Michael Faraday
Faraday in later life
Born	September 22, 1791(1791-09-22) South London, England
Died	August 25, 1867 (aged 75) Hampton Court, London, England
Residence	England
Nationality	British
Fields	Physics and Chemistry
Institutions	Royal Institution
Notable awards	Royal Medal (1846)
Religious stance	Sandemanian
Notes Faraday did not attend a university, but Humphry Davy can be considered his scientific mentor in light of their scientific collaboration over many years. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common South London is the southern part of London, England. The area it covers is defined differently for a range of purposes England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Hampton Court Palace is a former royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, south west London, England. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties The Royal Institution of Great Britain is an organization devoted to scientific education and research based in London. The Royal Medals of the Royal Society of London, also as The Queen's Medals were established by King George IV. The Glasites were a Christian Sect founded in about 1730 in Scotland by John Glas. Sir Humphry Davy 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 &ndash 29 May 1829 was a British Chemist and inventor

Michael Faraday, FRS (September 22, 1791 – August 25, 1867) was an English chemist and physicist (or natural philosopher, in the terminology of that time) who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning For the current in the 19th century German idealism see Naturphilosophie Natural philosophy or the philosophy of nature (from Terminology is the study of terms and their use Terms are Words and Compound words that are used in specific contexts Electromagnetism is the Physics of the Electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a Force on particles that possess the property of Electrochemistry is a branch of Chemistry that studies Chemical reactions which take place in a Solution at the interface of an electron conductor

Faraday studied the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a DC electric current, and established the basis for the magnetic field concept in physics. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. In Physics, a field is a Physical quantity associated to each point of Spacetime. In Science and engineering, a conductor is a material which contains movable Electric charges. Electric current is the flow (movement of Electric charge. The SI unit of electric current is the Ampere. He discovered electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and laws of electrolysis. Faraday's law of induction describes an important basic law of electromagnetism which is involved in the working of Transformers Inductors and many forms of Diamagnetism is the property of an object which causes it to create a magnetic field in opposition of an externally applied Magnetic field, thus causing a repulsive effect Faraday's laws of electrolysis are quantitative relationships based on the electrochemical researches published by Michael Faraday in 1834 He established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. In Optics, a ray is an idealized narrow Beam of light. Rays are used to model the propagation of Light through an optical system by dividing the real light Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 ^[1][2] His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became viable for use in technology. An invention is a new form composition of matter device or Process. An electric motor uses Electrical energy to produce Mechanical energy.

As a chemist, Faraday discovered benzene, investigated the clathrate hydrate of chlorine, invented an early form of the bunsen burner and the system of oxidation numbers, and popularized terminology such as anode, cathode, electrode, and ion. Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 Clathrate hydrates (or gas clathrates gas hydrates clathrates hydrates etc were first documented in 1810 by Sir Humphrey Davy; they are crystalline A Bunsen burner is a common piece of Laboratory equipment that produces a single open gas Flame, which is used for heating sterilization and combustion The oxidation number of a central atom in a coordination compound is the charge that it would have if all the Ligands were removed along with the Electron pairs An anode is an Electrode through which Electric current flows into a polarized electrical device A cathode is an Electrode through which (positive Electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device An electrode is an Electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge

Although Faraday received little formal education and knew little of higher mathematics, such as calculus, he was one of the most influential scientists in history. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and A scientist, in the broadest sense refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire Knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices Some historians^[3] of science refer to him as the best experimentalist in the history of science. " Experimentalist " is a blanket term for all sorts of Scientists engaged more in Experimental activity than in the Theoretical side of their ^[4] The SI unit of capacitance, the farad, is named after him, as is the Faraday constant, the charge on a mole of electrons (about 96,485 coulombs). Capacitance is a measure of the amount of Electric charge stored (or separated for a given Electric potential. This is about the capacitance unit of measure For the charge unit see Faraday (unit. In Physics and Chemistry, the Faraday constant (named after Michael Faraday) is the magnitude of Electric charge per mole of The mole (symbol mol) is a unit of Amount of substance: it is an SI base unit, and almost the only unit to be used to measure this The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J The coulomb (symbol C) is the SI unit of Electric charge. It is named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb. Faraday's law of induction states that a magnetic field changing in time creates a proportional electromotive force. Faraday's law of induction describes an important basic law of electromagnetism which is involved in the working of Transformers Inductors and many forms of In Physics, a magnetic field is a Vector field that permeates space and which can exert a magnetic force on moving Electric charges Electromotive force ( emf, \mathcal{E} is a term used to characterize electrical devices such as Voltaic cells thermoelectric devices electrical

