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An agar plate streaked with microorganisms
An agar plate streaked with microorganisms

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms. An agar plate is a sterile Petri dish that contains a Growth medium (typically Agar plus nutrients used to culture Microorganisms A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually Microscopic is a term used to describe objects smaller than those that can easily be seen by the naked Eye and which require a lens or Microscope to see [1] This includes eukaryotes such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes such as bacteria and certain algae. Animals Plants fungi, and Protists are eukaryotes (juːˈkærɪɒt or -oʊt Organisms whose cells are organized into complex A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ Protists (ˈproʊtɨst are a diverse group of eukaryotic Microorganisms Historically protists were treated as the kingdom Protista but this The prokaryotes (proʊˈkærioʊts singular prokaryote /proʊˈkæriət/ are a group of Organisms that lack a Cell nucleus (= karyon or any other The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have Viruses, though not strictly classed as living organisms, are also studied. A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable [2] In short; microbiology refers to the study of life and organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Microbiology is a broad term which includes virology, mycology, parasitology and other branches. Virology is the study of viruses and virus-like agents: their structure classification and evolution their ways to infect and exploit cells for virus reproduction Mycology (from the Greek μύκης meaning "fungus" is the branch of Biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic Parasitology is the study of Parasites their hosts and the relationship between them A microbiologist is a specialist in microbiology. A microbiologist is a Scientist who works in the field of Microbiology.

Microbiology is researched actively, and the field is advancing continually. We have probably only studied about one percent of all of the microbe species on Earth. [3] Although microbes were first observed over three hundred years ago, the field of microbiology can be said to be in its infancy relative to older biological disciplines such as zoology and botany. Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life

Contents

History

Pre-microbiology

The existence of microorganisms was hypothesized for many centuries before their actual discovery in the 17th century. A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually The first theories on microorganisms was made by Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro in a book titled On Agriculture in which he warns against locating a homestead in the vicinity of swamps:

“ . Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Scholarly method &mdash or as it is more commonly called scholarship &mdash is the body of principles and practices used by scholars to make their claims about the world as Marcus Terentius Varro (116 BC &ndash 27 BC also known as Varro Reatinus to distinguish him from his younger contemporary Varro Atacinus, was a Roman . . and because there are bred certain minute creatures which cannot be seen by the eyes, which float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose and there cause serious diseases. [4] ”

This passage seems to indicate that the ancients were aware of the possibility that diseases could be spread by yet unseen organisms.

In The Canon of Medicine (1020), Abū Alī ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) stated that bodily secretion is contaminated by foul foreign earthly bodies before being infected. The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born Secretion is the process of segregating elaborating and releasing chemicals from a cell, or a secreted Chemical substance or amount of substance [5] He also hypothesized on the contagious nature of tuberculosis and other infectious diseases, and used quarantine as a means of limiting the spread of contagious diseases. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common An infectious disease is a clinically evident Disease resulting from the presence of Pathogenic microbial agents including Pathogenic viruses Pathogenic For other uses see Quarantine (disambiguation Quarantine is voluntary or compulsory isolation typically to contain the spread of something [6]

When the Black Death bubonic plague reached al-Andalus in the 14th century, Ibn Khatima hypothesized that infectious diseases are caused by "minute bodies" which enter the human body and cause disease. The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia Bubonic plague is the best-known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis (formerly known as Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually [5]

In 1546 Girolamo Fracastoro proposed that epidemic diseases were caused by transferable seedlike entities that could transmit infection by direct or indirect contact or even without contact over long distances. Girolamo Fracastoro ( Fracastorius) (1478‑ August 8, 1553) was an Italian Physician, Scholar (in Mathematics In Epidemiology, an epidemic (from Greek epi- upon + demos people is a classification of a disease that appears as new cases in a A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly

All these early claims about the existence of microorganisms were speculative in nature and not based on any data or science. Microorganisms were neither proven, observed, and correctly and accurately described until the 17th century. The reason for this was that all these early inquiries lacked the most fundamental tool in order for microbiology and bacteriology to exist as a science, and that was the microscope. Microbiology (from Greek grc μῑκρος mīkros, "small" grc βίος bios, " Life " and grc -λογία A microscope ( Greek: ( micron) = small + ( skopein) = to look or see is an instrument for viewing objects that are

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, the first microbiologist and the first to observe microorganisms using a microscope and is called as the 'Father of Microbiology'and the first person to invent Microscope.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, the first microbiologist and the first to observe microorganisms using a microscope and is called as the 'Father of Microbiology'and the first person to invent Microscope. Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (October 24 1632 &ndash August 30 1723 was a Dutch tradesman and Scientist from Delft, the Netherlands A microbiologist is a Scientist who works in the field of Microbiology.

