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Merneptah
Statue of Merenptah on display at the Egyptian Museum.
Statue of Merenptah on display at the Egyptian Museum. The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, known commonly as the Egyptian Museum, in Cairo, Egypt, is home to the most extensive collection of Ancient
Pharaoh of Egypt
Reign 1213-1203 BC,  19th Dynasty
Predecessor Ramesses II
Successor Seti II/Amenmesse
Royal titulary
Consort(s) Isisnofret, Takhat
Father Ramesses II
Mother Isisnofret
Died 1203 BC
Burial KV8

Merneptah (or Merenptah) was the fourth ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The creation of a reliable Chronology of Ancient Egypt is a task fraught with problems The Eighteenth Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title New Kingdom. Seti II (or Sethos II) was the fifth ruler of the Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt and reigned from 1203 BC - 1197 BC Amenmesse (also Amenmesses or Amenmose) was the 5th ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt, possibly the son of The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt Ra (pronounced Rah and sometimes as Rê, is an Ancient Egyptian sun god. The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt In Egyptian mythology, Ptah (also spelt Peteh) was the deification of the primordial mound in the Ennead Cosmogony, which was more literally The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt Prince Khaemweset (also translated as Khamwese, Khaemwese or Khaemwaset) was the fourth son of Ramesses II, and the second son by his queen Takhat was a daughter of Ramesses II and probably Henutmire. It is believed that she married Merneptah although Dodson proposes that she was an additional Isetnofret (or Isis-nofret or Isitnofret) ( Ancient Egyptian: "the beautiful Isis" was one of the Great Royal Wives of Pharaoh Tomb KV8, located in the Valley of the Kings, was used for the burial of Pharaoh Merenptah of Ancient Egypt 's Nineteenth Dynasty The Eighteenth Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title New Kingdom. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now He ruled Egypt for almost ten years between late July or early August 1213 to May 2, 1203 BC, according to contemporary historical records. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. [2] He was the thirteenth son of Ramesses II [3] and only came to power because all his older brothers, including his full brother Khaemwaset or Khaemwase, had predeceased him, by which time he was almost sixty years old. Prince Khaemweset (also translated as Khamwese, Khaemwese or Khaemwaset) was the fourth son of Ramesses II, and the second son by his queen His throne name was Ba-en-re Mery-netjeru, which means "The Soul of Ra, Beloved of the Gods". Ra (pronounced Rah and sometimes as Rê, is an Ancient Egyptian sun god.

Merneptah probably was the fourth child of Istnofret (Isisnofret), the second wife of Ramesses II, and he was married to Queen Istnofret (Isisnofret), his royal wife, who was likely his full sister bearing the name of their mother. Isetnofret (or Isis-nofret or Isitnofret) ( Ancient Egyptian: "the beautiful Isis" was one of the Great Royal Wives of Pharaoh It is presumed that Merneptah also was married to Queen Takhat and one of their sons would become the later nineteenth dynasty pharaoh, Seti II. Takhat was a daughter of Ramesses II and probably Henutmire. It is believed that she married Merneptah although Dodson proposes that she was an additional Seti II (or Sethos II) was the fifth ruler of the Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt and reigned from 1203 BC - 1197 BC They also were the parents of prince Merenptah and possibly the usurper, Amenmesse, and Queen Twosret, wife of Seti II and later pharaoh in her own right. Amenmesse (also Amenmesses or Amenmose) was the 5th ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt, possibly the son of Queen Twosret was the last known female king of Egypt of a local indigenous dynasty and the final Pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty.

