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Messier 87
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
Constellation Virgo
Right ascension 12h 30m 49. The Messier objects are a set of Astronomical objects first listed by French astronomer Charles Messier in his "Catalogue des Nébuleuses In Astronomy, an epoch is a moment in time used as a reference for the Orbital elements of a Celestial body. In Astronomy, an epoch is a moment in time used as a reference for the Orbital elements of a Celestial body. In common usage a constellation is a group of celestial bodies that are connected together in some arrangement typically stars to form a visible figure or picture Virgo ( Virgin, symbol, Unicode ♍ is a Constellation of the Zodiac. Right ascension (abbrev RA; symbol α) is the Astronomical term for one of the two Coordinates of a point on the Celestial sphere 4s[1]
Declination +12° 23′ 28″[1]
Redshift 1307 ± 7 km/s[1]
Distance 52 ± 4 Mly (16. In Astronomy, declination (abbrev dec or δ) is one of the two coordinates of the Equatorial coordinate system, the other being either In Physics and Astronomy, redshift occurs when Electromagnetic radiation – usually Visible light – emitted or reflected by The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand The second ( SI symbol s) sometimes abbreviated sec, is the name of a unit of Time, and is the International System of Units A light-year or light year (symbol ly) is a unit of Length, equal to just under ten trillion Kilometres As defined by 1 ± 1. 2 Mpc)[2]
Type E0 pec[1]
Apparent dimensions (V) 8′. History The first direct measurements of an object at interstellar distances were undertaken by German Astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel in 1838 Galaxy morphological classification is a system used by Astronomers to divide galaxies into groups based on their visual appearance The angular diameter of an object as seen from a given position is the "visual diameter" of the object measured as an angle 3 × 6′. 6[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 9. The apparent magnitude ( m) of a celestial body is a measure of its Brightness as seen by an observer on Earth, normalized to the value 6[1]
Notable features Jet from nucleus
Other designations
Virgo A,[1] NGC 4486,[1] UGC 7654,[1] PGC 41316,[1] VCC 1316,[1] Arp 152[1]
See also: Galaxy, List of galaxies

Messier 87 (also known as M87, Virgo A or NGC 4486) is a giant elliptical galaxy. The New General Catalogue ( NGC) is the best-known catalogue of Deep sky objects in Amateur astronomy. The Uppsala General Catalogue of Galaxies (UGC is a catalogue of 12921 galaxies visible from the northern hemisphere The Catalogue of Principal Galaxies ( PGC) is an Astronomical catalogue published in 1989 that lists B1950 and J2000 Equatorial The Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies is a catalog of Peculiar galaxies produced by Halton Arp. A galaxy is a massive gravitationally bound system consisting of Stars an Interstellar medium of gas and dust, and Dark matter This is a list of notable galaxies. List 4C 3711 Abell 1835 IR1916 AM 0644-741 An elliptical galaxy is a Galaxy belonging to one of the three main classes of galaxy originally described by Edwin Hubble (whose name was dedicated The galaxy is the largest and brightest galaxy within the northern Virgo Cluster, located about 60 million light years away. The Virgo Cluster is a cluster of galaxies at a distance of approximately 59 ± 4 Mly (18 [3] The galaxy also contains a notable active galactic nucleus that is a strong source of multiwavelength radiation, particularly radio waves. An active galactic nucleus ( AGN) is a compact region at the centre of a Galaxy which has a much higher than normal luminosity over some or all of the Electromagnetic Radio waves are electromagnetic waves occurring on the Radio frequency portion of the Electromagnetic spectrum. [4] Since this is the largest giant elliptical galaxy near Earth and since it is one of the brightest radio sources in the sky, it is a popular target for both amateur astronomy observations and professional astronomy study. Amateur astronomy, a subset of Astronomy, is a Hobby whose participants enjoy studying and observing celestial objects M87 is estimated to have a mass, within 32 kpc of its center, of 2. 6 ± 0. 3 ×1012 M☉. The solar mass is a standard way to express Mass in Astronomy, used to describe the masses of other Stars and galaxies. [5]

Contents

Globular clusters

M87 is classified as a supermassive black hole. M87 has an unusually huge population (perhaps the greatest known around any one galaxy) of globular clusters as compared to the Milky Way's 150-200. A globular cluster is a spherical collection of Stars that orbits a galactic core as a Satellite. The Milky Way (a translation of the Latin Via Lactea, in turn derived from the Greek Γαλαξίας (Galaxias sometimes referred to simply A 2006 survey out to 25′ of its core estimates that there are 12,000 ± 800 globulars around M87. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [6]

Jet

In 1918, Lick Observatory astronomer Heber Curtis discovered a jet of matter coming from M87 which he described as "a curious straight ray". Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Lick Observatory is an astronomical Observatory, owned and operated by the University of California. Heber Doust Curtis ( June 27 1872 – January 9 1942) was an American Astronomer. This jet extends at least 5000 light-years from the nucleus of M87 and is made up of matter ejected from the galaxy, most likely by a black hole (a fact made more likely by the discovery of a disk of rapidly rotating gas around the nucleus of M87). A black hole is a theoretical region of space in which the Gravitational field is so powerful that nothing not even Electromagnetic radiation (e Astronomers believe that the black hole in this galaxy has a mass of approximately 3 billion (3×109) solar masses. Historically Astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky while Astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena The solar mass is a standard way to express Mass in Astronomy, used to describe the masses of other Stars and galaxies. M87 has also been found to be a strong source of X-rays. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. Its proximity means that it is one of the best studied radio galaxies. Radio galaxies and their relatives radio-loud Quasars and Blazars, are types of Active galaxy that are very luminous at radio wavelengths (up