Faraday was the first and foremost Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, a position to which he was appointed for life. The Royal Institution of Great Britain is an organization devoted to scientific education and research based in London.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Scientific achievements 2.1 Chemistry 2.2 Electricity and magnetism 3 Diamagnetism 4 Faraday cage 5 Public service 6 Later life 7 Miscellaneous 8 Writings by Faraday 9 Quotations 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 Further reading 12.1 Biographies 12.2 Others 13 External links 13.1 Biographies 13.2 Others 14 External links

Early life

Michael Faraday was born in Newington Butts, part of South London, England. Newington Butts is a short road in Southwark, London, England, leading south-west from the Elephant and Castle. South London is the southern part of London, England. The area it covers is defined differently for a range of purposes England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland His family was not well off. His father, James, was a member of the Sandemanian sect of Christianity. The Glasites were a Christian Sect founded in about 1730 in Scotland by John Glas. James Faraday had come to London ca 1790 from Outhgill in Westmorland, where he had been the village blacksmith. Outhgill is a hamlet in Mallerstang, Cumbria. It lies about 5 miles south of Kirkby Stephen. Westmorland (formerly also spelt Westmoreland, an even older spelling is Westmerland) is an area of north-west England and one of the 39 Historic counties blacksmith is a person who creates objects from Iron or Steel by Forging the Metal; i The young Michael Faraday, one of four children, having only the most basic of school educations, had to largely educate himself. ^[5] At fourteen he became apprenticed to a local bookbinder and bookseller George Riebau and, during his seven-year apprenticeship, he read many books, including Isaac Watts' The Improvement of the Mind, and he enthusiastically implemented the principles and suggestions contained therein. George Riebau was a bookseller and bookbinder in Blandford Street London to whom Michael Faraday was apprenticed in 1805 at the age of fourteen Isaac Watts ( July 17, 1674 – November 25, 1748) is recognised as the "Father of English Hymnody" as he was the first prolific and He developed an interest in science and specifically in electricity. In particular, he was inspired by the book Conversations in Chemistry by Jane Marcet. Jane Marcet (née Haldimand ( January 1, 1769 – June 28, 1858) was a writer of introductory Science books ^[6]

At the age of twenty, in 1812, at the end of his apprenticeship, Faraday attended lectures by the eminent English chemist Humphry Davy of the Royal Institution and Royal Society, and John Tatum, founder of the City Philosophical Society. A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. Sir Humphry Davy 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 &ndash 29 May 1829 was a British Chemist and inventor The Royal Institution of Great Britain is an organization devoted to scientific education and research based in London. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 John Tatum may refer to John W Tatum, Pony Express rider John Tatum (scientist (1772-1858 British silversmith scientist Many tickets for these lectures were given to Faraday by William Dance (one of the founders of the Royal Philharmonic Society). The Royal Philharmonic Society is a British music society formed in 1813 Afterwards, Faraday sent Davy a three hundred page book based on notes taken during the lectures. Davy's reply was immediate, kind, and favorable. When Davy damaged his eyesight in an accident with nitrogen trichloride, he decided to employ Faraday as a secretary. Nitrogen trichloride, also known as trichloramine, trichlorine nitride is the Chemical compound with the formula NCl3 When John Payne, one of the Royal Institution's assistants, was fired, Sir Humphry Davy was asked to find a replacement. He appointed Faraday as Chemical Assistant at the Royal Institution on March 1. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant ^[1]

In the class-based English society of the time, Faraday was not considered a gentleman. When Davy went on a long tour to the continent in 1813-5, his valet did not wish to go. Valet and Varlet are terms for Male servants who serve as personal attendants to their employer Faraday was going as Davy's scientific assistant, and was asked to act as Davy's valet until a replacement could be found in Paris. Faraday was forced to fill the role of valet as well as assistant throughout the trip. Davy's wife, Jane Apreece, refused to treat Faraday as an equal (making him travel outside the coach, eat with the servants, etc. Jane Apreece (1780&ndash1855 was a wealthy Scottish Socialite and widow who married Sir Humphry Davy in 1812 to become Lady Davy. ) and generally made Faraday so miserable that he contemplated returning to England alone and giving up science altogether. The trip did, however, give him access to the European scientific elite and a host of stimulating ideas. ^[1]

His sponsor and mentor was John 'Mad Jack' Fuller, who created the Fullerian Professorship of Chemistry at the Royal Institution. John Fuller (20 February 1757 – 11 April 1834 better known as "Mad Jack" Fuller (although he himself preferred to be called "Honest John" Fuller

Faraday was a devout Christian and a member of the small Sandemanian denomination, an offshoot of the Church of Scotland. The Glasites were a Christian Sect founded in about 1730 in Scotland by John Glas. The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland. He later served two terms as an elder in the group's church.

