Metalworking is the craft and practice of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large scale structures. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across The term covers a wide range of work from large ships, bridges and oil refineries to delicate jewellery. It therefore includes a correspondingly wide range of skills and the use of many different types of metalworking processes and their related tools. A broader definition of a tool is an entity used to interface between two or more domains that facilitates more effective action of one domain upon the other
Metalworking is an art, hobby, industry, and trade. It relates to metallurgy, a science, jewellery making, an art-and-craft, and as a trade and industry with ancient roots spanning all cultures and civilizations. Metallurgy is a domain of Materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones Metalworking had its beginnings millennia in the past. At some imprecise point in the distant past humankind discovered that certain rocks now called ores could be smelted, producing metal. An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining Chemical reduction, or smelting, is a form of Extractive metallurgy. Further, they discovered that the metal product was malleable and ductile and thus able to be formed into various tools, adornments and put to other practical uses. Humans over the millennia learned to work raw metals into objects of art, adornment, practicality, trade, and engineering.
Contents |
Prehistory
Metalworking predates history.
No one knows with any certainty where or when metalworking began. The earliest technologies were impermanent to say the least and were unlikely to leave any evidence for long. The advance that brought metal into focus was the connection of fire and metals. Who accomplished this is as unknown as the when and where.
Not all metal required fire to obtain it or work it. Isaac Asimov speculated that gold was the "first metal. "[1] His reasoning is that gold by its chemistry is found in nature as nuggets of pure gold. In other words, only gold, as rare as it is, is found in nature as the metal that it is. There are a few exceptions as a result of meteors. All other metals are found in ores, a mineral bearing rock, that require heat or some other process to liberate the metal. Another feature of gold is that it is workable as it is found, meaning that no technology beyond eyes to find a nugget and a hammer and an anvil to work the metal is needed. Stone hammer and stone anvil will suffice for technology. This is the result of gold's properties of malleability and ductility. For malleability in Cryptography, see Malleability (cryptography. Ductility is a mechanical property used to describe the extent to which materials can be deformed plastically or "stretched" into "wires" without The earliest tools were stone, bone, wood, and sinew. They sufficed to work gold.
At some unknown point the connection between heat and the liberation of metals from rock became clear, rocks rich in copper, tin, and lead came into demand. These ores were mined where ever they were recognized. Remnants of such ancient mines have been found all over what is today the Middle East. [2] The end of the beginning of metalworking occurs sometime around 6000 BCE when copper smelting became common in the Middle East.
The ancients knew of seven metals. Here they are arranged in order of their oxidation potential:
- Iron +0. 44,
- Tin +0. 14
- Lead +0. 13
- Copper -0. 34
- Mercury -0. 79
- Silver -0. 80
- Gold -1. 50
The oxidation potential is important because it is one indicator of how tightly bound to the ore the metal is likely to be. As can be seen, iron is significantly higher than the other six metals while gold is dramatically lower than the six above it. Gold's low oxidation is one of the main reasons that gold is found in nuggets. These nuggets are relatively pure gold and are workable as they are found.
Copper ore, being relatively abundant, and tin ore became the next important players in the story of metalworking. Using heat to smelt copper from ore, a great deal of copper was produced. It was used for both jewelry and simple tools. However, copper by itself was too soft for tools requiring edges and stiffness. At some point tin was added into the molten copper and bronze was born. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Bronze was an important advance because it had the edge-durability and stiffness that pure copper lacked. Until the advent of iron, bronze was the most advanced metal for tools and weapons in common use.
Looking beyond the Middle East, these same advances and materials were being discovered and used the world around. China and Britain jumped into the use of bronze with little time being devoted to copper. Japan began the use of bronze and iron almost simultaneously. In the new world things were different. Although the peoples of the New World knew of metals, it wasn't until the arrival of Europeans that metal for tools and weapons took off. Jewelry and art were the principal uses of metals in the New World prior to European influence.
Around the date 2700 BCE, production of bronze was common in locales where the necessary materials could be assembled for smelting, heating, and working the metal. Iron was beginning to be smelted. Iron began its emergence as an important metal for tools and weapons. The Iron Age was dawning.