Superluminal motion

In pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1999, the motion of M87's jet was measured at four to six times the speed of light. The Hubble Space Telescope ( HST; also known colloquially as "the Hubble" or just "Hubble" is a space telescope that was carried into Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) This motion is believed to be a visual result of the relativistic velocity of the jet, and not true superluminal motion. In Astronomy, superluminal motion is the apparently Faster-than-light motion seen in some radio galaxies, Quasars and recently also in some galactic However, detection of such motion supports the theory that quasars, BL Lac objects and radio galaxies may all be the same phenomenon, known as active galaxies, viewed from different perspectives. A quasar (contraction of QUASi-stellAR radio source) is an extremely powerful and distant Active galactic nucleus. A BL Lacertae object or BL Lac object is a type of Active galaxy with an Active galactic nucleus (AGN and is named after its prototype BL Lacertae Radio galaxies and their relatives radio-loud Quasars and Blazars, are types of Active galaxy that are very luminous at radio wavelengths (up An active galactic nucleus ( AGN) is a compact region at the centre of a Galaxy which has a much higher than normal luminosity over some or all of the Electromagnetic [7]

X-ray emitting loops and rings

Observations made by Chandra X-ray Observatory indicate the presence of loops and rings in the hot X-ray emitting gas that permeate the cluster and surround M87. The Chandra X-ray Observatory is a Satellite launched on STS-93 by NASA on July 23, 1999. These loops and rings are generated by pressure waves. The pressure waves are caused by variations in the rate at which material is ejected from the supermassive black hole in jets. A supermassive black hole is a Black hole with a Mass of an order of magnitude between 105 and 1 The distribution of loops suggests that minor eruptions occur every six million years. One of the rings, caused by a major eruption, is a shock wave 85,000 light-years in diameter around the black hole. Other remarkable features observed include narrow X-ray emitting filaments up to 100,000 light-years long, and a large cavity in the hot gas caused by a major eruption 70 million years ago. The regular eruptions prevent a huge reservoir of gas from cooling and forming stars, implying that M87’s evolution may have been seriously affected, preventing it from becoming a large Spiral galaxy. A spiral galaxy is a Galaxy belonging to one of the three main classes of galaxy originally described by Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work “The Realm of the The observations also imply the presence of sound waves: 56 octaves below middle C for the minor eruptions and 58 to 59 below middle C for the major eruptions. C or Do is the first Note of the fixed-Do Solfege. In Western Music, the expression " Middle C " refers to the note [8]

Gamma ray emissions

M87 is also a very good source of gamma rays, which are the most energetic rays of the electromagnetic spectrum; more than a million times as powerful as visible light. Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions Gamma rays coming from M87 have been observed since the late 1990s, but recently, using the HESS Cherenkov telescopes, scientists have measured the variations of the gamma ray flux coming from M87, and found that the flux changes over a matter of days. HESS-dark-fulljpg|thumb|All four telescopes in operation at night]] High Energy Stereoscopic System or H

It is generally accepted that the supermassive black hole located in the center of M87, holds a mass of several billion solar masses. A black hole is a theoretical region of space in which the Gravitational field is so powerful that nothing not even Electromagnetic radiation (e However, the fact that the variations can change over several days makes the immediate vicinity of the supermassive black hole in M87 (about the size of our solar system)[9] the most promising source of the gamma rays. The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity. In general, the smaller the diameter, the faster the variations, and vice versa.

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Results for NGC 4486. Retrieved on 2006-10-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
  2. ^ J. L. Tonry, A. Dressler, J. P. Blakeslee, E. A. Ajhar, A. B. Fletcher, G. A. Luppino, M. R. Metzger, C. B. Moore (2001). "The SBF Survey of Galaxy Distances. IV. SBF Magnitudes, Colors, and Distances". Astrophysical Journal 546 (2): 681-693. doi:10.1086/318301. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  3. ^ B. Binggeli, Bruno, G. A. Tammann, and A. Sandage, Astron. J. 94, 251 (1987).
  4. ^ W. Baade, R. Minkowski (1954). "On the Identification of Radio Sources". Astrophysical Journal 119: 215-231.  
  5. ^ Wu, Xiaoan; Tremaine, Scott (2006). "Deriving the Mass Distribution of M87 from Globular Clusters". The Astrophysical Journal 643 (1): 210-221. doi:10.1086/501515. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  6. ^ Tamura, Naoyuki; Sharples, Ray M. ; Arimoto, Nobuo; Onodera, Masato; Ohta, Kouji; Yamada, Yoshihiko (2006). "A Subaru/Suprime-Cam wide-field survey of globular cluster populations around M87 - I. Observation, data analysis and luminosity function". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Online Early.  
  7. ^ J. A. Biretta, W. B. Sparks, and F. Macchetto, Astrophys. J. 520, 621 (1999).; John Biretta (1999-01-06). Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Hubble detects faster-than-light motion in Galaxy M87. Space Telecsope Science Institute.
  8. ^ "Chandra Reviews Black Hole Musical: Epic But Off-Key", October 2006
  9. ^ Universe Today, Gamma Rays Pour From the Edge of a Supermassive Black Hole, October 2006
October 2006 was a month that began on a Sunday The month was marked by a nuclear test by North Korea that prompted that passing of Resolution 1718 October 2006 was a month that began on a Sunday The month was marked by a nuclear test by North Korea that prompted that passing of Resolution 1718
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