Microscope

Microscope
Robert Hooke's microscope
Uses	Small sample observation
Notable experiments	Discovery of cells
Inventor	Hans Lippershey Hans Janssen
Related items	Electron microscope
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A microscope (Greek: μικρόν (micron) = small + σκοπεῖν (skopein) = to look at) is an instrument for viewing objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or unaided eye. Robert Hooke, FRS (18 July 1635 – 3 March 1703 was an English Natural philosopher and Polymath who played an important role in the The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called Hans Lippershey (1570&ndashSeptember 1619 also known as Johann Lippershey or Lipperhey, was a German - Dutch lensmaker. Sacharias Jansen (c 1585 - c 1632 was a Dutch spectacle-maker from Middelburg credited with inventing or contributing advances towards the invention of the An electron microscope is a type of Microscope that uses Electrons to illuminate a specimen and create an enlarged image Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view samples or objects The term microscopic means minute or very small, not visible with the eye unless aided by a microscope. The microscopes used in schools and homes trace their history back almost 400 years. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology

The first useful microscope was developed in the Netherlands in the early 1600s. ^[1] Three different eyeglass makers have been given credit for the invention: Hans Lippershey (who also developed the first real telescope); Hans Janssen; and his son, Zacharias. Hans Lippershey (1570&ndashSeptember 1619 also known as Johann Lippershey or Lipperhey, was a German - Dutch lensmaker. A telescope is an instrument designed for the observation of remote objects and the collection of Electromagnetic radiation. Sacharias Jansen (c 1585 - c 1632 was a Dutch spectacle-maker from Middelburg credited with inventing or contributing advances towards the invention of the Sacharias Jansen (c 1585 - c 1632 was a Dutch spectacle-maker from Middelburg credited with inventing or contributing advances towards the invention of the The coining of the name "microscope" has been credited to Giovanni Faber, who gave that name to Galileo Galilei's compound microscope in 1625. Giovanni Faber or Johann Faber (1574&ndash1629 was a German papal doctor Botanist and art collector originally from Bamberg in Bavaria, Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 &ndash 8 January 1642 was a Tuscan ( Italian) Physicist, Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher (Galileo had called it the "occhiolino" or "little eye". )

The most common type of microscope—and the first to be invented—is the optical microscope. The optical microscope, often referred to as the "light microscope" is a type of Microscope which uses Visible light and a system of lenses to This is an optical instrument containing one or more lenses that produce an enlarged image of an object placed in the focal plane of the lens(es). In the Physical sciences Quality assurance, and Engineering, Measurement is the activity of obtaining and comparing physical quantities A lens is an optical device with perfect or approximate Axial symmetry which transmits and refracts Light, converging or diverging There are, however, many other microscope designs.

1 Types
2 References
3 See also
4 External links

Types

Several types of microscopes

"Microscopes" can largely be separated into three classes, optical theory microscopes, electron microscopes and scanning probe microscopes.

Optical theory microscopes are microscopes which function through the optical theory of lenses in order to magnify the image generated by the passage of a wave through the sample. A wave is a disturbance that propagates through Space and Time, usually with transference of Energy. The waves used are either electromagnetic in optical microscopes or electron beams in electron microscopes. Electromagnetic radiation takes the form of self-propagating Waves in a Vacuum or in Matter. The optical microscope, often referred to as the "light microscope" is a type of Microscope which uses Visible light and a system of lenses to The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron microscope is a type of Microscope that uses Electrons to illuminate a specimen and create an enlarged image The types are the Compound Light, Stereo, and the electron microscope.

Optical microscopes

Main article: Optical microscope

Optical microscopes, through their use of visible wavelengths of light, are the simplest and hence most widely used type of microscope. The optical microscope, often referred to as the "light microscope" is a type of Microscope which uses Visible light and a system of lenses to The optical microscope, often referred to as the "light microscope" is a type of Microscope which uses Visible light and a system of lenses to

Optical microscopes use refractive lenses, typically of glass and occasionally of plastic, to focus light into the eye or another light detector. Refraction is the change in direction of a Wave due to a change in its Speed. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products Typical magnification of a light microscope is up to 1500x with a theoretical resolution of around 0. Optical resolution describes the ability of an imaging system to resolve detail in the object that is being imaged 2 micrometres or 200 nanometers. A micrometre ( American spelling: micrometer; symbol µm) is one millionth of a Metre, or equivalently one thousandth of a Millimetre A nanometre ( American spelling: nanometer, symbol nm) ( Greek: νάνος nanos dwarf; μετρώ metrό count) is a Specialised techniques (e. g. , scanning confocal microscopy) may exceed this magnification but the resolution is an insurmountable diffraction limit. Confocal laser scanning microscopy ( CLSM or LSCM) is a technique for obtaining high- resolution optical images Diffraction is normally taken to refer to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an obstacle

A stereo microscope is often used for lower-power magnification on large subjects.