Discovery and origins of microbiology

Bacteria and microorganisms were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using a single-lens microscope of his own design. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (October 24 1632 &ndash August 30 1723 was a Dutch tradesman and Scientist from Delft, the Netherlands In doing so Leeuwenhoek made one of the most important discoveries in biology and initiated the scientific fields of bacteriology and microbiology. Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (October 24 1632 &ndash August 30 1723 was a Dutch tradesman and Scientist from Delft, the Netherlands Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Microbiology (from Greek grc μῑκρος mīkros, "small" grc βίος bios, " Life " and grc -λογία [1] The name "bacterium" was introduced much later, by Ehrenberg in 1828, derived from the Greek βακτηριον meaning "small stick". Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg ( April 19, 1795 &ndash June 27, 1876) German naturalist, Zoologist, Comparative The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly While Van Leeuwenhoek is often cited as the first microbiologist, the first recorded microbiological observation, that of the fruiting bodies of molds, was made earlier in 1665 by Robert Hooke. A microbiologist is a Scientist who works in the field of Microbiology. WikipediaManual_of_Style#National_varieties_of_English --> Molds (or Robert Hooke, FRS (18 July 1635 – 3 March 1703 was an English Natural philosopher and Polymath who played an important role in the [7]

The field of bacteriology (later a subdiscipline of microbiology) is generally considered to have been founded by Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898), a botanist whose studies on algae and photosynthetic bacteria led him to describe several bacteria including Bacillus and Beggiatoa. Microbiology (from Greek grc μῑκρος mīkros, "small" grc βίος bios, " Life " and grc -λογία Ferdinand Julius Cohn (24 January 1828 &ndash 25 June 1898 was a German Biologist. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Algae ( sing. alga are a large and diverse group of simple typically Autotrophic organisms ranging from Unicellular to Multicellular forms Photoautotrophs or Phototroph ( Gk: photo = light auto = self troph = nourishment are Organisms (commonly plants that carry out Photosynthesis This page is about the bacterial genus For the class see Bacilli. Beggiatoa is a Filamentous (septate Genus of Proteobacteria, and are among the largest Prokaryotes, with cells about 200 micrometres Cohn was also the first to formulate a scheme for the taxonomic classification of bacteria. Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification The word comes from the Greek, taxis (meaning 'order' 'arrangement' and, nomos [8] Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) and Robert Koch (1843–1910) were contemporaries of Cohn’s and are often considered to be the founders of medical microbiology. Louis Pasteur (27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895 a French Chemist and Microbiologist, is best known for remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and Year 1822 (MDCCCXXII was a Common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Sunday of the Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch ( December 11 1843 – May 27 1910) was a German Physician. Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Medical microbiology is a branch of Microbiology which deals with the study of microorganisms including bacteria viruses fungi and parasites which are of medical importance [9] Pasteur is most famous for his series of experiments designed to disprove the then widely held theory of spontaneous generation, thereby solidifying microbiology’s identity as a biological science. In the Natural sciences, Abiogenesis, or origin of life, is the study of how Life on Earth emerged from Inanimate Organic [10] Pasteur also designed methods for food preservation (pasteurization) and vaccines against several diseases such as anthrax, fowl cholera and rabies. Pasteurization is the process of heating Liquids for the purpose of destroying bacteria, Protozoa, Molds and Yeasts The process was Anthrax is an acute Disease in humans and animals caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis which is highly lethal in some forms Rabies (from rabies “madness rage fury” Also known as “ hydrophobia ” is a viral Zoonotic neuroinvasive disease that [1] Koch is best known for his contributions to the germ theory of disease, proving that specific diseases were caused by specific pathogenic microorganisms. The germ theory, also called the pathogenic theory of medicine, is a Theory that proposes that Microorganisms are the cause of many Diseases. He developed a series of criteria that have become known as the Koch's postulates. Koch's postulates are four criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a causative Microbe and a Disease. Koch was one of the first scientists to focus on the isolation of bacteria in pure culture resulting in his description of several novel bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. A microbiological culture, AKA microbial culture, is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture media under controlled laboratory Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the Bacterium that causes most cases of Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common [1]