History
By the historical periods of the Pharaohs in Egypt, the Vedic Kings in India, the Tribes of Israel, and the Mayan Civilization in North America, among other ancient populations, precious metals began to have value attached to them. In some cases rules for ownership, distribution, and trade were created, enforced, and agreed upon by the respective peoples. By the above periods metalworkers were very skilled at creating objects of adornment, religious artifacts, and trade instruments of precious metals (non-ferrous), as well as weaponry usually of ferrous metals and/or alloys. These skills were finely honed and well executed. The techniques were practiced by artisans, blacksmiths, atharvavedic practitioners, alchemists, and other categories of metalworkers around the globe. blacksmith is a person who creates objects from Iron or Steel by Forging the Metal; i The Atharvaveda ( Sanskrit: अथर्ववेद atharvaveda, a Tatpurusha compound of {{IAST|atharvan}}, an ancient Rishi Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of For example, the ancient technique of granulation is found around the world in numerous ancient cultures before the historic record shows people traveled seas or overland to far regions of the earth to share this process that still being used by metalsmiths today.
As time progressed metal objects became more common, and ever more complex. The need to further acquire and work metals grew in importance. Skills related to extracting metal ores from the earth began to evolve, and metalsmiths became more knowledgeable. Metalsmiths became important members of society. Fates and economies of entire civilizations were greatly affected by the availability of metals and metalsmiths. Today modern mining practices are more efficient, but more damaging to the earth and to the workers that are engaged in the industry. Those that finance the operations are driven by profits per ounce of extracted precious metals. The metalworker depends on the extraction of precious metals to make jewellery, build more efficient electronics, and for industrial and technological applications from construction to shipping containers to rail, and air transport. Without metals, goods and services would cease to move around the globe on the scale we know today.
More individuals than ever before are learning metalworking as a creative outlet in the forms of jewellery making, hobby restoration of aircraft and cars, blacksmithing, tinsmithing, tinkering, and in other art and craft pursuits. Trade schools continue to teach welding in all of its forms, and there is a proliferation of schools of Lapidary and Jewelers arts and sciences at this- the beginning of the 21st Century AD.
See the article: Timeline of materials technology
General metalworking processes
Metalworking generally is divided into the following categories, forming, cutting, and, joining. BC 29000–25000 BC - First Ceramic appears 3rd millennium BC - Copper Metallurgy is invented and copper Each of these categories contain various processes.
Forming processes
These processes modify the shape of the object being formed by deforming the object, that is, without removing any material.
Forming is a collection of processes wherein the metal is rearranged into a specified geometry (shape) by:
- heating until molten, poured into a mold, and cooled,
- heating until the metal becomes plastically deformable by application of mechanical force,
- by the simple application of mechanical force.
Casting is an example of achieving a specific form by pouring molten metal into a mold and allowing it to cool. Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is (usually poured into a mold which Hot forging is an example of moving heated metal into a specific form by deforming it with tools such as hammers or hydraulic presses while the material is at forging temperature. Forging is the term for shaping metal by using localized compressive forces Drawing copper wire to a specific size is an example of forming by the use of mechanical tooling and mechanical force. Drawing is a Visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium
Casting
- Sand casting
- Shell casting
- Investment casting (called Lost wax casting in art)
- Die casting
- Spin casting
Plastic deforming
Powder forming
Sheet metal forming
- Bending :A calculated deformation of the metal from its original shape. A sand casting or a sand molded casting is a cast part produced by forming a mold from a sand mixture and pouring molten liquid metal into the cavity in Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is (usually poured into a mold which Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is (usually poured into a mold which Lost-wax casting, sometimes called by the French name of cire perdue, is the process by which a bronze is cast from an artist's sculpture in industrial uses the modern process Die casting is the process of forcing molten Metal under high pressure into mold cavities (which are machined into dies Spin casting or Centrifugal Rubber Mold Casting ( CRMC) is a method of utilizing Centrifugal force to produce castings from a rubber mold Forging is the term for shaping metal by using localized compressive forces Rolling is a fabricating process in which the Metal, Plastic, Paper, Glass, etc Extrusion is a process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile Metal spinning, or spin forming, is a Metal working process by which a disc or tube of Metal is rotated at high speed and formed into an axially Stamping is a Metalworking process by which Sheet metal strips are punched using a press tool which Raising is a Metalworking technique whereby Sheet metal is formed into a bowl or other hollow object by repeated sequences of hammering and annealing of Sintering is a method for making objects from powder, by heating the material (below its Melting point - solid state sintering until its particles adhere Bending is a common technique to process Sheet metal. It is usually done by hand on a box and pan brake, or industrially on a brake press or machine
