The Battle for Middle-earth (aka ' tLotRtBfME') is a Real-time strategy (RTS game for the PC developed by EALA The Lord of the Rings The Battle for Middle-earth II is a Real time strategy computer game published by Electronic Arts, based upon the fantasy The Lord of the Rings The Third Age is a 2004 role-playing game (RPG by EA Games for all three of the late sixth-generation game consoles
Book-based games (officially licensed from Tolkien Enterprises) include Vivendi's own platformer, The Fellowship of the Ring, and Sierra's own real-time strategy game, War of the Ring, both games that proved highly unsuccessful, and the many games based on The Hobbit. Tolkien Enterprises (TE a trading name for the Saul Zaentz Company owns the worldwide exclusive rights to certain elements of J The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring is the name of three different Video game adaptations of J The Lord of the Rings War of the Ring is a 2003 Real-time strategy game (RTS developed by Liquid Entertainment, the makers of the previous The Hobbit is a computer game released in 1982 and based on the book The Hobbit, by J
Turbine released the first Middle-earth-based graphical massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG): The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar in April 2007. Turbine Inc (formerly Turbine Entertainment Software, Second Nature, and originally CyberSpace Inc A massively multiplayer online role-playing game ( MMORPG) is a genre of Computer role-playing games (CRPGs in which a large number of players interact with The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar (commonly abbreviated to LOTRO) is a Massively multiplayer online role-playing game
Aside from officially licensed games, many Tolkien-inspired mods and custom maps have been made for many games, such as Warcraft III and Rome: Total War. Mod or modification is a term generally applied to Computer games especially First-person shooters RPGs and Real-time strategy games Warcraft III Reign of Chaos ( War3 or WC3 or RoC) is a Real-time strategy Computer game Rome Total War (often abbreviated to RTW or Rome) is a critically acclaimed Strategy game composed of both Turn-based
In addition, there are many text-based MMORPGs (known as MU*s) based on Tolkien's Middle-earth. MU* is a shorthand to refer collectively to multi-user environments known variously as Multi-User Dungeon / Dimension / Domain ( MUD) Multi-User Shared The oldest of these date back more than fifteen years (Elendor [19]and MUME - Multi Users in Middle-earth). Elendor is free online text-based multi-user game that simulates the environment of J [20] A related computer game Angband is a free roguelike D&D-style game that features many characters from Tolkien's works. Angband is a dungeon-crawling Roguelike computer game derived from Umoria. A roguelike is a member of the role-playing video game genre that borrows its name and gameplay elements from the 1980 computer game A list of Tolkien-inspired computer games can be found at http://www.lysator.liu.se/tolkien-games/ .
Middle-earth in other works
There are allusions to concepts similar to, or identical to Middle-earth, in other works by Tolkien, and the work of other writers. The oldest example of this is C. S. Lewis's Space Trilogy, in which Earth is also called Middle-earth. Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963 The Space Trilogy, Cosmic Trilogy or Ransom Trilogy is a Trilogy of three Science fiction novels by Lewis's novels, set around World War II (with the last novel, That Hideous Strength, taking place in post-war England), specifically bring in references to Tolkien's legendarium (at that time largely unpublished) and treats these references as primary fact within Lewis's fiction. That Hideous Strength is a 1945 Novel by C S Lewis, the final book in Lewis's theological Science fiction Space Trilogy. Merlin, of King Arthur fame, is treated as a successor to the Atlantis magic found within "Numinor" (Lewis's unintentional misspelling of Númenor), and similarities can also be found in the Quenya name for Númenor, which is Atalantë, and Lewis specifically references the earth as Middle-earth twice, both in Chapter 14, "They Have Pulled Down Deep Heaven on Their Head". The Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network ( MERLIN) is an Interferometer array of Radio telescopes spread across England and the King Arthur is a legendary British leader who according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against the Saxon invaders Atlantis (in Greek,, "island of Atlas " is the name of a Legendary Island, first mentioned in Plato 's dialogues
Lewis and Tolkien were part of a literary circle of friends that came to be known as The Inklings. The Inklings was an informal literary discussion group associated with the University of Oxford, England, for nearly two decades between the early Some of Tolkien's works, including The Lord of the Rings, were read out to the Inklings as they were being written, leading to Lewis's borrowing of the names. Tolkien's unpublished and unfinished time travel stories (The Lost Road and The Notion Club Papers), set in England, also connected to his world of Middle-earth and to Númenor. This article details time travel itself For other uses see Time Traveler. The Lost Road and Other Writings is the fifth volume of The History of Middle-earth, a series of compilations of drafts and essays written by J The Notion Club Papers is the title of an abandoned novel by J Númenor (ˈnuːmɛnɔɹ is a Fictional place in J R R Tolkien 's writings which the author intended to be an allusion to the legendary Atlantis.