Various wavelengths of light are sometimes used for special purposes, for example, in the study of biological tissue. In Physics wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a propagating Wave of a given Frequency. ^[2] Ultraviolet light is used to illuminate the object being viewed in order to excite a fluorescent dye which then emits visible light. Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays Fluorescence is a Luminescence that is mostly found as an Infrared light is used to study thick slices of biological tissue because infrared light's low diffraction coefficient permits viewing deeper into tissue. Infrared ( IR) radiation is Electromagnetic radiation whose Wavelength is longer than that of Visible light, but shorter than that of

Other microscopes which use electromagnetic wavelengths not visible to the human eye are often called optical microscopes. Electromagnetic radiation takes the form of self-propagating Waves in a Vacuum or in Matter. The most common of these, due to its high resolution yet no requirement for a vacuum like electron microscopes, is the x-ray microscope. This vacuum means "absence of matter" or "an empty area or space" for the cleaning appliance see Vacuum cleaner. An X-ray microscope uses Electromagnetic radiation in the soft X-ray band to produce images of very small objects

Electron microscopes

Main article: Electron Microscope

Scanning electron microscope, the column, specimen chamber, and signal detectors

Electron microscopes, which use beams of electrons instead of light, are designed for very high magnification usage. An electron microscope is a type of Microscope that uses Electrons to illuminate a specimen and create an enlarged image The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J Electrons, which can be accelerated to produce a much smaller wavelength than visible light, allow a much higher resolution. The main limitation of the electron beam is that it must pass through a vacuum as air molecules would otherwise scatter the beam. This vacuum means "absence of matter" or "an empty area or space" for the cleaning appliance see Vacuum cleaner.

Instead of relying on refraction, lenses for electron microscopes are specially designed electromagnets which generate magnetic fields that are approximately parallel to the direction that electrons travel. Refraction is the change in direction of a Wave due to a change in its Speed. An electron microscope is a type of Microscope that uses Electrons to illuminate a specimen and create an enlarged image The electrons are typically detected by a phosphor screen, photographic film or a charge-coupled device (CCD). A phosphor is a substance that exhibits the phenomenon of Phosphorescence (sustained glowing after exposure to energized particles such as Electrons This article is mainly concerned with Still photography film For Motion picture film please see Film stock. A charge-coupled device ( CCD) is an analog Shift register, that enables the transportation of analog signals (electric charges through successive stages (capacitors

Two major variants of electron microscopes exist:

Scanning electron microscope: looks at the surface of bulk objects by scanning the surface with a fine electron beam and measuring reflection. The scanning electron microscope ( SEM) is a type of Electron microscope that images the sample surface by scanning it with a high-energy beam of Electrons May also be used for spectroscopy. Spectroscopy was originally the study of the interaction between Radiation and Matter as a function of Wavelength (λ
Transmission electron microscope: passes electrons completely through the sample, analogous to basic optical microscopy. Bright field microscopy is the simplest of all the Optical microscopy Illumination techniques This requires careful sample preparation, since electrons are scattered so strongly by most materials. It can also obtain detailed information on the sample's crystallography through selected area diffraction

Scanning probe microscope

In scanning probe microscopy (SPM), a physical probe is used either in close contact to the sample or nearly touching it. Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of Atoms in Solids In older usage it is the scientific study of Crystals The Selected area (electron diffraction, abbreviated as SAD (SAED is a crystallographic experimental technique that can be performed inside a Transmission electron microscope Scanning probe microscopy (SPM is a branch of Microscopy that forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen By rastering the probe across the sample, and by measuring the interactions between the sharp tip of the probe and the sample, a micrograph is generated. A micrograph, microphotograph or photomicrograph is a Photograph or similar image taken through a Microscope or similar device to show The exact nature of the interactions between the probe and the sample determines exactly what kind of SPM is being used. Because this kind of microscopy relies on the interactions between the tip and the sample, it generally only measures information about the surface of the sample.

A variation of the SPM is the SECM (Scanning ElectroChemical Microscope). A SECM images a sample in a similar manner as a SPM but the sample is in an electrolyte solution with the SECM using electrochemically active tip^[3].

Other microscopes

Scanning acoustic microscopes use sound waves to measure variations in acoustic impedance. A Scanning Acoustic Microscope ( SAM) is a device which uses focused sound to investigate measure or image an object (a process called Scanning Acoustic Tomography Similar to Sonar in principle, they are used for such jobs as detecting defects in the subsurfaces of materials including those found in integrated circuits. Sonar (which started as an Acronym for sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses Sound propagation (usually underwater to navigate

References

External links

Angular resolution describes the resolving power of any image forming device such as an optical or Radio telescope, a Microscope, a Camera Bright field microscopy is the simplest of all the Optical microscopy Illumination techniques Condensed matter physics is the field of Physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of Matter. Confocal microscopy is an optical imaging technique used to increase Micrograph contrast and/or to Reconstruct three-dimensional Images by Dark field microscopy (dark ground microscopy describes microscopy methods in both light and electron microscopy which exclude the unscattered beam from the image An electron microscope is a type of Microscope that uses Electrons to illuminate a specimen and create an enlarged image Fluorescence interference contrast (FLIC microscopy is a microscopic technique developed to achieve z-resolution on the nanometer scale A fluorescence microscope (colloquially synonymous with epifluorescent microscope) is a light Microscope used to study properties of organic or inorganic substances Microscope image processing is a broad term that covers the use of Digital image processing techniques to process analyze and present images obtained from a Microscope Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view samples or objects The optical microscope, often referred to as the "light microscope" is a type of Microscope which uses Visible light and a system of lenses to The Intel Play product line made by Intel, is a product line of consumer "toy" electronic devices which can be used to gather scientific data Phase contrast microscopy is an Optical microscopy Illumination technique in which small Phase shifts in the light passing through a transparent specimen A microscope slide was originally a 'slider' made of ivory or bone containing specimens held between disks of transparent mica A telescope is an instrument designed for the observation of remote objects and the collection of Electromagnetic radiation. Timeline of Microscope Technology 1021 - The properties of Magnifying glass are first clearly described by the An X-ray microscope uses Electromagnetic radiation in the soft X-ray band to produce images of very small objects

Dictionary

-noun

An optical instrument used for observing small objects.
Any instrument for imaging very small objects (such as an electron microscope).

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