- Drawing
- Pressing
- Spinning
- Flow turning
- Roll forming
- Wheeling using an English wheel (Wheeling machine)
Cutting processes
Cutting
Cutting is a collection of processes wherein material is brought to a specified geometry by removing excess material using various kinds of tooling leaving a finished part matching a set of specifications. Drawing is a Manufacturing process for producing a Wire, bar or Tube by pulling on a material until it increases in length Metal spinning, or spin forming, is a Metal working process by which a disc or tube of Metal is rotated at high speed and formed into an axially Roll forming, also spelled rollforming, is a continuous bending operation in which a long strip of Metal (typically coiled Steel) is passed through The English Wheel (or Wheeling Machine - British English usage is typically a manually operated Metalworking apparatus (used in Car restoration, NASCAR Conventional Machining, one of the most important material removal methods is a collection of material-working processes in which power-driven Machine tools, such as lathes The net result of cutting is two products, the waste or excess material, and the finished part. If this was a discussion of woodworking, the waste would be sawdust and excess wood. In cutting metals the waste is chips or swarf and excess metal. These processes can be divided into chip producing cutting, generally known as machining. Burning or cutting with an oxyfuel torch is a welding process not machining. There are also miscellaneous specialty processes such as chemical milling.
Cutting is nearly fully represented by:
- Chip producing processes most commonly known as machining
- Burning, a set of processes which cut by oxidizing a kerf to separate pieces of metal
- Specialty processes
Drilling a hole in a metal part is the most common example of a chip producing process. Drilling is the process of using a Drill bit in a Drill to produce cylindrical holes in solid materials such as wood or metal Using an oxy-fuel cutting torch to separate a plate of steel into smaller pieces is an example of burning. Concerning a. " for the verdict on this matter --> Oxy-fuel welding (commonly called oxyacetylene welding, oxy welding Chemical milling is an example of a specialty process that removes excess material by the use of etching chemicals and masking chemicals.
There are many technologies available to cut metal.
- Manual technologies: saw, chisel, shear or snips
- Machine technologies: turning, milling, drilling, grinding, sawing
- Welding/burning technologies: burning by laser, oxy-fuel burning, and plasma
- Erosion technologies:by water jet or electric discharge. A saw is a Tool that uses a hard blade or wire with an abrasive edge to cut through softer materials A chisel is a Tool with a characteristically shaped Cutting edge (such that wood chisels have lent part of their name to a particular grind) of blade on Tin snips are tools used to cut thin sheet metal There are two broad categories tinner snips which are similar to common scissors and compound leverage aviation snips which use a Turning is the process whereby a centre lathe is used to produce "solids of revolution" A milling machine is a Machine tool used for the shaping of Metal and other Solid Materials. Drilling is the process of using a Drill bit in a Drill to produce cylindrical holes in solid materials such as wood or metal A grinding machine is a Machine tool used for producing very fine finishes or making very light cuts using an abrasive wheel as the cutting device A saw is a Tool that uses a hard blade or wire with an abrasive edge to cut through softer materials A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission. Concerning a. " for the verdict on this matter --> Oxy-fuel welding (commonly called oxyacetylene welding, oxy welding This article is about the common Manufacturing process For various fictional weapons see Plasma rifle and Directed-energy weapon. Electrical Discharge Machining (or EDM) is a machining method primarily used for hard metals or those that would be impossible to machine with traditional techniques
Cutting fluid or coolant is used where there is significant friction and heat at the cutting interface between a cutter such as a drill or an end mill and the workpiece. Cutting fluids are various fluids that are used in Machining to cool and lubricate the cutting tool A coolant is a fluid which flows through a device in order to prevent its overheating transferring the heat produced by the device to other devices that utilize or dissipate it Coolant is generally introduced by a spray across the face of the tool and workpiece to decrease friction and temperature at the cutting tool/workpiece interface to prevent excessive tool wear. In practice there are many methods of delivering coolant.
Milling
Milling is the complex shaping of metal (or possibly other materials) parts, by removing unneeded material to form the final shape. A milling machine is a Machine tool used for the shaping of Metal and other Solid Materials. It is generally done on a milling machine, a power-driven machine that in its basic form is comprised of a milling cutter that rotates about the spindle axis (like a drill), and a worktable that can move in multiple directions (usually three dimensions [x,y,z axis] relative to the workpiece, whereas a drill can only move in one dimension [z axis] while cutting). A milling machine is a Machine tool used for the shaping of Metal and other Solid Materials. Milling cutters are cutting tools used in Milling machines or machining centres. A drill (from Dutch Drillen) is A table is a form of Furniture composed of a surface supported by a base usually four legs The motion across the surface of the workpiece is usually accomplished by moving the table on which the workpiece is mounted, in the x and y directions. Milling machines may be operated manually or under computer numerical control (CNC), and can perform a vast number of complex operations, such as slot cutting, planing, drilling and threading, rabbeting, routing, etc. The abbreviation CNC stands for computer numerical control, and refers specifically to a computer "controller" that reads G-code A milling machine is a Machine tool used for the shaping of Metal and other Solid Materials. Drilling is the process of using a Drill bit in a Drill to produce cylindrical holes in solid materials such as wood or metal A rabbet (also known as rebate) is a recess or groove cut into the edge of a piece of machineable material usually Wood. A router is a Woodworking Tool used to rout out (hollow out an area in the face of a piece of Wood. Two common types of millers are the horizontal miller and vertical miller.
Turning and threading
A lathe is a machine tool which spins a block of material so that when abrasive, cutting, or deformation tools are applied to the workpiece, it can be shaped to produce an object which has rotational symmetry about an axis of rotation, called Solids of Revolution. Metal lathe or metalworking lathe are generic terms for any of a large class of Lathes designed for precisely Machining relatively A machine tool is a powered mechanical device typically used to fabricate metal components of machines by Machining, which is the selective removal of metal An abrasive is a material often a Mineral, that is used to shape or finish a workpiece through rubbing which leads to part of the workpiece being worn away Knurling is a manufacturing process typically conducted on a lathe, whereby a visually-attractive diamond-shaped (criss-cross pattern is cut or rolled into metal Generally speaking an object with rotational symmetry is an object that looks the same after a certain amount of Rotation. A rotation is a movement of an object in a circular motion A two- Dimensional object rotates around a center (or point) of rotation Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include candlestick holders, table legs, bowls, baseball bats, crankshafts or camshafts. A candlestick, chamberstick, or single candelabrum is a holder for one or more Candles used for illumination rituals or decorative purposes Furniture is the Mass noun for the movable objects which may support the human body (seating furniture and beds, provide storage or hold objects on horizontal A bowl is a common open-top container used in many cultures to serve Food, and is also used for Drinking and storing other items A baseball bat is a smooth wooden or metal club used in the game of Baseball to hit the ball after the ball is thrown by the pitcher. The crankshaft, sometimes casually abbreviated to crank, is the part of an Engine which translates reciprocating Linear The camshaft is an apparatus often used in Piston engines to operate Poppet valves It consists of a cylindrical rod running the length of the Cylinder bank
The material may be held in place by a chuck or worked between one or two centers of which at least one can be moved horizontally to accommodate varying material lengths. A chuck is a specialised type of clamp used to hold rotating tools or materials In a metalworking lathe, metal is removed from the workpiece using a hardened cutting tool which is usually fixed to a solid moveable mounting called the "toolpost", this arrangement is then moved around the workpiece using handwheels and/or computer controlled motors. Metal lathe or metalworking lathe are generic terms for any of a large class of Lathes designed for precisely Machining relatively The term tool bit generally refers to a non-rotary cutting tool used in metal lathes, Shapers and planers. The main difference between the Milling Machine and the Lathe is that in the Milling Machine the tool is moving but in the Lathe, the work is moving. Modern CNC lathes can do secondary operations like milling in X,Y,Z direction by using driven tools also called live tools. When driven tools are used the work piece stops rotating and the driven tool executes the machining operation with a rotating cutting tool. Driven tools increase machining performance as all operations can be made in one set up in the CNC lathe.
Drilling and tapping
Drilling is the process of using a drill bit in a drill to produce holes. Drilling is the process of using a Drill bit in a Drill to produce cylindrical holes in solid materials such as wood or metal For the ficitonal character see Drill Bit (Transformers. Drill bits are cutting tools used to create cylindrical holes A drill (from Dutch Drillen) is Under normal usage, swarf is carried up and away from the tip of the drill bit by the fluting. Swarf (or turnings or chips are shavings and chippings of metal—the debris or waste resulting from Metalworking operations For the ficitonal character see Drill Bit (Transformers. Drill bits are cutting tools used to create cylindrical holes The continued production of chips from the cutting edges pushes the older chips outwards from the hole. This continues until the chips pack too tightly, either because of deeper than normal holes or insufficient backing off (removing the drill slightly [breaking the chip] or totally from the hole [clearing the bit] while drilling). Lubricants (or coolants) (i. e. cutting fluid) are sometimes used to ease this problem and to prolong the tool's life by cooling, lubricating the tip and improving chip flow. Cutting fluids are various fluids that are used in Machining to cool and lubricate the cutting tool
Taps and dies are tools commonly used for the cutting of screw threads in metal parts. Taps and dies are cutting tools used to create Screw threads in solid substances including but not limited to Metal, Wood, and Plastic. A screw thread is a helical or tapered structure used to convert between rotational and linear movement or force The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across A tap is used to cut a female thread on the inside surface of a predrilled hole, while a die cuts a male thread on a preformed cylindrical rod.
Grinding
Grinding uses an abrasive process to remove material from the workpiece. A grinding machine is a Machine tool used for producing very fine finishes or making very light cuts using an abrasive wheel as the cutting device Abrasive Machining is a manufacturing process where material is removed from a workpiece using a multitude of small Abrasive particles An abrasive is a material often a Mineral, that is used to shape or finish a workpiece through rubbing which leads to part of the workpiece being worn away A grinding machine is a machine tool used for producing very fine finishes, making very light cuts, or high precision forms using a abrasive wheel as the cutting device. A machine tool is a powered mechanical device typically used to fabricate metal components of machines by Machining, which is the selective removal of metal A grinding wheel is an expendable wheel that is composed of an Abrasive compound This wheel can be made up of various sizes and types of stones, diamonds or inorganic materials. In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin
The simplest grinder is a bench grinder or a hand-held angle grinder, for deburring parts or cutting metal with a zip-disc.
Grinders have increased in size and complexity with advances in time and technology. From the old days of a manual toolroom grinder sharpening endmills for a production shop, to today's 30000rpm CNC auto-loading manufacturing cell producing jet turbines, grinding processes vary greatly.
Grinders need to be very rigid machines to produce the required finish. Some grinders are even used to produce glass scales for positioning CNC machine axis. the common rule is the machines used to produce scales be 10 times more accurate than the machines the parts are produced for.
In the past grinders were used for finishing operations only because of limitations of tooling. Modern grinding wheel materials and the use of industrial diamonds or other made-made coatings (cubic boron nitride) on wheel forms have allowed grinders to achieve excellent results in production environments instead of being relegated to the back of the shop.
Modern technology has advanced grinding operations to include CNC controls, high material removal rates with high precision, lending itself well to aerospace applications and high volume production runs of precision components.