Faraday married Sarah Barnard (1800-1879) on June 2, 1821, although they would never have children. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year They met through attending the Sandemanian church.

He was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1824, appointed director of the laboratory in 1825; and in 1833 he was appointed Fullerian professor of chemistry in the institution for life, without the obligation to deliver lectures.

Scientific achievements

Chemistry

Faraday's earliest chemical work was as an assistant to Humphry Davy. Faraday made a special study of chlorine, and discovered two new chlorides of carbon. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 He also made the first rough experiments on the diffusion of gases, a phenomenon first pointed out by John Dalton, the physical importance of which was more fully brought to light by Thomas Graham and Joseph Loschmidt. John Dalton FRS (6 September 1766 &ndash 27 July 1844 was an English Chemist, Meteorologist and Physicist. Thomas Graham FRS ( December 21, 1805 – September 16, 1869) was born in Glasgow, Scotland. Jan or Johann Josef Loschmidt ( March 15 1821 - July 8 1895) who referred to himself mostly as 'Josef' (omitting his first name He succeeded in liquefying several gases; he investigated the alloys of steel, and produced several new kinds of glass intended for optical purposes. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 A specimen of one of these heavy glasses afterwards became historically important as the substance in which Faraday detected the rotation of the plane of polarisation of light when the glass was placed in a magnetic field, and also as the substance which was first repelled by the poles of the magnet. He also endeavoured, with some success, to make the general methods of chemistry, as distinguished from its results, the subject of special study and of popular exposition.

He invented an early form of what was to become the Bunsen burner, which is used almost universally in science laboratories as a convenient source of heat. A Bunsen burner is a common piece of Laboratory equipment that produces a single open gas Flame, which is used for heating sterilization and combustion ^[7][8] Faraday worked extensively in the field of chemistry, discovering chemical substances such as benzene (which he called bicarburet of hydrogen), inventing the system of oxidation numbers, and liquefying gases such as chlorine. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 The oxidation number of a central atom in a coordination compound is the charge that it would have if all the Ligands were removed along with the Electron pairs In 1820 Faraday reported on the first syntheses of compounds made from carbon and chlorine, C₂Cl₆ and C₂Cl₄, and published his results the following year. Hexachloroethane, also known as perchloroethane (PCA C2[[chlorine Cl6]], is a colorless solid at room temperature which is used by the Tetrachloroethylene, also known under its systematic name tetrachloroethene and as perchloroethylene, perchloroethene, perc, and PCE ^[9][10][11] Faraday also determined the composition of the chlorine clathrate hydrate, which had been discovered by Humphry Davy in 1810. Clathrate hydrates (or gas clathrates gas hydrates clathrates hydrates etc were first documented in 1810 by Sir Humphrey Davy; they are crystalline ^[12][13]

Faraday also discovered the laws of electrolysis and popularised terminology such as anode, cathode, electrode, and ion, terms largely created by William Whewell. In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current An anode is an Electrode through which Electric current flows into a polarized electrical device A cathode is an Electrode through which (positive Electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device An electrode is an Electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge William Whewell ( May 24, 1794 &ndash March 6, 1866) was an English Polymath, Scientist, Anglican Priest

Faraday was the first to report what later came to be called metallic nanoparticles. In Nanotechnology, a particle is defined as a small object that behaves as a whole unit in terms of its transport and properties In 1847 he discovered that the optical properties of gold colloids differed from those of the corresponding bulk metal. A colloid is a type of mechanical Mixture where one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another This was probably the first reported observation of the effects of quantum size, and might be considered to be the birth of nanoscience. Nanotechnology, sometimes shortened to nanotech, refers to a field of Applied science whose theme is the control of matter on an Atomic and Molecular ^[14]