See also
- Middle-earth canon
- Middle-earth magic
- List of Middle-earth writings
- Middle-earth cosmology
- Minor places in Middle-earth
References
- ^ (Letters, no. Middle-earth canon is a term used in Tolkien fandom to promote the ideas of a Fictional canon within the writings of J Magic, here defined as mystical paranormal or supernatural activity appear in various forms in J This article is a list of all books by J R R Tolkien and writings contained in these books (stories essays poems etc This is an overview of the Cosmology of J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth legendarium. Minor places in Middle-earth#Place Name -->;Place name description1 Further description prefix with 211, footnote)
- ^ Gerrolt, Dennis Now Read On. . . interviewBBC,1971 [1]
- ^ Shakespeare, William. William Shakespeare ( baptised The Merry Wives of Windsor, Act V, Scene 5. The Merry Wives of Windsor is a Comedy by William Shakespeare, first published in 1602, though believed to have been written prior to 1597
- ^ Bruce Mitchell and Fred C. Robinson, A Guide to Old English, Sixth ed. , p. 360
- ^ The word middangeard appears several times in the Beowulf poem. Beowulf is an Old English Heroic epic poem of anonymous authorship dating as recorded in the Nowell Codex manuscript from between
- ^ "-geard" (Old Norse garðr) means, among other things, "yard" or "enclosure", while "-erde" (Old Norse jörð) means "earth".
- ^ (Letters, no. 297)
- ^ a b c (The Ring of Words, pg. 164)
- ^ (Letters, nos. 151, 183 and 283)
- ^ (Letters, no. 211)
- ^ a b (The Lord of the Rings, Prologue)
- ^ An example of this spelling is the Blind Guardian album Nightfall in Middle-Earth. Blind Guardian is a German heavy metal band which is often credited as one of the seminal and most influential bands in Power metal and Speed metal Nightfall in Middle-Earth is a Concept album by Blind Guardian, released in 1998
- ^ (Letters, no. 169)
- ^ (Letters, no. 211)
- ^ (Letters, no. 294)
- ^ (Letters, no. 190)
- ^ (Letters, no. 144)
- ^ (Letters, no. 202)
- ^ Wired Magazine, October 2001
- ^ For a (rather long) list of all the Tolkien inspired MU*s go to The Mud Connector and run a search for 'tolkien'.
- Blackham, Robert S. (2006). The Roots of Tolkien's Middle-earth, 1st edition, Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-3856-5.
- Carpenter, Humphrey (1977). Humphrey William Bouverie Carpenter ( April 29 1946 – January 4 2005) was an English biographer, Author, and J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography, 1st edition, London: George Allen & Unwin. J R R Tolkien A Biography, written by Humphrey Carpenter, was first published in 1977 ISBN 0-04-928037-6.
- Fonstad, Karen Wynn (1981). Karen Wynn Fonstad was the author of several atlases of fictional worlds The Atlas of Middle-earth, 1st edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin. The Atlas of Middle-earth by Karen Wynn Fonstad is an atlas of J ISBN 0-395-28665-4.
- Garth, John (2003). Tolkien and the Great War, 1st edition, London: HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 0-00-711952-6.
- Gilliver, Peter; Jeremy Marshall, Edmund Weiner (2006). The Ring of Words, 1st edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-861069-6.