While Pasteur and Koch are often considered the founders of microbiology, their work did not accurately reflect the true diversity of the microbial world because of their exclusive focus on microorganisms having direct medical relevance. It was not until the work of Martinus Beijerinck (1851–1931) and Sergei Winogradsky (1856–1953), the founders of general microbiology (an older term encompassing aspects of microbial physiology, diversity and ecology), that the true breadth of microbiology was revealed. Martinus Willem Beijerinck ( March 16, 1851 - January 1, 1931) was a Dutch Microbiologist and Botanist 1851 ( MDCCCLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sergei Nikolaievich Winogradsky (or Vinogradskii Сергей Николаевич Виноградский ( September 1, 1856 - February 25, Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [1] Beijerinck made two major contributions to microbiology: the discovery of viruses and the development of enrichment culture techniques. A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable [11] While his work on the Tobacco Mosaic Virus established the basic principles of virology, it was his development of enrichment culturing that had the most immediate impact on microbiology by allowing for the cultivation of a wide range of microbes with wildly different physiologies. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV is an RNA virus that infects Plants especially Tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae. Winogradsky was the first to develop the concept of chemolithotrophy and to thereby reveal the essential role played by microorganisms in geochemical processes. A lithotroph is an Organism that uses an Inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis (e [12] He was responsible for the first isolation and description of both nitrifying and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Nitrifying bacteria are chemoautotrophic bacteria that grow at the expense of inorganic nitrogen compounds Nitrogen fixation is the process by which Nitrogen is taken from its natural relatively inert molecular form (N2 in the atmosphere and converted into [1]

Types

The field of microbiology can be generally divided into several subdisciplines:

Benefits

Fermenting tanks with yeast being used to brew beer
Fermenting tanks with yeast being used to brew beer

While microbes are often viewed negatively due to their association with many human illnesses, microbes are also responsible for many beneficial processes such as industrial fermentation (e. Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic Microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1500 Species currently described Brewing is the production of Alcoholic beverage and Alcohol fuel through fermentation. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea Fermentation has many important uses in industry Though the word fermentation can have stricter definitions when speaking of it in industrial fermentation it more loosely g. the production of alcohol and dairy products), antibiotic production and as vehicles for cloning in higher organisms such as plants. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Dairy products are generally defined as Foodstuffs produced from Milk. In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa Cloning in Biology is the process of producing populations of genetically-identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as Bacteria, Insects Scientists have also exploited their knowledge of microbes to produce biotechnologically important enzymes such as Taq polymerase, reporter genes for use in other genetic systems and novel molecular biology techniques such as the yeast two-hybrid system. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Taq polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase named after the Thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus from which it was originally isolated In Molecular biology, a reporter gene (often simply reporter) is a Gene that researchers attach to another gene of interest in Cell culture Two-hybrid screening (also known as yeast two hybrid system or Y2H) is a Molecular biology technique used to discover Protein-protein interactions

Bacteria can be used for the industrial production of amino acids. In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Corynebacterium glutamicum is one of the most important bacterial species with an annual production of more than two million tons of amino acids, mainly L-glutamate and L-lysine. [13]

A variety of biopolymers, such as polysaccharides, polyesters, and polyamides, are produced by microorganisms. Biopolymers are a class of Polymers produced by living organisms Polysaccharides are relatively complex Carbohydrates They are Polymers made up of many Monosaccharides joined together by Glycosidic bonds Polyester is a category of Polymers which contain the Ester Functional group in their main chain A polyamide is a Polymer containing Monomers of Amides joined by Peptide bonds They can occur both naturally examples being Proteins Microorganisms are used for the biotechnological production of biopolymers with tailored properties suitable for high-value medical application such as tissue engineering and drug delivery. Microorganisms are used for the biosynthesis of xanthan, alginate, cellulose, cyanophycin, poly(gamma-glutamic acid), levan, hyaluronic acid, organic acids, oligosaccharides and polysaccharide, and polyhydroxyalkanoates. Xanthan gum is a Polysaccharide used as a Food additive and Rheology modifier. Alginic acid ( algin, alginate) is a viscous gum that is abundant in the cell walls of Brown algae. Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 Cyanophycin, or multi-L-arginyl-poly (L-aspartic acid is a non- Protein, non-ribosomally produced Amino acid Polymer composed of an Aspartic acid Hyaluronan (also called hyaluronic acid or hyaluronate) is a non-sulfated Glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial An oligosaccharide is a Saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically three to ten of component sugars also known as Simple sugars. Polysaccharides are relatively complex Carbohydrates They are Polymers made up of many Monosaccharides joined together by Glycosidic bonds [14]

Microorganisms are beneficial for microbial biodegradation or bioremediation of domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes and subsurface pollution in soils, sediments and marine environments. Interest in the microbial biodegradation of Pollutants has intensified in recent years as mankind strives to find sustainable ways to cleanup contaminated environments Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses Microorganisms Fungi, green plants or their Enzymes to return the natural environment altered Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in The ability of each microorganism to degrade toxic waste depends on the nature of each contaminant. Toxic waste is waste material often in chemical form that can cause death or injury to living creatures Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in Since most sites are typically comprised of multiple pollutant types, the most effective approach to microbial biodegradation is to use a mixture of bacterial species and strains, each specific to the biodegradation of one or more types of contaminants. Interest in the microbial biodegradation of Pollutants has intensified in recent years as mankind strives to find sustainable ways to cleanup contaminated environments Biodegradation is the process by which organic substances are broken down by the enzymes produced by living organisms [15]

