Professor Michael Francis Land, MA, PhD, FRS is a British neurobiologist. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 Neurobiologist is a life scientist who is devoted to the study of Neurobiology. He is currently Emeritus Professor of Neurobiology in the Sussex Vision laboratory at the Sussex Centre for Neuroscience, University of Sussex, England. Neurobiology is the study of cells of the Nervous system and the organization of these cells into functional circuits that process information and mediate behavior The University of Sussex is a British Campus university which is situated next to the East Sussex village of Falmer, and is from Brighton England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

Land's research has been on different aspects of animal and human vision. His interests were in the optics of the eyes of marine animals, including scallops, shrimps and deep-water crustaceans. Marine is an Umbrella term. As an adjective it is usually applicable to things relating to the Sea or Ocean, such as Marine biology, Marine A scallop (ˈskɒləp or /ˈskæləp/ is a marine Bivalve Mollusk of the family Pectinidae. True shrimp are swimming decapod Crustaceans classified in the Infraorder Caridea, found widely around the world in both fresh Structure of crustaceans As Arthropods crustaceans have a stiff Exoskeleton, which must be shed to allow the animal to grow ( Ecdysis or molting He also studied visual behaviour in spiders and insects, particularly during pursuit. Spiders are Predatory Invertebrate Animals that have two body segments, eight legs no chewing mouth parts and no wings Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described This led to an interest in eye movements in animals and later in man.

Land's group in Sussex is now mainly concerned with the role of eye movements in human activities such as driving, music reading and ball games. ^[1] In 2000 for example Land and a colleague reported their finding that in cricket, within 200 milliseconds of a ball leaving the bowler's hand, the best batsmen take their eyes off the ball, looking ahead to the point where they have calculated that it will bounce^[2] (see also Land & McLeod (2000) in bibliography). Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Muralijpg|thumb|250px|right|The world's leading off-spin bowler Muttiah Muralitharan sends down a delivery]] A bowler in the Sport of Cricket is usually Mike Powell cricketerjpg|thumb|200px| Warwickshire batsman Mike Powell]] A batsman in the sport of Cricket is depending on context Any

Other work is on the processing of visual information by the retinas of mosquitoes. The vertebrate retina is a light sensitive part inside the inner layer of the Eye. Mosquitoes are insects in the family Culicidae. They have a pair of scaled wings a pair of Halteres, a slender body and long legs

Contents 1 Education 2 Academic career 3 Bibliography 4 References

Education

From 1950 to 1960 Land attended Birkenhead School, a direct grant school, on the Wirral in Cheshire. Birkenhead School is an independent co-educational school located on the Wirral, in the north-west of England Wirral or the Wirral (ˈwɪrəl is a Peninsula in the north west of England. Cheshire (or archaically the County of Chester) is a county in North West England. From here he went to the University of Cambridge where he studied Zoology, graduating in 1963. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of A PhD in Neurophysiology at University College London (UCL) followed, completed in 1968. Neurophysiology (from Greek grc νεῦρον neuron, "nerve" grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία University College London ( UCL) is a multi-faculty university institution based in the United Kingdom and a constituent college of the University of London ^[3] It was at UCL that Land began his research into human and animal vision.

Academic career

After completing his PhD at UCL, where he had been an assistant lecturer in Physiology, in 1969 Land became assistant professor of Physiology at University of California, Berkeley. Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley He returned to the UK in 1971, taking up a post as Lecturer in Neurobiology at the University of Sussex. Here he was appointed Reader in 1977. In the academic hierarchy in the United Kingdom and some universities in Australia and New Zealand, reader is the rank between Senior lecturer After being elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1982 he was appointed Professor in 1984. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 He was also a Senior Visiting Fellow at the Australian National University, Canberra from 1982 to 1984. The Australian National University, commonly abbreviated to ANU, is a public Research university situated in Canberra, Australia. Canberra ( is the capital city of Australia With a population of over 340000 it is Australia's largest inland City. In 1994 he received the Frink Medal of the Zoological Society of London, and in 1996 the Alcon Prize for vision research. The Frink Medal for British Zoologists is awarded by the Zoological Society of London "For significant and original contributions by a professional zoologist to the development The Zoological Society of London (sometimes known by the abbreviation ZSL) is a Learned society founded in London in April 1826 by Sir Thomas Stamford Alcon, ( incorporated in Hünenberg, Switzerland, is a global Medical company specializing in eye care products Land retired from full time academic work in 2005 and is now Emeritus Professor of Neurobiology at Sussex. ^[3]

