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Mi'kmaq
(one of the) Míkmaq State flags
Total population

40,000
Regions with significant populations
Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec), United States (Maine)
Languages
English, Míkmaq, French
Religions
Christianity, Mi'kmaq Traditionalism and Spirituality, others
Related ethnic groups
other Algonquian peoples
The Mi'kmaq
The Mi'kmaq

The Mi'kmaq ([miːgmaɣ]; (also spelled Míkmaq, Mi'gmaq, Mi'qmac, or formerly Micmac) are a First Nations or Native American people, indigenous to northeastern New England, Canada's Atlantic Provinces, and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Algonquian (also Algonkian, and pronounced both and) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Atlantic Canada, also known as the Atlantic provinces, is the region of Canada comprising four provinces located on the Atlantic coast: The Gaspésie (official name or also Gaspé Peninsula or the Gaspé is a Peninsula constituting part of the south shore of the Saint Lawrence Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk The word Mí'kmaw is an adjectival form of the plural noun for the people, Mí'kmaq.

The nation has a population of about 40,000 of whom approximately one-third still speak the Algonquian language L'nuí'simk which was once written in Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing and is now written using most letters of the standard Latin alphabet. The Algonquian (also Algonkian, and pronounced both and) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic Míkmaq hieroglyphic writing was a writing system and memory aid used by the Míkmaq.

In the Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador, October is celebrated as Mi'kmaq History Month and the entire Nation celebrates Treaty Day annually on October 1. Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.

Contents

Name

L’nu (plural "Lnu'k") is the self-recognized term for the Mi'kmaq of New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec and Maine, meaning "human being" or "the people". New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus [1]. The name "Mi'kmaq" comes from a word in their language meaning "allies". With constant use, the term "Micmac" entered the English lexicon and was used by the Lnu'k as well. Present-day Lnu’k linguists have standardized the writing of Lnui'simk for modern times, and "Mi'kmaq" is now the official spelling of the name.

Members of the Mi'kmaq First Nation historically referred to themselves as L'nu, but the Mi'kmaq's French allies, to whom the Mi'kmaq referred as Ni'kmaq, meaning "my kin", initially referred to the Mi'kmaq, (as is written in Relations des Jésuites de la Nouvelle-France) as "Souriquois" (the Souricoua River was a travel route between the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of St. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Relations des Jésuites de la Nouvelle-France, commonly abbreviated as the Jesuit Relations, are the annual reports which were issued by the superior Lawrence) or "Gaspesians". Over time their French allies and succeeding immigrating nations’ peoples began to refer to the Lnu'k as Nikmaq, (invariably corrupting the word to various spellings such as Mik Mak, Mic Mac, etc. ). The British originally referred to them as Tarrantines. The Tarrantines were an alliance of seafaring Native American bands in coastal Northeast America consisting of what are now known as Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, [2]

History

The Mi'kmaq were members of the Wapna'ki (Wabanaki Confederacy), an alliance with four other Algonquian nations: the Abenaki, Penobscot, Passamaquoddy, and Maliseet. The Waponahkiyik, known in English as the Wabanaki Confederacy, is a historical confederacy located in the Wabanaki (Dawnland area now called New The Algonquian (also Algonkian, and pronounced both and) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic The Abenaki ( or Abnaki) are a Tribe of Native American and First Nations people belonging to the Algonquian peoples The Penobscot (Panawahpskek are a sovereign people indigenous to what is now Maritime Canada and the Northeastern United States, particularly Maine. The Passamaquoddy ( Peskotomuhkati or Pestomuhkati in the Passamaquoddy language are a Native American Maliseet (or Wolastoqiyik) are a Wabanaki Native American / First Nations people who inhabit the Saint John River valley At the time of contact with the French (late 16th century), they were expanding from their maritime base westward along the Gaspé Peninsula /St. Lawrence River at the expense of Iroquioian Mohawk tribes, hence the Mi'kmaq name for this peninsula, Kespek ("last-acquired"). Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse Mohawk ( Kanienkeh, Kanienkehaka or Kanien’Kahake, meaning "People of the Flint" are an indigenous people of North America In 1610, Chief Membertou concluded their first alliance with Europeans, a concordat with the French Jesuits that affirmed the right of Mi'kmaq to choose Catholicism, Mi'kmaq tradition, or both. Henri Membertou (died 18 September 1611) was the sakmow (Grand Chief of the Mi'kmaq First Nations tribe situated near Port Royal The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described