Electricity and magnetism

Faraday's greatest work was probably with electricity and magnetism. The first experiment which he recorded was the construction of a voltaic pile with seven halfpence pieces, stacked together with seven disks of sheet zinc, and six pieces of paper moistened with salt water. A voltaic pile is a set of individual Voltaic cells placed in series With this pile he decomposed sulphate of magnesia (first letter to Abbott, July 12, 1812). Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 1812 ( MDCCCXII) a leap year started on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year

In 1821, soon after the Danish physicist and chemist, Hans Christian Ørsted discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetism, Davy and British scientist William Hyde Wollaston tried but failed to design an electric motor. Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Electromagnetism is the Physics of the Electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a Force on particles that possess the property of William Hyde Wollaston FRS ( August 6, 1766 &ndash December 22, 1828) was an English Chemist and physicist An electric motor uses Electrical energy to produce Mechanical energy. ^[2] Faraday, having discussed the problem with the two men, went on to build two devices to produce what he called electromagnetic rotation: a continuous circular motion from the circular magnetic force around a wire and a wire extending into a pool of mercury with a magnet placed inside would rotate around the magnet if supplied with current from a chemical battery. Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum The latter device is known as a homopolar motor. A homopolar motor has a Magnetic field along the axis of rotation and an electric current that at some point is not parallel to the magnetic field These experiments and inventions form the foundation of modern electromagnetic technology. Faraday published his results without acknowledging his debt to Wollaston and Davy, and the resulting controversy caused Faraday to withdraw from electromagnetic research for several years. At this stage, there is also evidence to suggest that Davy may have been trying to slow Faraday’s rise as a scientist (or natural philosopher as it was known then). In 1825, for instance, Davy set him onto optical glass experiments, which progressed for six years with no great results. It was not until Davy's death, in 1829, that Faraday stopped these fruitless tasks and moved on to endeavors that were more worthwhile. Two years later, in 1831, he began his great series of experiments in which he discovered electromagnetic induction. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Faraday's law of induction describes an important basic law of electromagnetism which is involved in the working of Transformers Inductors and many forms of Joseph Henry likely discovered self-induction a few months earlier and both may have been anticipated by the work of Francesco Zantedeschi in Italy in 1829 and 1830. Joseph Henry ( December 17 1797 &ndash May 13 1878) was an American scientist who served as the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Faraday's law of induction describes an important basic law of electromagnetism which is involved in the working of Transformers Inductors and many forms of Francesco Zantedeschi ( August 20 1797 &ndash March 29, 1873) was an Italian Priest and Physicist. ^[16]

Faraday's breakthrough came when he wrapped two insulated coils of wire around an iron ring, and found that upon passing a current through one coil, a momentary current was induced in the other coil. Thomas Phillips ( October 18, 1770 - April 20, 1845) was an English portrait and subject painter. ^[2] This phenomenon is known as mutual induction. In Electrical circuits, any Electric current i produces a Magnetic field and hence generates a total Magnetic flux \Phi acting The iron ring-coil apparatus is still on display at the Royal Institution. In subsequent experiments he found that if he moved a magnet through a loop of wire, an electric current flowed in the wire. The current also flowed if the loop was moved over a stationary magnet. His demonstrations established that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field. This relation was mathematically modelled by Faraday's law, which subsequently became one of the four Maxwell equations. Faraday's law of induction describes an important basic law of electromagnetism which is involved in the working of Transformers Inductors and many forms of In Classical electromagnetism, Maxwell's equations are a set of four Partial differential equations that describe the properties of the electric These in turn have evolved into the generalisation known today as field theory.

Faraday later used the principle to construct the electric dynamo, the ancestor of modern power generators. In Electricity generation, an electrical generator is a device that converts Mechanical energy to Electrical energy, generally using Electromagnetic

In 1839 he completed a series of experiments aimed at investigating the fundamental nature of electricity. Faraday used "static", batteries, and "animal electricity" to produce the phenomena of electrostatic attraction, electrolysis, magnetism, etc. Electrostatics is the branch of Science that deals with the Phenomena arising from what seems to be stationary Electric charges Since Classical In electronics a battery is a combination of two or more Electrochemical cells which store chemical Energy which can be converted into electrical energy Bioelectromagnetism (sometimes equated with bioelectricity) refers to the electrical magnetic or Electromagnetic fields produced by living cells tissues In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current Electromagnetism is the Physics of the Electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a Force on particles that possess the property of He concluded that, contrary to scientific opinion of the time, the divisions between the various "kinds" of electricity were illusory. Faraday instead proposed that only a single "electricity" exists, and the changing values of quantity and intensity (voltage and charge) would produce different groups of phenomena. ^[2]

Near the end of his career Faraday proposed that electromagnetic forces extended into the empty space around the conductor. This idea was rejected by his fellow scientists, and Faraday did not live to see this idea eventually accepted. Faraday's concept of lines of flux emanating from charged bodies and magnets provided a way to visualise electric and magnetic fields. That mental model was crucial to the successful development of electromechanical devices which dominated engineering and industry for the remainder of the 19th century.