Contents

Campaigns

Merneptah had to carry out several military campaigns during his reign, in year 5 he fought against the Libyans, who—with the assistance of the Sea Peoples—were threatening Egypt from the West. In the Military sciences a military campaign is a term applied to large scale, long duration significant Military strategy plan incorporating Ancient Libya was the region west of the Nile Valley. It corresponds to what is now generally called Northwest Africa. The Sea Peoples is the term used for a confederacy of seafaring raiders of the second millennium BC who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political Merneptah led a victorious six-hour battle year against a combined Libyan and Sea People force at the city of Perire, probably located on the western edge of the Delta. The Nile Delta ( Arabic: دلتا النيل) is the delta formed in Northern Egypt ( Lower Egypt) where the Nile River spreads His account of this campaign against the Sea Peoples and Libu is described in prose on a wall beside the sixth pylon at Karnak, which states:

"[Beginning of the victory that his majesty achieved in the land of Libya] -i, Ekwesh, Teresh, Lukka, Sherden, Shekelesh, Northerners coming from all lands. Located on the wall of the Cachette Court, in the Precinct of Amun-Re of the Karnak temple complex, in modern Luxor, the Great Karnak Inscription The Sea Peoples is the term used for a confederacy of seafaring raiders of the second millennium BC who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political The Libu ( R'bw, Ribou or Labu) were a tribe of Ancient Libyans first attested in ancient Egyptian texts from the The Karnak temple complex, universally known only as Karnak, describes a vast conglomeration of ruined temples chapels pylons and other buildings "

Later in the inscription Merneptah receives news of the attack:

". . . the third season, saying: 'The wretched, fallen chief of Libya, Meryey, son of Ded , has fallen upon the country of Tehenu with his bowmen---- Sherden, Shekelesh, Ekwesh, Lukka, Teresh, Taking the best of every warrior and every man of war of his country. He has brought his wife and his children ----- leaders of the camp, and he has reached the western boundary in the fields of Perire'"

In the Athribis Stele, in the garden of Cairo Museum, it states "His majesty was enraged at their report, like a lion", assembled his court and gave a rousing speech. Later he dreamed he saw Ptah handing him a sword and saying "Take thou (it) and banish thou the fearful heart from thee. " When the bowmen went forth, says the inscription, "Amun was with them as a shield. " After six hours the surviving Nine Bows threw down their weapons, abandoned their baggage and dependents, and ran for their lives. Merneptah states that he defeated the invasion, killing 6,000 soldiers and taking 9,000 prisoners. To be sure of the numbers, among other things, he took the penises of all uncircumcised enemy dead and the hands of all the circumcised, from which history learns that the Ekwesh were circumcised, a fact causing some to doubt they were Greek.

In a poetic form there is an account of the same events in the Merneptah Stele, widely known as the Israel Stele, which makes reference to the supposed utter destruction of Israel during campaign in his 6th year in Canaan: "Israel has been wiped out. The Merneptah Stele (also known as the Israel Stele or Victory Stele of Merneptah) is the reverse of a large granite stele originally erected by the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Canaanites redirects here For the 1940s social and political movement in Israel, see Canaanites (movement. . . its seed is no more. " This is the first recognised ancient Egyptian record of the existence of Israel--"not as a country or city, but as a tribe" or people. [4]

Succession

Merneptah was already an elderly man in his late 60s if not early 70s when he assumed the throne. [5] Merneptah moved the administrative center for Egypt from Piramesse (Pi-Ramesses), his father's capital, back to Memphis, where he constructed a royal palace next to the temple of Ptah. Avaris ( Egyptian: ħt wʕrt Hatwaret, Greek: αυαρις Auaris) located at Tell ed-Dab'a, was the ancient capital of the Memphis was the ancient capitol of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and of the Old Kingdom of Egypt from its foundation until around 2200 BC and In Egyptian mythology, Ptah (also spelt Peteh) was the deification of the primordial mound in the Ennead Cosmogony, which was more literally This palace was excavated in 1915 by the University of Pennsylvania Museum led by Clarence Fischer. The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology is an Archaeology and Anthropology museum that is part of the University of Pennsylvania