Bibliography

Land M. F. (2007). Fixation strategies during active behaviour. A brief history. In: Eye movements: a window on mind and brain (eds. RPG van Gompel, M. H. Fischer, W. S. Murray, R. L. Hill) Chapter 4. Oxford: Elsevier, ISBN 0080449808. Elsevier, the world's largest Publisher of Medical and Scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group

Lim M. L. M. , Land M. F. , Li D. (2007). Sex-specific UV and fluorescence signals in jumping spiders. Science 315: 481

Kuhn G. , Land M. F. (2006). There's more to magic than meets the eye! Current Biology 16: R950-R951

Land M. F. , Nilsson D-E. (2006). General purpose and special purpose visual systems. In: Invertebrate vision (eds. D-E. Nilsson, E. J. Warrant) pp 167-210. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521830885. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534

Land M. F. (2006). Eye movements and the control of actions in everyday life. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 25: 296-324

Land M. F. (2006). Visual optics: the shapes of pupils. Current Biology 16: R167-168

Land M. F. (2005). Eye-hand coordination: learning a new trick. Current Biology 16: R995-956

Land M. F. (2005). Q & A. Current Biology 15: R280-R281.

Land M. F. (2005). The optical structures of animal eyes. Current Biology 15: R319-R323.

Land MF, Horwood J (2005). Different retina-lamina projections in mosquitoes with fused and open rhabdoms. J. Comp. Physiol A (on line 04. 05).

Tatler B. W. , Gilchrist I. D. , Land M. F. (2005). Visual memory for objects in natural scenes: From fixations to object files. Quart. J. Exp. Psych. 58A (on line 10/04))

Land M. F. (2004). Eyes and vision: in: The Crustacea vol 1. (eds. Forest J. , Vaupel Klein J. C. von). pp 257-299. Leiden: Brill, ISBN 9004129189. Brill is a Village and Civil parish within Aylesbury Vale district in Buckinghamshire, England, close to the border with

Land M. F. (2004). Nocturnal vision: bees in the dark. Current Biology 14: R615-616.

Land M. F. (2004). The coordination of rotations of the eyes, head and trunk in saddadic turns made in natural situations. Experimental Brain Research 159: 151-160.

Mathger L. M. , Land M. F. , Siebeck U. E. , Marshall N. J. (2003). Rapid colour change in multilayer reflecting stripes in the paradise whiptail, Pentapodus paradiseus. J. Exp. Biol. 206: 3607-3613

Land M. F. (2003). Eye movements in daily life. In: The Visual Neurosciences (eds L. M. Chalupa, J. S. Werner) chapter 91. Cambridge MA: MIT Press, ISBN 0262033089. The MIT Press is a University press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT in Cambridge Massachusetts ( USA)

Kleinlogel S. , Marshall N. J. , Horwood J. M. , Land M. F. (2003) Neuroarchitecture of the color and polarization vision system of the stomatopod Haptosquilla. J. Comp. Neurol. 467: 326-342

Land M. F. (2003) The spatial resolution of the pinhole eyes of giant clams (Tridacna maxima). Proc. R. Soc. B 270: 185-188

Land M. F. , Nilsson D-E. (2001) Animal Eyes. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0198509685.

Land M. F. , Tatler B. W. (2001) Steering with the head: the visual strategy of a racing driver. Current Biology 11: 1215-1220

Land M. F. , Hayhoe M. (2001) In what ways do eye movements contribute to everyday activities. Vision Research 41: 3559-3565

Land M. F. , McLeod P. (2000) From eye movements to actions: how batsmen hit the ball. Nature Neuroscience 3: 1340-1345

Land M. F. (2000) On the functions of double eyes in mid-water animals. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 355: 1147-1150

Land M. F. , Mennie N. , Rusted J. (1999) The roles of vision and eye movements in the control of activities of daily living. Perception 28: 1311-1328

Land M. F. , Gibson, G. , Horwood, J. and Zeil, J. (1999) Fundamental differences in the optical structure of the eyes of nocturnal and diurnal mosquitoes. J. Comp. Physiol. 185: 91-103.

Land M. F. (1999) Motion and vision: why animals move their eyes. J. Comp. Physiol. 185: 341-352

Dacke M. , Nilsson D-E, Warrant E. J. , Blest A. D. , Land M. F. , O'Carroll D. C. (1999) Built-in polarizers form part of a compass organ in spiders. Nature 401: 470-473.

Land M. F. (1998) The visual control of steering. In: Vision and Action (eds Harris L. R. & Jenkin K. ) 163-180. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521631629. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534

References

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