Diamagnetism

In 1845, Faraday discovered that many materials exhibit a weak repulsion from a magnetic field, a phenomenon he named diamagnetism. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 A magnet (from Greek grc μαγνήτης λίθος " Magnesian stone" is a material or object that produces a Magnetic field. Diamagnetism is the property of an object which causes it to create a magnetic field in opposition of an externally applied Magnetic field, thus causing a repulsive effect

Faraday also found that the plane of polarisation of linearly polarised light can be rotated by the application of an external magnetic field aligned in the direction the light is moving. Polarization ( ''Brit'' polarisation) is a property of Waves that describes the orientation of their oscillations This is now termed the Faraday effect. In Physics, the Faraday effect or Faraday rotation is a Magneto-optical phenomenon or an interaction between Light and a Magnetic He wrote in his notebook, "I have at last succeeded in illuminating a magnetic curve or line of force and in magnetising a ray of light". A line of force in Faraday 's extended sense is synonymous with Maxwell 's line of induction. This established that magnetic force and light were related.

Late in life (1862), Faraday used a spectroscope to search for a different alteration of light, the change of spectral lines by an applied magnetic field. However, the equipment available to him was insufficient for a definite determination of a spectral change. Pieter Zeeman later used an improved apparatus to study the same phenomenon, publishing his results in 1897 and receiving the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics for his success. Pieter Zeeman ( Zonnemaire, May 25, 1865 &ndash Amsterdam, October 9, 1943) (ˈzeːmɑn was a Dutch In both his 1897 paper^[18] and his Nobel acceptance speech^[19], Zeeman referred to Faraday's work.

Faraday cage

In his work on static electricity, Faraday demonstrated that the charge only resided on the exterior of a charged conductor, and exterior charge had no influence on anything enclosed within a conductor. This is because the exterior charges redistribute such that the interior fields due to them cancel. This shielding effect is used in what is now known as a Faraday cage. A Faraday cage or Faraday shield is an enclosure formed by conducting material, or by a mesh of such material

Faraday was an excellent experimentalist who conveyed his ideas in clear and simple language. However, his mathematical abilities did not extend as far as trigonometry or any but the simplest algebra. It was James Clerk Maxwell who took the work of Faraday, and others, and consolidated it with a set of equations that lie at the base of all modern theories of electromagnetic phenomena. James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 &ndash 5 November 1879 was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist. On Faraday's uses of the lines of force, James Clerk Maxwell wrote that they show Faraday "to have been in reality a mathematician of a very high order--one from whom the mathematicians of the future may derive valuable and fertile methods. A line of force in Faraday 's extended sense is synonymous with Maxwell 's line of induction. "^[20]

Public service

Beyond his scientific research into areas such as chemistry, electricity, and magnetism at the Royal Institution, Faraday undertook numerous, and often time-consuming, service projects for private enterprise and the British government. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year This work included investigations of explosions in coal mines, being an expert witness in court, and the preparation of high-quality optical glass. Coal mining is the extraction or removal of Coal from the Earth by Mining. An expert witness is a Witness, who by virtue of Education, Training, Skill, or Experience, is believed to have Knowledge Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many In 1846, together with Charles Lyell, he produced a lengthy and detailed report on a serious explosion in the colliery at Haswell County Durham which killed 95 miners. Sir Charles Lyell 1st Baronet, KT, FRS (14 November 1797 &ndash 22 February 1875 was a Scottish Lawyer, Geologist, and protagonist An explosion is a sudden increase in Volume and release of Energy in an extreme manner usually with the generation of high Temperatures and the release Haswell is a Village in County Durham, in England. It is situated between Durham and Peterlee. Their report was a meticulous forensic investigation and indicated that coal dust contributed to the severity of the explosion. Coal dust is a fine powdered form of Coal, which is created by the crushing grinding or pulverizing of coal The report should have warned coal owners of the hazard of coal dust explosions, but the risk was ignored for over 60 years until the Senghenydd Colliery Disaster of 1913. The Senghennydd Colliery Disaster, also known as the Senghenydd Explosion, occurred in Senghenydd, near Caerphilly, Glamorgan, South Wales