Naneferkaptah was the royal heir, being the son of his royal wife, Queen Istnofret (Isisnofret), but he, his wife, and their heir died before the death of Merneptah and the story survives in text. [6] Merneptah was succeeded by the son of Queen Takhat who then became his chosen successor, Seti II. Takhat was a daughter of Ramesses II and probably Henutmire. It is believed that she married Merneptah although Dodson proposes that she was an additional Seti II (or Sethos II) was the fifth ruler of the Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt and reigned from 1203 BC - 1197 BC However, Seti II's accession to the throne was not unchallenged: a rival king named Amenmesse who was either another son of Merneptah or, much less likely, of Ramesses II, seized control over Upper Egypt and Kush during the middle of Seti II's reign. Amenmesse (also Amenmesses or Amenmose) was the 5th ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt, possibly the son of Kush civilization centered in the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile, and the confluence of the River Atbara and Nile in what Seti was able to reassert his authority over Thebes in his fifth year, only after he overcame Amenmesse.

Mummy

Stone sarcophagus of Merneptah in KV8.
Stone sarcophagus of Merneptah in KV8. Tomb KV8, located in the Valley of the Kings, was used for the burial of Pharaoh Merenptah of Ancient Egypt 's Nineteenth Dynasty

Merneptah suffered from arthritis and arteriosclerosis in old age and died of natural causes after a reign which lasted for nearly a decade. Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation plural arthritides is a group of conditions involving damage to the Joints of the body Arteriosclerosis refers to a hardening of medium and large Arteries. Merneptah was originally buried within tomb KV8 in the Valley of the Kings, but his mummy was not found there. Tomb KV8, located in the Valley of the Kings, was used for the burial of Pharaoh Merenptah of Ancient Egypt 's Nineteenth Dynasty The Valley of the Kings ( Arabic: وادي الملوك Wadi Biban el-Muluk; "Gates of the King" is a Valley in Egypt where for A mummy is a Corpse whose Skin and Flesh have been preserved by either intentional or Incidental exposure to Chemicals extreme In 1898 it was located along with eighteen other mummies in the mummy cache found in the tomb of Amenhotep II (KV35) by Victor Loret. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Amenhotep II (sometimes read as Amenophis II and meaning Amun is Satisfied) was the seventh Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Tomb KV35 in the Valley of the Kings ( Luxor, Egypt) is the tomb of Amenhotep II. Victor Clement Georges Philippe Loret ( 1 September 1859 &ndash 3 February 1946) was a French Egyptologist. Merneptah's mummy was taken to Cairo and eventually unwrapped by Dr. G. Elliott Smith on July 8, 1907. Sir Grafton Elliot Smith, FRS FRCP ( August 15, 1871 in Grafton New South Wales, - January 1, 1937 in London Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Dr Smith commented that:

The body is that of an old man and is 1 meter 714 millimeters in height. Merenptah was almost completely bald, only a narrow fringe of white hair (now cut so close as to be seen only with difficulty) remaining on the temples and occiput. A few short (about 2 mill) black hairs were found on the upper lip and scattered, closely clipped hairs on the cheeks and chin. The general aspect of the face recalls that of Ramesses II, but the form of the cranium and the measurements of the face much more nearly agree with those of his [grand]father, Seti the Great. [7]

References

  1. ^ "King Merenptah", Digital Egypt, University College London (2001). Accessed 2007-09-29.
  2. ^ Jürgen von Beckerath, Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten, Mainz, (1997), pp. Jürgen von Beckerath (born 19 February 1920) is a prominent German Egyptologist. 190
  3. ^ Gae Callender, The Eye Of Horus: A History of Ancient Egypt, Longman Cheshire (1993), p. 263
  4. ^ Jacobus Van Dijk, "The Amarna Period and the Later New Kingdom" in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, ed. Ian Shaw, Oxford University Press (2000), p. Ian Shaw may refer to Ian Shaw (actor, a British actor Ian Shaw (Egyptologist, a lecturer at the University of Liverpool 302
  5. ^ Joyce Tyldesley, Ramesses: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh, Penguin Books (2001), p. Joyce Ann Tyldesley is a British archaeologist, academic and freelance writer 185
  6. ^ http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/1100egyptmagic.html Princess Ahura - The Magic Book papyrus
  7. ^ Grafton Elliot Smith, The Royal Mummies, Cairo (1912), pp. 65-70


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