There are also various claims concerning the contributions to human and animal health by consuming probiotics (bacteria potentially beneficial to the digestive system) and/or prebiotics (substances consumed to promote the growth of probiotic microorganisms). Probiotics are Dietary supplements containing potentially beneficial Bacteria or Yeasts According to the currently adopted definition by FAO / Prebiotics are a category of Functional food, defined as Non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth [16]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Madigan M, Martinko J (editors) (2006). Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11th ed. , Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.  
  2. ^ Rice G (2007-03-27). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Are Viruses Alive?. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  3. ^ Amann RI, Ludwig W, Schleifer KH (1995). "Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation". Microbiol. Rev. 59: 143-169.  
  4. ^ Varro On Agriculture 1,xii Loeb
  5. ^ a b Ibrahim B. Syed, Ph. D. (2002). "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", Journal of the Islamic Medical Association 2, p. IMANA Logogif|frame|right|The IMANA Logo]] The Islamic Medical Association of North America ( "IMANA") is the largest Muslim medical organization in 2-9.
  6. ^ David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).
  7. ^ Gest H (2005). "The remarkable vision of Robert Hooke (1635-1703): first observer of the microbial world". Perspect. Biol. Med. 48 (2): 266-72. doi:10.1353/pbm.2005.0053. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 15834198.  
  8. ^ Drews G (1999). "Ferdinand Cohn, a Founder of Modern Microbiology". ASM News 65 (8).  
  9. ^ Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology, 4th ed. , McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.  
  10. ^ Bordenave G (2003). "Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)". Microbes Infect. 5 (6): 553-60. PMID 12758285.  
  11. ^ Johnson J (1998-07-01). Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Martinus Willem Beijerinck. American Phytopathological Society. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  12. ^ Paustian T, Roberts G. Beijerinck and Winogradsky initiate the field of environmental microbiology. The Microbial World. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  13. ^ Burkovski A (editor). (2008). Corynebacteria: Genomics and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-30-1 .  
  14. ^ Rehm BHA (editor). (2008). Microbial Production of Biopolymers and Polymer Precursors: Applications and Perspectives. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-36-3 .  
  15. ^ Diaz E (editor). (2008). Microbial Biodegradation: Genomics and Molecular Biology, 1st ed. , Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-17-2.  
  16. ^ Tannock GW (editor). (2005). Probiotics and Prebiotics: Scientific Aspects. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-01-1.  

Further reading

See also

External links

General

Journals

Professional organizations


The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Biosafety: prevention of large-scale loss of Biological integrity, focusing both on Ecology and Human health Biotechnology is Technology based on Biology, especially when used in Agriculture, Food science, and Medicine. Environmental microbiology is the study of the composition and physiology of Microbial communities in the environment. Animals Plants fungi, and Protists are eukaryotes (juːˈkærɪɒt or -oʊt Organisms whose cells are organized into complex Food microbiology is the study of the Microorganisms which inhabit create or contaminate Food. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Geomicrobiology is a subset of the scientific discipline Microbiology. Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical Science that covers the study of all aspects of the Immune system in all Organisms It deals with Anatomy Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon Industrial microbiology or microbial biotechnology encompasses the use of Microorganisms in the manufacture of food or industrial products A medical technologist (MT is a Healthcare professional who performs Diagnostic analytic tests on Body fluids such as Blood, Urine Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Mycology (from the Greek μύκης meaning "fungus" is the branch of Biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic Oral microbiology is the study of the Microorganisms of the oral cavity and the interactions between the oral microorganisms with each other and with the host Bacteriophage are Viruses of Bacteria. They are likely the most numerous "organisms" on Earth and contributed greatly to the development The prokaryotes (proʊˈkærioʊts singular prokaryote /proʊˈkæriət/ are a group of Organisms that lack a Cell nucleus (= karyon or any other Virology is the study of viruses and virus-like agents: their structure classification and evolution their ways to infect and exploit cells for virus reproduction Launched in October 2003 Nature Reviews Microbiology 1740-1526 EISSN 1740-1534 is part of the Nature Publishing Group. Springer Protocols, published by Springer Science+Business Media, is a Database of Life sciences protocols.

Dictionary

microbiology

-noun

  1. (biology) The branch of biology that deals with microorganisms, especially their effects on man and other living organisms.
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