As a respected scientist in a nation with strong maritime interests, Faraday spent extensive amounts of time on projects such as the construction and operation of light houses and protecting the bottoms of ships from corrosion. A lighthouse is a Tower, building or framework designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses or in older times from a fire and used as an Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings

Faraday also was active in what would now be called environmental science, or engineering. Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical chemical and biological components of the environment. He investigated industrial pollution at Swansea and was consulted on air pollution at the Royal Mint. Swansea ( Abertawe "mouth of the Tawe " is a city and county in Wales. The Royal Mint is the body permitted to manufacture or mint, coins in the United Kingdom. In July of 1855, Faraday wrote a letter to The Times on the subject of the foul condition of the River Thames, which resulted in an oft-reprinted cartoon in Punch. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. (See also The Great Stink. The Great Stink or The Big Stink was a time in the summer of 1858 during which the smell of untreated Sewage almost overwhelmed people in central London )

Faraday assisted with planning and judging of exhibits for the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London. The Great Exhibition, also known as Crystal Palace, was an international exhibition that was held in Hyde Park, London, England, from 1 He also advised the National Gallery on the cleaning and protection of its art collection, and served on the National Gallery Site Commission in 1857.

Education was another area of service for Faraday. He lectured on the topic in 1854 at the Royal Institution, and in 1862 he appeared before a Public Schools Commission to give his views on education in Great Britain. Faraday also weighed in, negatively, on the public's fascination with table-turning, mesmerism, and seances, chastising both the public and the nation's educational system. ^[21]

Faraday gave a successful series of lectures on the chemistry and physics of flames at the Royal Institution, entitled The Chemical History of a Candle. The Royal Institution of Great Britain is an organization devoted to scientific education and research based in London. The Chemical History of a Candle was the title of a series of lectures on the Chemistry and Physics of Flames given by Michael Faraday This was one of the earlier Christmas lectures for young people, which are still given each year. The Royal Institution Christmas Lectures have been held in London annually since 1825 Between 1827 and 1860, Faraday gave the Christmas lecture a record nineteen times.

Later life

In June of 1832, the University of Oxford granted Faraday a Doctor of Civil Law degree (honorary). The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the During his lifetime, Faraday rejected a knighthood and twice refused to become President of the Royal Society. Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. The President of the Royal Society ( PRS) is the elected head of the Royal Society of London.

In 1848, as a result of representations by the Prince Consort, Michael Faraday was awarded a grace and favour house in Hampton Court, Surrey free of all expenses or upkeep. A grace and favour home is a residential property owned by a monarch by virtue of their position as Head of State and leased rent-free to persons as part of an employment package or Hampton Court Palace is a former royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, south west London, England. Surrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties. This was the Master Mason's House, later called Faraday House, and now No. 37 Hampton Court Road. In 1858 Faraday retired to live there. ^[22]

Faraday died at his house at Hampton Court on August 25, 1867. Hampton Court Palace is a former royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, south west London, England. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting He turned down burial in Westminster Abbey, but he has a memorial plaque there, near Isaac Newton's tomb. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements Faraday was interred in the Sandemanian plot in Highgate Cemetery. Highgate Cemetery is a Cemetery located in Highgate, London, England.

Miscellaneous

Faraday refused to participate in the production of chemical weapons for the Crimean War citing ethical reasons. John Henry Foley ( 24 May 1818 &ndash 27 August 1874) was an Irish sculptor. The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Eastern War (Восточная война Vostochnaya Vojna) (March 1854–February 1856 was fought

A statue of Faraday stands in Savoy Place, London, outside the Institution of Electrical Engineers. The Institution of Electrical Engineers or IEE (pronounce I-double-E or I-E-E was a British professional organisation for Electronics, A recently built hall of accommodation at Brunel University is named after Faraday. Brunel University is a University situated in West London, England. A hall at Loughborough University was named after Faraday in 1960. Loughborough University is a Campus university located in the Market town of Loughborough, Leicestershire, in the East Midlands Near the entrance to its dining hall is a bronze casting, which depicts the symbol of an electrical transformer, and inside there hangs a portrait, both in Faraday's honour. A transformer is a device that transfers Electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled Electrical conductors A five-story building at the University of Edinburgh's science campus is named for Faraday. The University of Edinburgh (Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann founded in 1582 is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.

Faraday's picture was printed on British £20 banknotes from 1991 until 2001. Sterling banknotes are the Banknotes of the United Kingdom and British Islands, denominated in pounds sterling (symbol £ ^[23]

The former UK Faraday Atmospheric Research Station in Antarctica was named after him. Faraday was one of the then eight foreign members of the French Academy of Sciences. The French Academy of Sciences ( French: Académie des sciences) is a Learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the

Writings by Faraday

Faraday's books, with the exception of Chemical Manipulation, were collections of scientific papers or transcriptions of lectures. ^[24] Since his death, Faraday's diary has been published, as have several large volumes of his letters and Faraday's journal from his travels with Davy in 1813 - 1815.

• Chemical Manipulation, Being Instructions to Students in Chemistry, John Murray, 1st ed. 1827, 2nd ed. 1830, 3rd ed. 1842
• Experimental Researches in Electricity, vols. i. and ii., Richard and John Edward Taylor, vols. i. and ii. . 1844 and 1847; vol. iii. , 1844; vol. iii. Richard Taylor and William Francis, 1855
• Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics, Taylor and Francis, 1859
• A Course of Six Lectures on the Chemical History of a Candle, edited by W. The Chemical History of a Candle was the title of a series of lectures on the Chemistry and Physics of Flames given by Michael Faraday Crookes, Griffin, Bohn & Co. , 1861 PDF/DjVu from Internet Archive
• On the Various Forces in Nature, edited by W. The Internet Archive ( IA) is a Nonprofit organization dedicated to maintaining an on-line Library and archive of Web and Crookes, Chatto & Windus, 1873
• Faraday's Diary edited by T. Martin was published in eight volumes, 1932 - 1936
• Curiosity Perfectly Satisfyed: Faraday's Travels in Europe 1813-1815, edited by B. Bowers and L. Symons, Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1991
• The Correspondence of Michael Faraday, edited by F. A. J. L. James, INSPEC, Inc. , volume 1, 1991; volume 2, 1993; volume 3, 1996; volume 4, 1999
• Course of six lectures on the various forces of matter, and their relations to each other London ; Glasgow : R. Griffin, 1860.
• The liquefaction of gases Edinburgh: W. F. Clay, 1896.
• The letters of Faraday and Schoenbein 1836-1862. With notes, comments and references to contemporary letters London: Williams & Norgate 1899.

Quotations

• "Nothing is too wonderful to be true if it be consistent with the laws of nature, and in such things as these, experiment is the best test of such consistency. "^[25]
• "Work. Finish. Publish. " — his advice to the young William Crookes
• "The important thing is to know how to take all things quietly. Sir William Crookes, OM, FRS (17 June 1832 – 4 April 1919 was an English Chemist and Physicist. "

• Regarding the hereafter, "Speculations? I have none. Highgate Cemetery is a Cemetery located in Highgate, London, England. I am resting on certainties. "
• "No wonder that my remembrance fails me, for I shall complete my 70 years next Sunday (the 22); -- and during these 70 years I have had a happy life; which still remains happy because of hope and content. ^[26]

• Above the doorways of the Pfahler Hall of Science at Ursinus College in Collegeville, Pennsylvania, there is a stone inscription of a quote attributed to Michael Faraday which reads "but still try, for who knows what is possible. Ursinus College is a liberal arts college in Collegeville, Montgomery County Pennsylvania. . . "^[27]
• "One day sir, you may tax it. " Faraday's reply to William Gladstone, then British Minister of Finance, when asked of the practical value of electricity.
• "If you would cause your view . . . to be acknowledged by scientific men; you would do a great service to science. If you would even get them to say yes or no to your conclusions it would help to clear the future progress. I believe some hesitate because they do not like their thoughts disturbed. "^[28]

See also

• Faraday rotator
• Faraday cage
• Homopolar generator
• Faraday constant
• Faraday's law of induction
• Faraday (Unit of electrical charge)
• Farad (Unit of electrical capacitance)
• Lines of force
• Zeeman effect

Notes and references

Further reading

Biographies

• Bence Jones, Henry (1870). The Life and Letters of Faraday. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Company.  

• Cantor, Geoffrey (1991). Michael Faraday, Sandemanian and Scientist. Macmillian. ISBN 0-333-55077.  

• Gladstone, J. H. (1872). Michael Faraday. London: Macmillan.  

• Hamilton, James (2002). Faraday: The Life. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-716376-2.  

• Hamilton, James (2004). A Life of Discovery: Michael Faraday, Giant of the Scientific Revolution. ISBN 1-4000-6016-8.  

• Thompson, Silvanus (1901). Michael Faraday, His Life and Work. Cassell and Company. ISBN 1-4179-7036-7.  

* Reprinted in 2005 by Adamant Media Corporation

• Tyndall, John (1868). Faraday as a Discoverer. London: : Longmans, Green, and Company.  

• Williams, L. Pearce (1965). Michael Faraday: A Biography. New York: Basic Books.  

• The British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers Association (1931). Faraday. R. & R. Clark, Ltd. , Edinburgh, 1931.

Others

• Agassi, Joseph (1971). Faraday as a Natural Philosopher. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.  

• Ames, Joseph Sweetman (Ed. ) (c1900). The Discovery of Induced Electric Currents 2. New York: American Book Company.  

• Gooding, David (Ed. ) (1985). Faraday Rediscovered: Essays on the Life and Work of Michael Faraday, 1791-1867. London/New York: Macmillan/Stockton.  

• Thomas, John Meurig (1991). Michael Faraday and the Royal Institution: The Genius of Man and Place. Bristol: Hilger. ISBN 0-7503-0145-7.  

External links

Biographies

• Biography at The Royal Institution of Great Britain
• Faraday as a Discoverer by John Tyndall, Project Gutenberg (downloads)
• The Christian Character of Michael Faraday
• Michael Faraday on the British twenty-pound banknote
• The Life and Discoveries of Michael Faraday by J. A. Crowther, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1920

Others

External links

• Interactive Java Tutorial on Faraday's 1821 Motor National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
• Interactive Java Tutorial on Faraday's Ice Pail Experiment National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
• "Faraday" at LoveToKnow 1911 Britannica Online Encyclopedia
• Michael Faraday at the Open Directory Project
• Works by Michael Faraday at Project Gutenberg (downloads)
• "Experimental Researches in Electricity" by Michael Faraday Original text with Biographical Introduction by Professor John Tyndall, 1914, Everyman edition. The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works
• Video Podcast with Sir John Cadogan talking about Benzene since Faraday
• The letters of Faraday and Schoenbein 1836-1862. With notes, comments and references to contemporary letters (1899) full download PDF

Awards
Preceded by George Biddell Airy	Copley Medal 1832 jointly with Siméon Denis Poisson	Succeeded by Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana
Preceded by Antoine César Becquerel and John Frederic Daniell	Copley Medal 1838 jointly with Carl Friedrich Gauss	Succeeded by Robert Brown

Persondata
NAME	Faraday, Michael
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	British Physicist and Chemist
DATE OF BIRTH	September 22, 1791
PLACE OF BIRTH	Newington Butts, England
DATE OF DEATH	August 25, 1867
PLACE OF DEATH	Hampton Court, London, England

Sir George Biddell Airy FRS (27 July 1801&ndash2 January 1892 was an English Mathematician and Astronomer, Astronomer Royal The Copley Medal is a scientific award for distinguished achievement in any field of Science established by the Royal Society of London in 1731 Siméon-Denis Poisson (21 June 1781 &ndash 25 April 1840 was a French Mathematician, Geometer, and Physicist. Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana ( November 6, 1781 &ndash January 20, 1864) was an Italian Astronomer and Mathematician Antoine César Becquerel ( March 7, 1788 &ndash January 18, 1878) was a French Scientist and a pioneer in the study of John Frederic Daniell ( 12 March 1790 &ndash 13 March 1845) was an English Chemist and Physicist. The Copley Medal is a scientific award for distinguished achievement in any field of Science established by the Royal Society of London in 1731 Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (ˈɡaʊs, Gauß Carolus Fridericus Gauss ( 30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a German Robert Brown FRS ( 21 December, 1773 &ndash 10 June, 1858) was a Scottish scientist who is acknowledged as the leading botanist A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Newington Butts is a short road in Southwark, London, England, leading south-west from the Elephant and Castle. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Hampton Court Palace is a former royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, south west London, England. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

---

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic