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Her Excellency the Right Honourable
 Michaëlle Jean
 CC CMM COM CD DUniv (hc) DLitt (hc) LLD (Osg, hc) LLD (Man, hc) DA (Ott, hc) DA (Per, hc) MA BA
Michaëlle Jean
Incumbent
Assumed office 
27 September 2005
Monarch Elizabeth II
Prime Minister Paul Martin
Stephen Harper
Preceded by Adrienne Clarkson
Born 6 September 1957 (1957-09-06) (age 50)
Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Spouse Jean-Daniel Lafond
Profession Journalist
Religion Roman Catholic (lapsed)

Michaëlle Jean, CC CMM COM CD [mi. Excellency is a Honorific style given to certain members of an organization or state The Right Honourable (abbreviated as The Rt Hon) is an Honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the order's Latin The Order of Military Merit is an Order issued by Canada to members of the Canadian Forces, both Regular and Reserves who have demonstrated dedication The Order of Merit of the Police Forces is a Canadian order, established in October 2000 The Canadian Forces Decoration is a Canadian Award bestowed upon members of the Canadian Forces who have completed twelve years of military service An honorary degree or a degree honoris causa ( Latin: 'for the sake of the honour' is an Academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding An honorary degree or a degree honoris causa ( Latin: 'for the sake of the honour' is an Academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding Doctor of Letters ( Latin: Litterarum doctor; DLitt; or Litt D An honorary degree or a degree honoris causa ( Latin: 'for the sake of the honour' is an Academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding Doctor of Laws ( Latin: Legum Doctor, LLD) is a Doctorate -level Academic degree in Law. Osgoode Hall is the name for a landmark building in Downtown Toronto which houses the Ontario Court of Appeal, the Superior Court of An honorary degree or a degree honoris causa ( Latin: 'for the sake of the honour' is an Academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding Doctor of Laws ( Latin: Legum Doctor, LLD) is a Doctorate -level Academic degree in Law. The University of Manitoba, in Winnipeg, Canada, is the largest university located in the province of Manitoba. An honorary degree or a degree honoris causa ( Latin: 'for the sake of the honour' is an Academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding The Doctor of Arts (DA or occasionally DArts or ArtD is a discipline -based terminal doctoral degree that was originally conceived and For the university in Ottawa Kansas see Ottawa University. The University of Ottawa or Université d'Ottawa in French An honorary degree or a degree honoris causa ( Latin: 'for the sake of the honour' is an Academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding The Doctor of Arts (DA or occasionally DArts or ArtD is a discipline -based terminal doctoral degree that was originally conceived and The University for Foreigners Perugia (Università per Stranieri di Perugia is a university located in Perugia, Italy. An honorary degree or a degree honoris causa ( Latin: 'for the sake of the honour' is an Academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding A Master of Arts ( Latin: Magister Artium) is a Postgraduate academic Master's degree awarded by universities in a large The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Paul Edgar Philippe Martin. PC, MP (also known as Paul Martin Jr WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Honorific prefixes --> Stephen Joseph Harper PC Adrienne Louise Clarkson PC CC CMM COM CD (born February 10 1939 is an accomplished Canadian journalist and stateswoman Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) PortAuPrinceTapTapjpg|right|thumb|270px|A taptap (shared taxi in central Port-au-Prince Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: Jean-Daniel Lafond CC (born 1944 is a French -born Canadian filmmaker and the husband to Governor General Michaëlle Journalism is the profession of writing or communicating formally employed by publications and broadcasters for the benefit of a particular Community of people In Roman Catholicism, a lapsed Catholic is a Catholic who has ceased practicing the Catholic religion The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the order's Latin The Order of Military Merit is an Order issued by Canada to members of the Canadian Forces, both Regular and Reserves who have demonstrated dedication The Order of Merit of the Police Forces is a Canadian order, established in October 2000 The Canadian Forces Decoration is a Canadian Award bestowed upon members of the Canadian Forces who have completed twelve years of military service ka. ɛl ʒɑ̃], (born September 6, 1957, in Port-au-Prince, Haiti) is the current Governor General of Canada. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) PortAuPrinceTapTapjpg|right|thumb|270px|A taptap (shared taxi in central Port-au-Prince Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Jean was appointed by Queen Elizabeth II, on the recommendation of Prime Minister Paul Martin, to succeed Adrienne Clarkson and become the 27th governor general of Canada since Confederation in 1867. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Paul Edgar Philippe Martin. PC, MP (also known as Paul Martin Jr Adrienne Louise Clarkson PC CC CMM COM CD (born February 10 1939 is an accomplished Canadian journalist and stateswoman Prior to this, Jean was a journalist and broadcaster on Radio-Canada and the CBC.

As the current Governor General of Canada, she is entitled to be styled Her Excellency while in office, and The Right Honourable for life; given current practice, she will be sworn to the Queen's Privy Council for Canada after her term as the Queen's representative has ended. Excellency is a Honorific style given to certain members of an organization or state The Right Honourable (abbreviated as The Rt Hon) is an Honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain The Queen's Privy Council for Canada (QPC (Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada (CPR sometimes called Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or the Privy Council

An official announcement about the appointment was made on August 4, 2005. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Her investiture took place on September 27. Investiture, from the Latin (preposition in and verb vestire, 'dress' from vestis 'robe' is a rather general term for the formal installation of an Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again

Contents

Biography

Jean fled Haiti with her family from dictator François Duvalier's regime in 1968. Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: Dr François Duvalier, known as " Papa Doc " ( April 14, 1907 – April 21, 1971) was the President of Her father, from whom she was estranged for many years, was a philosopher who was tortured under Duvalier's regime and separated from the family for 30 years. The Jean family settled at Thetford Mines, Quebec.

As a student at the University of Montreal, Jean received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Italian and Hispanic languages and literature and, from 1984 until 1986, taught Italian studies while completing a Master of Arts degree in comparative literature. A Master of Arts ( Latin: Magister Artium) is a Postgraduate academic Master's degree awarded by universities in a large Comparative literature (sometimes abbreviated "Comp lit" is critical scholarship dealing with the Literature of two or more different Linguistic Jean attended the University of Florence, the University of Perugia, and the Catholic University of Milan to continue her studies in language and literature. The University of Florence ( Università degli Studi di Firenze, UNIFI is one of the largest and oldest universities in Italy. University of Perugia ( Italian Università degli Studi di Perugia) is a public-owned university based in Perugia, Italy. The Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore ( Italian for "Catholic University of the Sacred Heart" is a university founded in 1921 Besides French and English, Jean is fluent in Spanish, Italian, and Haitian Creole and can read Portuguese. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Haitian Creole language ( kreyòl ayisyen) often called simply Creole or Kreyòl ( pronounced) is a language spoken in Haiti Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal.

While attending university, Jean worked at a shelter for battered women from 1979 until 1987. She later helped establish a network of shelters for women and children across Canada. Jean also worked in organizations that helped immigrants come to Canada and then later worked for Employment and Immigration Canada (now Human Resources and Skills Development Canada) and at the Conseil des Communautés culturelles du Québec, where Jean began writing about the experiences of immigrant women. The Department of Human Resources and Social Development, also referred to as Human Resources and Social Development Canada, is the department of the Government of [1]

Family

Jean is married to documentary film-maker Jean-Daniel Lafond. Jean-Daniel Lafond CC (born 1944 is a French -born Canadian filmmaker and the husband to Governor General Michaëlle They have a daughter, Marie-Éden, adopted from Haiti.

As Lafond was born in France and Marie-Éden was born in Haiti, the entire vice-regal family is of non-Canadian and non-Commonwealth birth, although all were born in, and now live in, countries that belong to La Francophonie. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. La Francophonie is an international organisation of French-speaking countries and governments and in French, the community of French-speaking peoples

Career

Jean was an award-winning reporter, filmmaker, and broadcaster, previously employed by Radio-Canada in 1988, where she worked as a reporter and then host of news and affairs programs such as Actuel, Montréal ce soir, Virages, and Le Point. Télévision de Radio-Canada is a Canadian French language Television network. In 1995, she anchored a number of programs for Réseau de l'information (RDI), Radio-Canada's all-news channel, such as Le Monde ce soir, l'Édition québécoise, Horizons francophones, Les Grands reportages, Le Journal RDI, and RDI à l'écoute. Réseau de l'information (RDI is a Canadian French language Cable television News channel operated by CBC/Radio-Canada In 1999, she was also asked by the English network, CBC Newsworld, to host The Passionate Eye and Rough Cuts, which broadcast the best in Canadian and foreign documentary films. CBC Newsworld is a Canadian English language Cable television specialty news channel owned and operated by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation The Passionate Eye is a Canadian television series which airs on CBC Newsworld. By 2004, she began her own show, Michaëlle, while continuing on Radio-Canada, hosting RDI's Grands reportages, as well as an occasional anchor of Le Téléjournal. Le Téléjournal is Radio-Canada's evening television newscast originating from Montreal, Quebec and the French language equivalent of the

She and Lafond have made several films, including the award-winning Haïti dans tous nos rêves ("Haiti in All Our Dreams"). In the film, she meets her uncle, the poet and essayist René Depestre, who fled from the Duvalier dictatorship into exile in France and wrote about his dreams for Haiti, to tell him Haiti awaits his return. René Depestre (born 29 August 1926) is a Haitian Poet and Communist. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. She has hosted and produced news and documentary programming for television on both the English and French services of the CBC.

Governor General

Announcement

In announcing the Queen's approval of Jean as his choice to succeed Clarkson, then-Prime Minister Martin said she "is a woman of talent and achievement. Her personal story is nothing short of extraordinary. And extraordinary is precisely what we seek in a Governor General — who after all must represent all of Canada to all Canadians and to the rest of the world as well. "[2]

Jean is Canada's first black Governor General, the second person without either a political or military background (after Adrienne Clarkson), the second person from a visible minority and (again after Clarkson), foreign-born (like Clarkson, and breaking tradition since Vincent Massey's appointment), the second person in an interracial marriage (again after Clarkson), the third woman (after Jeanne Sauvé and Clarkson), the fourth-youngest person (after Lord Lorne (33 years old in 1878), Lord Lansdowne (38 years old in 1883) and Edward Schreyer (43 years old in 1979), and the fourth journalist (after Sauvé, Roméo LeBlanc and Clarkson) to hold the position. Black Canadians', Caribbean Canadians, and African Canadians are designations used for people of Black African descent who reside in Adrienne Louise Clarkson PC CC CMM COM CD (born February 10 1939 is an accomplished Canadian journalist and stateswoman Charles Vincent Massey PC CC CH CD FRSC ( February 20, 1887 – December 30, Interracial marriage occurs when two people of differing racial groups marry, often creating Multiracial children Jeanne Mathilde Sauvé PC CC CMM CD (née Benoît ( April 26, 1922 – January 26, 1993 For other persons of the same name see John Campbell or Duke of Argyll. Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice 5th Marquess of Lansdowne, KG, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, PC ( London 14 January Edward Richard Schreyer PC CC CMM OM CD (born December 21, 1935) is a Canadian Roméo-Adrien LeBlanc PC CC CMM ONB CD (born December 18, 1927 in Memramcook, She is also the first Governor General to be born during the reign of Queen Elizabeth II. Her appointment also marked the first time that a child had lived in Rideau Hall since Edward Schreyer and his young family lived there in the early 1980s. Rideau Hall is since 1867, the Official residence of the Governor General of Canada, and of the monarch of Canada when in Ottawa. Jean had held dual citizenship; she applied to become a French citizen upon marrying her husband who also held Canadian and French citizenship. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( She renounced her French citizenship, however, on September 23, 2005, "in light of the responsibilities related to the function of Governor General of Canada and Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "[3]

Jean, in her first remarks after the announcement of her impending appointment, said she wanted to reach out to all Canadians, regardless of their background. Jean also made it a goal to reach out especially to Canadian youth and those who feel disadvantaged. Jean also encouraged all Canadians to become involved in community affairs.

On September 6, 2005, the Queen granted an audience to Jean and her family at Balmoral Castle. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Balmoral Castle is a large Estate house situated in the area of Aberdeenshire, Scotland known as Royal Deeside. Though it is standard for a governor general-designate to have an audience of the monarch before assuming office, this meeting was unique in that Jean's young daughter was present, marking the first time in the Queen's reign that a governor general-designate has brought her child to an audience.

Reaction

Controversy over recommendation

Soon after the announcement of Jean's recommendation for appointment, Prime Minister Martin was asked if the current political climate in Ottawa caused him to recommend that she be appointed by the Queen. Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. Martin denied that his was a political move to gain seats in Quebec, where the Liberal Party had lost 15 seats in the 2004 election. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political Until Jean's appointment, Jeanne Sauvé, who served from 1984 to 1990, was the last governor general to live in Quebec (though Jules Léger, who served from 1974 to 1979, was the last governor general born in Quebec). Jeanne Mathilde Sauvé PC CC CMM CD (née Benoît ( April 26, 1922 – January 26, 1993 Jules Léger PC CC ( April 4, 1913 &ndash November 22, 1980) was the Governor General of Canada

On August 11, 2005 The Globe and Mail reported that in a forthcoming article released early by the Quebec sovereigntist publication Le Québécois, author René Boulanger stated that Jean and her husband supported Quebec independence. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Globe and Mail is a Canadian English language nationally distributed Newspaper, based in Toronto and printed in six cities The Quebec sovereignty movement ( Mouvement souverainiste du Québec) is a political movement aimed at either attaining independent statehood ( Sovereignty) or some Le Québécois (ləkebəˈkwaː is a political Newspaper based in Quebec City. Boulanger also stated that Jean's spouse, Jean-Daniel Lafond, was friendly with former Quebec terrorists. [7]

Boulanger reported that he had often visited Jean's home, and that during one of these visits Lafond told him that Jacques Rose, a former member of the terrorist FLQ, had built a bookshelf for the couple. Jacques Rose (born 1947 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, was a member of the Chenier Cell of the Front de Libération The Front de libération du Québec ( Québec Liberation Front commonly known as the FLQ, and sometimes referred to as Front de libération Québécois Rose was a member of the FLQ cell which kidnapped and murdered Quebec Cabinet Minister Pierre Laporte. The Front de libération du Québec ( Québec Liberation Front commonly known as the FLQ, and sometimes referred to as Front de libération Québécois Pierre Laporte ( 25 February, 1921 &ndash 17 October, 1970) was a Canadian politician who was the Vice-Premier and Boulanger admitted that his statement was intended to cause English Canada to reject Michaëlle's candidature as the next Governor General. Following release of the article, Gilles Rhéaume, former president of the St-Jean Baptiste Society called on Jean to reveal how she voted in Quebec's 1995 referendum, which federalists won by a narrow majority. The Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society (French Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste) is an institution in Quebec. The Quebec sovereignty movement ( Mouvement souverainiste du Québec) is a political movement aimed at either attaining independent statehood ( Sovereignty) or some [8][9] Sovereigntists had a vested interest in causing a strong reaction in English Canada against francophone candidates which would alienate the public in Quebec. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk They had also been attempting to garner support amongst the francophone immigrant community, and a high profile federal appointment of this sort did not help their case.

Calls from a few members of parliament, and by some of the provincial premiers, for Jean and her husband to reveal their sympathies were met with a statement from the Prime Minister that the two had undergone a thorough background check by the RCMP and CSIS, as was standard procedure for appointment to such a high-profile position. The Canadian Security Intelligence Service ( CSIS) (Service canadien du renseignement de sécurité ( SCRS) is the primary Intelligence agency of the [10][11] Four days following this, the August 17 edition of La Presse contained the information that Jean had appeared in a video documentary toasting "to independence" in a Montreal bar with several hard-line separatists. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli In the video she made the statement: "Independence can't be given, it must be taken. " It was then later clarified that she had been speaking about Haiti, and not Quebec.

Michaëlle Jean greets concert attendees at the Ottawa Chamber Music Festival at Rideau Hall
Michaëlle Jean greets concert attendees at the Ottawa Chamber Music Festival at Rideau Hall

The same day, Jean responded to the controversy, with the following statement:

"I want to tell you unequivocally that both [Lafond] and I are proud to be Canadian and that we have the greatest respect for the institutions of our country. We are fully committed to Canada. I would not have accepted this position otherwise. . . . [We] have never belonged to a political party or the separatist movement. "

Following Jean's statement, Martin responded "There is no doubt in my mind that her devotion to Canada is longstanding and resolute", although some critics continued to argue that her response was still too vague. [12]

By late August, polls showed that there had been a 20% drop in support for the recommendation of Jean as the next Governor General. In response, the Hatian community voiced their support for Jean, even holding special church services in her honour. [13]

Another minor controversy concerned her French citizenship, which she acquired when she married Lafond. A section of the French civil code forbade French citizens from holding government or military positions in other countries, and, as Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces and as Governor General, Jean would hold both military and government positions; however, the law is rarely applied. A civil code is a systematic compilation of laws designed to comprehensively deal with the core areas of Private law. The French embassy stated that there was "no question" that the law would not be enforced in Jean's case. Still, on September 25, two days before her scheduled swearing-in, Jean made a statement renouncing her French citizenship, putting the controversy to rest. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France [14]

In an interview conducted in October 2005 Jean's husband affirmed that he and his wife were Québécois before they were Canadians.

Jean later said that her opponents had attempted to manufacture a controversy out of the lighthearted event in order to discredit her.

Investiture of the 27th governor general

At her investiture on September 27, 2005, Jean declared, "the time of the two solitudes [referring to Quebec and the rest of Canada] that for too long described the character of this country is past. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. " In her speech, described as "moving", Jean called for protection of the environment, the shielding of culture against globalization and an end to the marginalization of young people. According to one media account ". . . the pomp and circumstance of Canada's most significant state function were blended with humour, passion and even tears. "[15] Globe and Mail columnist, John Ibbitson, reflected the general captivation with the new governor general in the following way:

"[H]ere is this beautiful young Canadian of Haitian birth, with a smile that makes you catch your breath, with a bemused older husband by her side, and a daughter who literally personifies our future, and you look at them and you think: Yes, this is our great achievement, this is the Canada that Canada wants to be, this is the Canada that will ultimately make way for different cultural identities. John Ibbitson (born 1955 in Gravenhurst Ontario) is a Canadian writer and journalist "[16]

As Governor General

Michaëlle Jean's focus during her time as the Queen's representative was on breaking "solitudes" (in reference to the Two Solitudes), which is reflected in the motto on her coat of arms, Briser les solitudes, or "breaking down solitudes. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people " This mandate extended beyond simply the relationship between francophones and anglophones in Canada, to include relations between peoples of all racial, linguistic, cultural, and gender groups. The adjective francophone (alternately Francophone) means French -speaking typically as primary language whether referring to individuals groups or places An Anglophone (or anglophone) is someone who speaks the English language. Jean also focused strongly on the plight of women victims of violence, meeting with representatives of women’s organizations during each of her provincial, as well as foreign state, visits. [17]

Following a tradition for governors general, Jean's first months in the position saw her visiting some of Canada's provinces; the beginning of a series of visits to each province and territory. Where she went, crowds were large and welcoming, a marked contrast to the low approval levels shown in polls earlier. [18] On November 27, 2005, Jean attended the Grey Cup and presented the Cup, donated by previous Governor General Earl Grey in 1909, to the victorious Edmonton Eskimos. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Festivities A giant parade on the day before the Grey Cup wound through downtown Vancouver with Pamela Anderson at the lead Albert Henry George Grey 4th Earl Grey, GCMG, GCVO, PC (28 November 1851 &ndash 29 August 1917 was a British nobleman who was Governor The Edmonton Eskimos are a Canadian Football League team based in Edmonton Alberta. In the past, this function was often performed by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus

The following year, the vice-regal family undertook their first international trip, visiting Italy to attend the closing ceremonies of the 2006 Winter Olympics, where Canada was given the Olympic flag as the host of the next games in 2010, as well as to meet Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi in Torino, and Pope Benedict XVI at the Vatican. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Closing Ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics took place on February 26, 2006 beginning at 2000 CET (1900 UTC) at The President of the Italian Republic (Presidente della Repubblica Italiana is the Head of State of Italy, and as such is intended to represent national unity (born 9 December 1920) is an Italian politician and banker He was Prime Minister of Italy from 1993 to 1994 and was President from 1999 Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory

Returning to domestic duties, on April 17, 2006, while on a visit to the territory of Nunavut, Jean opened the annual Toonik Tyme Festival and announced her donation of eighty books written in Inuktitut, French and English to the Iqaluit Centennial Library in commemoration of Queen Elizabeth II's 80th birthday on April 21, 2006. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Nunavut (ˈnuːnəvʊt ( Inuktitut syllabics: ᓄᓇᕗᑦ is the largest and newest territory of Canada; it was separated officially from the Inuktitut ( Inuktitut syllabics: iu-Cans ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ ( fonts required literally "like the Inuit") is the name of the varieties of Iqaluit (iqaluit ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ in Inuktitut syllabics; often pronounced ɨˈkæljuːɨt in English is the territorial Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [19] The next month, on May 4, she became the first governor general to address the Alberta legislature, during her first official provincial visit there. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV The Legislative Assembly of Alberta is one of two components of the Legislature of Alberta, the other being the Lieutenant-Governor of Alberta. That visit preceded another to Saskatchewan, where Jean made stops in Regina, Fort Qu'Appelle and Qu'Appelle. Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Regina (rɨˈdʒaɪnə is the capital of Saskatchewan, Canada. Fort Qu'Appelle is a town located in the Qu'Appelle Valley in southern Saskatchewan, Canada Qu'Appelle Saskatchewan, is a small village (legally for historical reasons a Town) with considerable historic significance Jean participated in an historic private discussion with women chiefs and elders at Government House, following the Lieutenant Governor's luncheon. Government House, Regina Saskatchewan, was constructed as a residence for the Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Territories, whose Later in the same month, she attended the investiture of René Préval as President of Haiti, her first visit to her homeland in her vice-regal capacity. René Garcia Préval ( IPA: /ʀəne pʀeval/ (born January 17, 1943) is a Haitian politician and Agronomist who has been This page lists presidents and other heads of state of Haiti. She was greeted with enthusiasm in her hometown of Jacmel. Jacmel, ( Jakmèl in Kréyòl) also known by its indigenous name of Yaquimel, is a city in southern Haiti founded in 1698 [20]

Jean became the first governor general to launch an online chat with Canadians, on September 27, 2006. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. This initiative was part of a larger project: creating a website within the Governor General's domain name dubbed "Citizen Voices: Breaking Down Solitudes", where users could engage each other in blogs and discussion forums. A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages In Computer networking, a domain name is a name given to a collection of network devices that belong to a domain which is an administrative space managed according A blog (a contraction of the term " Web log " is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary descriptions of

Jean embarked on a trip consisting of five state visits to African countries - Algeria, Mali, Ghana, South Africa and Morocco - between November 18 and December 11, 2006. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali is a Landlocked nation in Western Africa. The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. She encouraged women's rights in each country she visited, stating that women in Islamic countries were "builders and doers", and that westerners should "look beyond the veil. "[21] On November 23, 2006, the tour took her to Mali where she was greeted by tens of thousands lining the highway, and where she was presented, in the town of Benieli, with a goat, replete with a Canadian flag on its collar. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali is a Landlocked nation in Western Africa. The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe The National Flag of Canada, also known as the Maple Leaf, and fr l'Unifolié ( French for "the one-leafed" is a red Flag [22] Male vendors in Mali also gave Canadian journalists gifts to be passed on to Jean, provided that she also be given their phone numbers. The gifts, and phone numbers, were deposited with the Rideau Hall Office of Protocol. [23] In a precedent-breaking move, on her Citizen Voices website, Jean personally explained the role of the Governor General in undertaking state visits, and the reason behind these particular visits throughout Africa. [24] She then continued to post, from Africa, her observations and feelings on her experiences on the continent.

In her capacity as acting Commander-in-Chief, on March 8, 2007, Jean made her first visit to Canadian troops taking part in the offensive in Afghanistan. In Canada Commander-in-Chief can refer to both the position of supreme commander of the Canadian Forces, and to the title granted to the Viceroy. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Canadian Forces (CF ( French: Forces canadiennes) are the unified Armed forces of Canada, governed by the National Defence Canada did not have a significant role in the first few months of the invasion of Afghanistan that began on October 7, 2001, and the first contingents Prior to this, the Governor General had stated her desire to visit the troops, but the Prime Minister, Stephen Harper, advised her not to go, citing security concerns over the Vice-regal being in the turbulent area; this was despite the fact that a number of Canadian politicians had already visited the region. The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Honorific prefixes --> Stephen Joseph Harper PC Jean landed on the same day two attacks against Canadian soldiers took place. [25] Jean had the arrival timed specifically for International Women's Day, stating: "the women of Afghanistan may face the most unbearable conditions, but they never stop fighting for survival. International Women's Day ( IWD) is marked on March 8 every year Of course, we, the rest of the women around the world, took too long to hear the cries of our Afghan sisters, but I am here to tell them that they are no longer alone. And neither are the people of Afghanistan. " Part of the Governor General's duties included a meeting with Afghan women, as well as Canadian soldiers, RCMP teams, humanitarian workers and diplomats. [26]

In early 2007 there was commentary about Jean's reduction, and even cancellation, of events she was attending. Though the initial explanation from Rideau Hall was fatigue on the part of the Governor General, later elaborations revealed that Jean had been suffering from Thyroid problems and she was relaxing at the recommendation of her doctor; Jean had previously been undertaking a hectic schedule, travelling to France for the 90th anniversary of the battle of Vimy Ridge, and then back to Trenton, Ontario, for the arrival of the bodies of six Canadian soldiers killed in Afghanistan. Rideau Hall is since 1867, the Official residence of the Governor General of Canada, and of the monarch of Canada when in Ottawa. The thyroid is one of the largest Endocrine glands in the body This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Battle of Vimy Ridge was a military offensive by the Canadian Corps against elements of the German Sixth Army in World War I. Trenton Ontario (2001 population 19374 is a community on the Bay of Quinte. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Her first function once recovered was to welcome László Sólyom, President of Hungary, on his state visit to Canada. László Sólyom (ˈlaːsloː ˈʃoːjom) (born on January 3 1942) is the President of Hungary, having overcome the governing Hungarian For Heads of State in the Kingdom of Hungary, see List of Hungarian rulers. [27] Following in the footsteps of her predecessor, His Royal Highness the Duke of Connaught, the then Governor General who opened the first expansion of the museum in 1914, Jean dedicated the new Michael Lee-Chin Crystal at the Royal Ontario Museum on June 1, 2007. The Prince Arthur Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (Arthur William Patrick Albert 1 May 1850 &ndash 16 January 1942) was a member of The Royal Ontario Museum, commonly known as the ROM, is a major Museum for world culture and Natural history in the city of Toronto The Royal Ontario Museum, commonly known as the ROM, is a major Museum for world culture and Natural history in the city of Toronto Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [28]

Controversy during tenure

The controversies that attached themselves to Jean prior to her appointment continued into the early months of her time as Governor General. At the October 12, 2005 National Press Gallery dinner, a jovial annual event akin to a roast in which Canadian politicians and reporters gather and by tradition make speeches satirizing one another, Jean stirred controversy when she referred jokingly to Parti Québécois leadership candidate André Boisclair's admitted cocaine use. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A roast, in North American English, is an event in which an individual is subject to publicly bearing comedic Insults praise outlandish true and untrue stories and The Parti Québécois ' is a Sovereignist Political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and André Boisclair (born April 14, 1966 in Montreal, Quebec) is a politician in Quebec, Canada. Cocaine ( benzoylmethyl ecgonine) is a Crystalline Tropane Alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the Coca plant [29] Also, during Remembrance Day ceremonies in Ottawa, on November 11, 2005, a handful of veterans turned their backs on the Governor General as her car drove up to the National War Memorial. Remembrance Day also known as Poppy Day, Armistice Day (the event it commemorates or Veterans Day is a day to commemorate the Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The protesters said they believed Jean and her husband were Quebec separatist sympathizers who worked to break up a country the veterans fought to defend. [30]

During the week of September 18, 2006 in an interview with the Canadian Press, speaking about an idea for subsidies for Canadians to visit other parts of the country, Jean stated that Quebecers "are sometimes very disconnected from the rest of Canada" and that it is affecting the country's unity. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Criticized by Quebec separatist politicians, including André Boisclair and Gilles Duceppe, she later clarified her statement by saying that Canadians from all provinces are disconnected from other parts of the country. André Boisclair (born April 14, 1966 in Montreal, Quebec) is a politician in Quebec, Canada. Gilles Duceppe, MP (born July 22, 1947) is a Quebec nationalist and Social democratic politician in Canada. [31][32] A September 26 editorial in the Montreal Gazette, however, supported Jean's statements on the divisions between Canada's peoples, and said that supporting national unity was a part of a governor general's mandate. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a The Gazette, often called the Montreal Gazette to avoid ambiguity is now the only English-language daily Newspaper published in Montreal, [33] Later that month, journalist Chantal Hébert stated that Jean had "been wading uncommonly deep in political territory over the past few months", citing the Governor General's criticism of Quebec sovereigntists, and her support for the mission of Canadian troops in Afghanistan, expressed in first year anniversary interviews. Chantal Hébert (born c 1955 is a Canadian Columnist and political commentator. [34]

This notion of Jean overstepping conventional boundaries continued into 2007 when contents of her speech given at a ceremony marking the 25th anniversary of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms were seen by some as a thinly veiled criticism of her Cabinet's decision to end the Courts Challenges Program, which had previously provided government money to non-profit groups for use in court challenges against the Crown. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (also known as The Charter of Rights and Freedoms or simply the Charter) is a Bill of rights entrenched in the The Cabinet of Canada (Cabinet du Canada plays an important role in the Government of Canada, in accordance with the Westminster System. [35] At the same time, the National Post published a piece in which a Rideau Hall staff member, interpretation and exhibition planner Fabienne Fusade, stated that Jean wished to make the royal residence a showcase for Canadian art so as to project a strong "Canadian image", which meant the removal of royal portraits. The National Post is a Canadian English-language national Newspaper based in Don Mills, Ontario, a district of Fusade called the portraits "anachronisms" and said they "did not fit any more with the current role of the Governor General. "[36] The editorial board the following day scolded Jean for her actions with Rideau Hall art, calling them a reflection of her attitude towards the Monarchy and Canadian history. [37] The statements also attracted admonishment from the Monarchist League of Canada. The Monarchist League of Canada is a national non-partisan non-profit organization whose mission is "to promote the understanding of and loyalty to the Canadian Crown These revelations led the Globe and Mail's Michael Valpy to pen a piece giving more light on the criticisms directed at the vice-regal couple, including Jean's supposedly lighter schedule in comparison to her predecessor's, her incomplete tour of all the provinces and territories of the country, and her invitation to potentially politically charged individuals, such as David Suzuki, to post on the Rideau Hall blog site. Michael Granville Valpy (born in Toronto August 13 1942 is an award-winning Canadian journalist and author David Takayoshi Suzuki CC OBC (born March 24 1936) is a Canadian Science broadcaster and Valpy also revealed that early in his time as prime minister, Stephen Harper was told by Alex Himelfarb, then the Clerk of the Privy Council: "Prime Minister, your biggest problem is in Rideau Hall", meaning Jean and her potential to be a "loose cannon. WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Honorific prefixes --> Stephen Joseph Harper PC Alexander "Alex" Himelfarb PhD (born 1947 is a senior Canadian Civil servant and former academic The Clerk of the Privy Council (Greffier du Conseil privé is the senior Civil servant in the government and the Secretary to the Canadian Cabinet. The expression " loose cannon " or " loose cannon on rolling deck " refers to an irresponsible and reckless individual whose behaviour (either intended or unintended "[38]

Arms

The personal arms of Michaëlle Jean
The personal arms of Michaëlle Jean

Following her installation as Governor General, Jean was granted a personal coat of arms by the Canadian Heraldic Authority, depicting her Haitian roots. Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people The Canadian Heraldic Authority (Autorité héraldique du Canada is part of the Canadian honours system under the Governor General of Canada. The shield shows a sand dollar, a special talisman for Jean, and the Crown symbolising her vice-regal authority. Sand dollars (order Clypeasteroida are flat round marine animals related to sea urchins ( Echinoids, sea stars and other echinoderms The crest is a shell in a broken chain, symbolising her ancestors' escape from slavery. The supporters are two Simbis, water spirits in Haitian culture. In Haitian Vodou, Simbi (also Sim'bi) is a large and diverse family of serpent Loa (Vodoun Spirit) from the West Central Africa / Kongo The motto is Briser les solitudes, which means Breaking down solitudes. Around the shield is the circlet of the Order of Canada, with its motto, Desiderantes meliorem patriam, which means They Desire a better Country. The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the order's Latin

Titles, honours and awards

Her full style and title in English is:

In French it is:

Shorthand titles

Honours

Commonwealth Realms
Country Award or order Class or position Year Citation
Canada		 Order of Canada Chancellor and Principal Companion 2005-present [39]
Canada		 Order of Military Merit Chancellor and Commander 2005-present [40]
Canada		 Order of Merit of the Police Forces Chancellor and Commander 2005-present [41]
Commonwealth Realms		 Order of St John Dame of Justice of the Order, Prior and Chief Officer in Canada 2005-present [42]
Canada		 Canadian Forces Decoration 2005-present
Canada		 Commemorative Medal for the Centennial of Saskatchewan 2006-present
Non-national Commonwealth Realms honours
Country Organization Award or position Year Citation
Canada		 Human Rights League of Canada Media Award 1989 [43]
Canada		 Fondation Mireille Lanctôt Prix Mireille-Lanctôt 1989 [43]
Non-national Francophonie honours
Country Organization Award or position Year Citation
La Francophonie Chevalier of the Order of La Pléiade 2003 [43]
Non-national foreign honours
Country Organization Award or position Year Citation
Switzerland Swiss Ambassador to Canada Prize of Excellence in French and Italian studies 1985

Honorary degrees

Military positions

Military Force Unit Position Year
Canadian Forces Commander-in-Chief of Canadian Forces 2005–present

See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. ^ CBC News: Indepth: Michaëlle Jean; October 11, 2005
  2. ^ Prime Minister of Canada: Announcement by Paul Martin of Michaëlle Jean's appointment; August 4, 2005
  3. ^ CBC News: New governor general to give up French citizenship; September 25, 2005
  4. ^ Conservative Party of Canada: Stephen Harper's remarks; August 4, 2005
  5. ^ Governor General of Canada: Message from Her Excellency the Right Honourable Adrienne Clarkson Governor General of Canada on the announcement of Michaëlle Jean as new Governor General Designate; August 4, 2005
  6. ^ New Democratic Party: Layton, NDP welcome Michaëlle Jean as new Governor-General; August 5, 2005
  7. ^ Peritz, Ingrid; Globe and Mail: Rideau Hall pick disappoints separatist hard-liners; August 11, 2005
  8. ^ Wyatt, Nelson; Globe and Mail: Separatist says 'Come clean, Jean'; August 11, 2005
  9. ^ CTV News: Canadian Press: GG-designate challenged on 1995 referendum vote; August 11, 2005
  10. ^ CBC News: New governor general must clarify sovereignty position, premiers say; August 12, 2005
  11. ^ Globe and Mail: Martin defends viceregal couple's loyalty; August 13, 2005
  12. ^ Prime Minister of Canada: Statement by Paul Martin
  13. ^ CBC News: Haitian community holds special church service for the governor general-designate; August 27, 2005
  14. ^ CBC News: New governor general to give up French citizenship; September 25, 2005
  15. ^ Thompson, Elizabeth; The Gazette: Passion and Tears: Jean Sworn In; September 28, 2005
  16. ^ Ibbitson, John; Globe and Mail: The remarkable new Governor-General; September 28, 2005
  17. ^ Canadian Press; CTV News: GG encourages dialogue to end domestic violence; May 16, 2007
  18. ^ CBC News: Hundreds greet new Governor General; October 18, 2005
  19. ^ Governor General of Canada: Her Excellency the Right Honourable Michaëlle Jean Speech on the Occasion of the Opening Ceremony of the Toonik Tyme Festival; April 17, 2006
  20. ^ CBC News: Governor General visits her family's hometown in Haiti; May 16, 2006
  21. ^ Panetta, Alexander; Toronto Star: Jean welcomed by 'brothers and sisters'; November 22, 2006
  22. ^ Canadian Press; Toronto Star: Malis gives GG thanks, and a goat; November 27, 2006
  23. ^ Panetta, Alexander; Toronto Star: Press in Mali gives Jean star treatment; November 25, 2006
  24. ^ Jean, Michaelle; BLOGG: Canada and Africa; November 19, 2006
  25. ^ Canadian Press; Toronto Star: GG visits Canadian troops; March 8, 2007
  26. ^ Governor General of Canada: Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of Canada undertakes first visit to Afghanistan
  27. ^ CBC News: Thyroid problem forced Governor General to miss work: office; April 26, 2007
  28. ^ Toronto Star: Inside the ROM crystal; June 1, 2007
  29. ^ CBC News: Governor General criticized by sister over Boisclair jokes; November 6, 2005
  30. ^ CTV News: Canadians honour war dead in solemn ceremony; November 11, 2005
  31. ^ LCN: Le Québec boude le Canada, déplore Michaëlle Jean; September, 2006
  32. ^ Canadian Press; Globe and Mail: Governor-General defends remarks on Quebec, September 25, 2006
  33. ^ Toronto Star: Exchanges bring two solitudes closer; September 27, 2006
  34. ^ Hébert, Chantal; Toronto Star: Will Jean thwart election call?; September 27, 2006
  35. ^ Editorial; Globe and Mail: Her Charter gaffe; April 19, 2007
  36. ^ Smythe, Julie; National Post: Rideau Hall's new look; April 7, 2007
  37. ^ Editorial; National Post; April 11, 2007
  38. ^ Valpy, Michael; Globe and Mail: 'Your biggest problem is Rideau Hall,' top bureaucrat warned Harper; April 24, 2007
  39. ^ Order of Canada
  40. ^ Order of Military Merit
  41. ^ Order of Merit of the Police Forces
  42. ^ Insignia Worn by the Governor General
  43. ^ a b c Her Excellency the Right Honourable Michaëlle Jean, C.C., C.M.M., C.O.M., C.D., Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of Canada
  44. ^ Osgoode Hall Law School Convocation conferring honorary degree on Her Excellency the Right Honourable Michaëlle Jean
  45. ^ Governor General of Canada: Her Excellency the Right Honourable Michaëlle Jean, Speech on the Occasion of the Presentation of an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Manitoba; June 5, 2007


Government offices
Preceded by
Adrienne Clarkson		 Governor General of Canada
2005 – present		 Incumbent
Order of precedence
Preceded by
The Queen		 Canadian order of precedence Succeeded by
Members of the Royal Family
other than the Queen[1]
Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A Commonwealth realm is any one of 16 sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that each have Elizabeth II as their respective Monarch The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the order's Latin The Order of Military Merit is an Order issued by Canada to members of the Canadian Forces, both Regular and Reserves who have demonstrated dedication The Order of Merit of the Police Forces is a Canadian order, established in October 2000 The Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem or Order of St John is a British -based royal order of Chivalry, and is The Canadian Forces Decoration is a Canadian Award bestowed upon members of the Canadian Forces who have completed twelve years of military service The Commemorative Medal for the Centennial of Saskatchewan also called the Saskatchewan Centennial Medal is a commemorative Medal struck to celebrate the first The Ligue des droits de l'homme (LDH " Human Rights League " is a French NGO founded on June 4, 1898 La Francophonie is an international organisation of French-speaking countries and governments and in French, the community of French-speaking peoples La Francophonie is an international organisation of French-speaking countries and governments and in French, the community of French-speaking peoples The Order of La Pléiade ( French: l'Ordre de la Pléiade de l'Association des parlementaires de langue française) named after La Pléiade, is the honour Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. For the university in Ottawa Kansas see Ottawa University. The University of Ottawa or Université d'Ottawa in French Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The University for Foreigners Perugia (Università per Stranieri di Perugia is a university located in Perugia, Italy. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Doctor of Letters ( Latin: Litterarum doctor; DLitt; or Litt D Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. See also Osgoode Hall for the downtown Toronto building that originally housed the law school Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, is York University (Université York is a public Research university located in Toronto, Ontario. Doctor of Laws ( Latin: Legum Doctor, LLD) is a Doctorate -level Academic degree in Law. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The University of Manitoba, in Winnipeg, Canada, is the largest university located in the province of Manitoba. Doctor of Laws ( Latin: Legum Doctor, LLD) is a Doctorate -level Academic degree in Law. In Canada Commander-in-Chief can refer to both the position of supreme commander of the Canadian Forces, and to the title granted to the Viceroy. TalkCommonewalth realm.-->The monarchy of The politics of Canada function within a framework of Constitutional monarchy and a federal system of parliamentary government with strong democratic Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Adrienne Louise Clarkson PC CC CMM COM CD (born February 10 1939 is an accomplished Canadian journalist and stateswoman The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II The Canadian order of precedence is a nominal and symbolic hierarchy of important positions within the Government of Canada TalkCommonewalth realm.-->The monarchy of
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