The Mi'kmaq were allies with the French and were amenable to limited French settlement in their midst. After France lost political control of Acadia in 1710, the Mi'kmaq soon found themselves overwhelmed by British (English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh) who seized much of the land without payment and, in 1755, deported the French. The Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture ( ACADIA) is a Non-profit organization active in the area of Computer-aided architectural design British people, or Britons, are the native inhabitants of Great Britain and their descendants or citizens of the United Kingdom, of the The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate The Scots people ( Scots Gaelic: Albannaich) are a Nation and an Ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. The Welsh people ( Welsh: Cymro ("Welshman" Cymraes ("Welsh woman" Cymry ("Welshmen/women" Cymry Between 1725 and 1779, the Mi'kmaq signed a series of peace and friendship treaties with Great Britain, but none of these were land cession treaties. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands The nation historically consisted of seven districts, which was later expanded to eight with the ceremonial addition of Great Britain at the time of the 1749 treaty. Later the Mi'kmaq also settled Newfoundland as the unrelated Beothuk tribe became extinct. The Beothuk (biˈɒθʊk (also spelled Boeothuck, Beothuck, Boethuk, Boeothuk, and Boethuck) were the native inhabitants of the island Mi'kmaq representatives also concluded the first international treaty with the United States after its declaration of independence, the Treaty of Watertown. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4 1776 announcing that the thirteen American colonies then The Treaty of Watertown, the first foreign Treaty concluded by the United States of America after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, was signed

The Mi'kmaq territory was divided into seven traditional "districts". Each district had its own independent government and boundaries. The independent governments had a district chief and a council. The council members were band chiefs, elders, and other worthy community leaders. The district council was charged with performing all the duties of any independent and free government by enacting laws, justice, apportioned fishing and hunting grounds, made war, and sued for peace etc.

The Seven Mi'kmaq Districts are Kespukwitk, Sikepne'katik, Eski'kewaq, Unama'kik, Piktuk aqq Epekwitk, Sikniktewaq, and Kespe'kewaq.

In addition to the district councils, there was also a Grand Council or Sante' Mawio'mi. The Grand Council comprised of "Keptinaq" or Captains in English who were the district chiefs. Also Elders, the Putu's (Wampum belt reader, historian, and dealt with the treaties with the non-natives and other Native tribes), the women council, and the Grand Chief. The Grand Chief was a title given to one of the district chiefs, which was usually from the Mi'kmaq district of Unama'ki or Cape Breton Island. This title was hereditary and usually went to the Grand Chiefs eldest son. The Grand Council met on a little island on the Bras d'Or lake in Cape Breton called "Miniku" on a reserve today call Chapel Island or Potlotek. To this day the Grand Council still meet at the Miniku to discuss current issues within the Mi'kmaq Nation.


Mi'kmaq First Nation subdivisions

Mi'kmaq names in the table have all been spelled according to a several orthographies. The Mi'kmaq orthographies in use are Mí'kmaq hieroglyphs, the orthography of Silas Tertius Rand, the Pacifique orthography, and the most recent Smith-Francis orthography, which has been adopted by most of the Mi'kmaq First Nation. Míkmaq hieroglyphic writing was a writing system and memory aid used by the Míkmaq. Silas Tertius Rand ( May 18, 1810 - October 4, 1889) was a Canadian Baptist Clergyman Missionary, Ethnologist

Community Province/State Town/Reserve Est. Pop. Míkmaq name
Abegweit First Nation PE Scotchfort, Rocky Point, Morell 396 Epekwitk
Acadia NS Yarmouth 996 Malikiaq
Annapolis Valley NS Cambridge Station 219 Kampalijek
Aroostook Band of Micmac ME Presque Isle 920 Ulustuk
Bear River First Nation NS Bear River 272 L’setkuk
Buctouche First Nation NB Buctouche 80 Puktusk
Burnt Church First Nation NB Burnt Church 14 1,488 Eskinuopitijk
Chapel Island First Nation NS Chapel Island 576 Potlotek
Eel Ground First Nation NB Eel Ground 844 Natuaqanek
Eel River Bar First Nation NB Eel River Bar 589 Oqpíkanjik
Elsipogtog First Nation NB Big Cove 3000+ Lsipuktuk
Eskasoni First Nation NS Eskasoni 3,800+ We'kistoqnik
Fort Folly First Nation NB Dorchester 105 Amlamkuk Kwesawék
Micmacs of Gesgapegiag QC Maria 1,174 Keskapekiaq
Nation Micmac de Gespeg QC Fontenelle 490 Kespék
Glooscap First Nation NS Hantsport  ? Pesikitk
Indian Island First Nation NB Indian Island 145 L’nui Menikuk
Lennox Island First Nation PE Lennox Island 700 L’nui Mnikuk
Listuguj Mi'gmaq First Nation QC Listuguj Mi'gmaq First Nation 3,166 Listikujk
Membertou First Nation NS Sydney 1,051 Maupeltuk
Metepenagiag Míkmaq Nation NB Red Bank 527 Metepnákiaq
Miawpukek First Nation NL Conne River 2,366 Miawpukwek
Millbrook First Nation NS Truro 1400 Wékopekwitk
Pabineau First Nation NB Pabineau 214 Kékwapskuk
Paq’tnkek First Nation NS Afton 1 Paqtnkek
Pictou Landing First Nation NS Trenton 547 Puksaqtéknékatik
Indian Brook First Nation NS Indian Brook (Shubenacadie) 2,120 Sipekníkatik
Wagmatcook First Nation NS Wagmatcook 623 Waqmitkuk
Waycobah First Nation NS Whycocomagh 900 Wékoqmáq


Demographics

Year Population Verification
1500      4,500 Estimation
1600      3,000 Estimation
1700      2,000 Estimation
1750      3,000 Estimation
1800      3,100 Estimation
1900      4,000 Census
1940      5,000 Census
1960      6,000 Census
1972      9,800 Census
2000    20,000 Estimation

The pre-contact population is estimated at 50,000- 100,000. Abegweit is a Mi'kmaq First Nation on Prince Edward Island, Canada. Scotchfort (46º21'N 62º55'W is an unincorporated Canadian rural community in northeastern Queens County, Prince Edward Island, southwest of the village Morell is a Village located in Kings County in eastern Prince Edward Island just east of Bristol. Yarmouth is a town and major fishing and ferry port located on the Gulf of Maine in southwestern Nova Scotia, Presque Isle is the commercial center and largest city in the sparsely populated Aroostook County, Maine, United States. Bear River is a small village situated at the head of the Bear River Burnt Church Band or Burnt Church First Nation ( Míkmaq: Eskɨnuopitijk or Esgenoôpetitj Burnt Church is a Mi'kmaq First Nations reserve in Northumberland County, New Brunswick, Canada. The Eel Ground Band or Eel Ground First Nation is a Mi'kmaq First Nations community of about 800 people located on the Miramichi The Elsipogtog First Nation (ɛlzɪˈbʊktʊk formerly called the Big Cove Band, is a Mi'kmaq First Nation in New Brunswick The Elsipogtog First Nation (ɛlzɪˈbʊktʊk formerly called the Big Cove Band, is a Mi'kmaq First Nation in New Brunswick The Eskasoni First Nation is a First Nation in Nova Scotia, Canada. The Fort Folly First Nation is a Mi'kmaq First Nation located in New Brunswick, Canada. Dorchester (2006 population 1119 is a Canadian village in Westmorland County, New Brunswick. Hantsport is a rural Canadian town and seaport located in the western part of Hants County, Nova Scotia The Listuguj Mi'gmaq First Nation (in Francis-Smith orthography Listukuj Míkmaq) is a First Nations community with a registered population (2003 of 3152 members The Listuguj Mi'gmaq First Nation (in Francis-Smith orthography Listukuj Míkmaq) is a First Nations community with a registered population (2003 of 3152 members See also Sidney Sydney (2001 population 24115 is an urban community in Nova Scotia, Canada 's Conne River is a Canadian community in Bay d'Espoir on the island of Newfoundland. Conne River is a Canadian community in Bay d'Espoir on the island of Newfoundland. Truro (2006 population 11765; Urban area population 22777, conglomeration area population 45777 is a Town in Trenton is a town located in Pictou County, Nova Scotia. As of 2001 the population is 2798 Indian Brook 14 is a Mi'kmaq Indian Reserve located in Hants County Nova Scotia. Whycocomagh is small Canadian rural community in the province of Nova Scotia. In 1616, Father Biard believed the Mi'kmaq population to be in excess of 3,000, but he remarked that, because of European diseases, there had been large population losses during the 16th century. Smallpox, wars and alcoholism led to a further decline of the native population, which was probably at its lowest in the middle of the 17th century. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. Then the numbers grew slightly again, apparently stable during the 19th century. During the 20th century, the population was on the rise again. The average growth from 1965 to 1970 was about 2. 5%.

Notable Mi'kmaq

Ciara Loyer, played for the kickboxing team in British Columbia

Other

The spiritual capital of the Mi'kmaq nation is Mniku, the gathering place of the Mi'kmaq Grand Council or Sante' Mawio'mi, Chapel Island in the Bras d'Or Lakes of Cape Breton Island. Rita Joe PC, CM, LLD ( March 15, 1932 &ndash March 20, 2007) was a Mi'kmaq - Canadian "Donald Marshall" redirects here For the grand chief of the Mi'kmaq Nation see Donald Marshall Sr Chad Denny (born March 27, 1987 in Sydney, Nova Scotia) is a Canadian ice hockey defensemen currently playing for the Chicago Wolves The Atlanta Thrashers are a professional Ice hockey team based in Atlanta Georgia. Lionel Francis Little Eagle Pinn Jr (born 9 September, 1952 is a Native American Mi'kmaq writer Sandy McCarthy (born June 15 1972, Toronto Ontario) is a Canadian professional Ice hockey player The Calgary Flames are a Professional Ice hockey team based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team Sport played on Ice. Everett Sanipass (born February 13, 1968 in Big Cove, New Brunswick, Canada) is a retired Canadian Ice hockey forward. Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team Sport played on Ice. Sean McLaughlin was the Chief Meteorologist at MSNBC, joining the United States-based 24-hour cable news network in July 2004 Bras d'Or Lake (pronounced) is a large body of water dominating the centre of Cape Breton Island in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. Cape Breton Island ( French: île du Cap-Breton - formerly île Royale, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, The island is also the site of the St. Anne Mission, an important pilgrimage site for the Mi'kmaq. The island has been declared a historic site. [3]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Nova Scotia Museum's Mi'kmaq Portraits database
  2. ^ Lydia Affleck and Simon White. The Treaty of Watertown, the first foreign Treaty concluded by the United States of America after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, was signed The Elsipogtog First Nation (ɛlzɪˈbʊktʊk formerly called the Big Cove Band, is a Mi'kmaq First Nation in New Brunswick To commemorate the 400th Anniversary of the founding of the first French settlement in North America Canada Post issued a series of stamps to commemorate the event Our Language. Native Traditions. Retrieved on 2006-11-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration
  3. ^ CBCnews. Cape Breton Mi'kmaq site recognized

References

http://www.cmmns.com/KekinamuekPdfs/Ch2screen.pdf

Documentary film

External links

Dictionary

Mi'kmaq

-proper noun

  1. An Aboriginal people residing in the Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and Quebec, and in the U.S. cities of Boston and New York City.
  2. The polysynthetic Eastern Algonquian language spoken by this people, closely related to Maliseet and Passamaquoddy.

-adjective

  1. Of or pertaining to the Mi'kmaq people, language, or culture.
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