- Hammond, Wayne G.; Christina Scull [1995] (2004). Wayne G Hammond is a scholar known for his research and writings on the works of J Christina Scull is a researcher and writer best known for her books about the works of J J. R. R. Tolkien - Artist & Illustrator. London: HarperCollinsPublishers. 0261103229.
- Hammond, Wayne G.; Christina Scull (2005). Wayne G Hammond is a scholar known for his research and writings on the works of J The Lord of the Rings - A Reader's Companion, 1st edition, London: HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 0-00-720907-X.
- Shippey, Tom [1982] (1992). Thomas Alan Shippey (born September 9, 1943) is a scholar of Medieval literature, including Anglo-Saxon England, and of modern Fantasy The Road to Middle-earth, 2nd edition, London: HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 0-261-10275-3.
- Shippey, Tom [2000] (2001). Thomas Alan Shippey (born September 9, 1943) is a scholar of Medieval literature, including Anglo-Saxon England, and of modern Fantasy Author of the Century, 1st paperback edition, London: HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 0-261-10401-2.
- Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel [1937] (1981). The Hobbit, 4th edition, London: Unwin Paperbacks. The Hobbit or There and Back Again is an award-winning fantasy ISBN 0-04-823188-6.
- Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel [1954-5] (2004). The Lord of the Rings, 2004 single-volume edition, London: HarperCollinsPublishers. The Lord of the Rings is an epic ISBN 0-00-718236-8.
- Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (1977). in Tolkien, Christopher (Ed. ): The Silmarillion, 1st edition, London: Unwin Paperbacks. The Silmarillion is a collection of J R R Tolkien 's mythopoeic works edited and published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien in ISBN 0-04-823153-3.
- Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (1980). in Tolkien, Christopher (Ed. ): Unfinished Tales, 1st edition, London: George Allen & Unwin. Unfinished Tales (full title Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth) is a collection of stories and essays by J ISBN 0-04-823179-7.
- Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel [1981] (1995). in Carpenter, Humphrey (Ed. Humphrey William Bouverie Carpenter ( April 29 1946 – January 4 2005) was an English biographer, Author, and ): The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien. The Letters of J R R Tolkien (ISBN 0-618-05699-8 is a selection of J London: HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 0-261-10265-6.
- Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel [1983] (1997). in Tolkien, Christopher (Ed. ): The Monsters and the Critics. The Monsters and the Critics is a collection of J R R Tolkien 's scholarly linguistic essays edited by his son Christopher and published posthumously London: HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 0-261-10263-X.
- Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel [2002] (2003). in Douglas Anderson (Ed. ): The Annotated Hobbit, Revised and expanded edition, London: HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 0-00-713727-3.
Further reading
A small selection from the many books about Tolkien and his created world:
- The Complete Guide to Middle-earth, Robert Foster – reference book on The Lord of the Rings. The Complete Guide to Middle-earth from The Hobbit to The Silmarillion is a reference book for the Fictional universe
- The Annotated Hobbit, Douglas Anderson – a study of the publication history of The Hobbit.
- The Road to Middle-earth, Tom Shippey – literary and philological analysis of Tolkien's stories. Thomas Alan Shippey (born September 9, 1943) is a scholar of Medieval literature, including Anglo-Saxon England, and of modern Fantasy
- The Atlas of Middle-earth, Karen Wynn Fonstad. The Atlas of Middle-earth by Karen Wynn Fonstad is an atlas of J
- Journeys of Frodo, Barbara Strachey – an atlas of The Lord of the Rings. Journeys of Frodo An Atlas of J R R Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings by Barbara Strachey (ISBN 0-04-912016-6 1981) is an atlas based
External links
- Tolkien Gateway – wiki about Middle-earth and Tolkien.
- Encyclopedia of Arda – encyclopedia about Middle-earth.
- The Tolkien Meta-FAQ – answers to commonly asked questions about Tolkien and Middle-earth.
- Michael Martinez Tolkien Essays – a collection of essays on Tolkien and Middle-earth.
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