Joining processes
Welding
Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials usually Metals or Thermoplastics by causing coalescence. Fabrication, when used as an industrial term applies to the building of Machines, Structures or Process equipment for the chemical or fertilizer sector The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across A thermoplastic is a Plastic that Melts to a liquid when heated and freezes to a Brittle, very Glassy state when cooled sufficiently Coalescence is the process by which two or more droplets or particles merge during contact to form a single daughter droplet (or bubble This is often done by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material that cools to become a strong joint, but sometimes pressure is used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld. Pressure (symbol 'p' is the force per unit Area applied to an object in a direction perpendicular to the surface In Physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is Energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in Temperature
Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame, an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound. Fire is the heat and light energy released during a Chemical reaction, in particular a combustion reaction. An electric arc is an Electrical breakdown of a gas which produces an ongoing plasma discharge, resulting from a current flowing through normally nonconductive A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J Friction is the Force resisting the relative motion of two Surfaces in contact or a surface in contact with a fluid (e Not to be confused with Supersonic. Ultrasound is cyclic Sound pressure with a Frequency greater than the upper While often an industrial process, welding can be done in many different environments, including open air, underwater and in space. Underwater welding refers to a number of distinct Welding processes that are performed Underwater. Outer space, often simply called space, comprises the relatively empty regions of the Universe outside the escape velocities of Celestial bodies. Regardless of location, however, welding remains dangerous, and precautions must be taken to avoid burns, electric shock, poisonous fumes, and overexposure to ultraviolet light. "Electrocute" redirects here For the band see Electrocute (band. Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays
Brazing
Brazing is a joining process in which a filler metal is melted and drawn into a capillary formed by the assembly of two or more work pieces. Brazing is a joining process whereby a Filler metal or Alloy is heated to melting temperature above - or by the traditional definition in the United States Capillaries are the smallest of a body's Blood vessels measuring 5-10 μm in diameter which connect Arterioles and Venules and enable the interchange The filler metal reacts metallurgically with the workpiece(s) and solidifies in the capillary, forming a strong joint. Unlike welding, the work piece is not melted. Brazing is similar to soldering, but occurs at temperatures in excess of 450 degrees Celsius. Brazing has the advantage of producing less thermal stresses than welding, and brazed assemblies tend to be more ductile than weldments because alloying elements can not segregate and precipitate.
Brazing techniques include, flame brazing, resistance brazing, furnace brazing, diffusion brazing, and inductive brazing.
Soldering
Soldering is a joining process that occurs at temperatures below 449 Celsius. Soldering is a process in which two or more Metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint the filler metal having a relatively low It is similar to brazing in the fact that a filler is melted and drawn into a capillary to form a join, although at a lower temperature. Because of this lower temperature and different alloys used as fillers, the metallurgical reaction between filler and work piece is minimal, resulting in a weaker joint.
Hand fabrication
A wide variety of hand and small power tools are often used for metalworking, and an experienced machinist can fabricate almost any part using only hand tools, although it may require more time than with advanced machinery. A hand scraper is a single-edged tool used to scrape metal from a surface Metalworking hand tools are Hand tools that are used in the Metalworking field A machinist is a person who uses Machine tools to make or modify parts primarily Metal parts a process known as Machining. Many types of hand tools are used, including cutting and scraping tools to remove metal, impact tools to reshape metal, and a wide variety of tools for marking, positioning, or otherwise assisting the fabrication process.
Automatic center punch · Ball-peen hammer · Burr (cutter) · C-clamp · Clamp · Combination square · Die grinder · Drift pin · F-clamp · File · File card · Hacksaw · Hammer · Hand scraper · Machinist square · Magnetic base · Needlegun scaler · Pliers · Power tool · Punch · Rotary file · Rotary tool · Saw piercing · Scriber · Tap and die · Throatless shear · Tongs · Tube and pipe benders · Vise · Workbench · Wrench
Preparation and validation
Marking out
Marking out (also known as layout) is the process of transferring a design or pattern to a workpiece and is the first step in the handcraft of metalworking. Design is used both as a Noun and a Verb. The term is often tied to the various Applied arts and Engineering (See design disciplines A pattern, from the French patron, is a theme of recurring events or objects sometimes referred to as elements of a set It is performed in many industries or hobbies, although in the repetition industries the need to mark out every individual piece is eliminated.
In the metal trades area, marking out consists of transferring the engineer's plan to the workpiece in preparation for the next step, machining or manufacture. A technical drawing is a form of graphic communication This type of Drawing is used in the transforming of an idea into physical form
References
- ^ Asimov, Isaac: "The Solar System and Back", page 151 ff. Doubleday and Company,Inc. 1969.
- ^ Percy Knauth et al: "The Emergence of Man, The Metalsmiths", page 10-11 ff. Time-Life Books, 1974.
External links
- Metalworking newsgroup on Usenet (alternative free web access using Google Groups)
- Metal Matters online exhibit from the Smithsonian Institution. Usenet, a Portmanteau of "user" and "network" is a world-wide distributed Internet discussion system Google Groups is a free service from Google where groups of people have discussions about common interests The Smithsonian Institution (smɪθsoʊnɪən is an educational and research institute and associated Museum complex administered and funded by the Government of
- Society of American Silversmiths
- Machinist journal News, Case studies for machinists
- Modern Machine tools Machine tool Blog
- Elementary Knowledge of Metalworking
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic