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Mental health is a term used to describe either a level of cognitive or emotional wellbeing or an absence of a mental disorder. Cognition is a concept used in different ways by different disciplines but is generally accepted to mean the process of awareness or thought An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings thoughts and behaviours Quality of life is the degree of well-being felt by an individual or group of people Mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs in an individual and is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as [1][2] From perspectives of the discipline of positive psychology or holism mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life and procure a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience. Positive psychology is a recent branch of Psychology that "studies the strengths and Virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive Distinguish from the suffix -holism, which describes addictions Resilience in Psychology is the positive capacity of people to Cope with stress and catastrophe. [1]

The World Health Organization states that there is no one "official" definition of mental health. Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how "mental health" is defined. [3]

Contents

History

The treatment of mental disorders date back to medieval Muslim physicians from the 8th to 15th centuries. Mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs in an individual and is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as [4] An early concept of mental hygiene was introduced by the Muslim physician Abu Zayd al-Balkhi (d. 934), who often related it to spiritual health. Events By Place Asia The Goryeo army defeats Hubaekje forces in present-day Hongseong County. The English word " spirit " comes from the Latin " spiritus " (breath [5]

In the mid-19th century, William Sweetzer was the first to clearly define the term "mental hygiene". The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar [6] Isaac Ray, one of thirteen founders of the American Psychiatric Association, further defined mental hygiene as an art to preserve the mind against incidents and influences which would inhibit or destroy its energy, quality or development. Isaac Ray (1807-1881 was an American Psychiatrist, one of the founders of the discipline of Forensic psychiatry. The American Psychiatric Association (APA is the main Professional organization of Psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the [6]

At the beginning of the 20th century, Clifford Whittingham Beers founded the National Committee for Mental Hygiene and opened the first outpatient mental health clinic in the United States. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Clifford Whittingham Beers (1876 - 1943 was the founder of the American mental hygiene movement A clinic (or an outpatient clinic) is a small private or public health facility that is devoted to the care of Outpatients, often in a community in contrast The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [6][7]

Perspectives

Mental wellbeing

Mental health can be seen as a continuum, where an individual's mental health may have many different possible values. In Mathematics, the word continuum has at least two distinct meanings outlined in the sections below Mental wellness is generally viewed as a positive attribute, such that a person can reach enhanced levels of mental health, even if they do not have any diagnosable mental health condition. This definition of mental health highlights emotional well-being, the capacity to live a full and creative life, and the flexibility to deal with life's inevitable challenges. An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings thoughts and behaviours Creativity is a mental process involving the generation of new Ideas or Concepts, or new associations of the creative mind between existing ideas or concepts Many therapeutic systems and self-help books offer methods and philosophies espousing strategies and techniques vaunted as effective for further improving the mental wellness of otherwise healthy people. Positive psychology is increasingly prominent in mental health. Positive psychology is a recent branch of Psychology that "studies the strengths and Virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

A holistic model of mental health generally includes concepts based upon anthropological, educational, psychological, religious and sociological perspectives, as well as theoretical perspectives from personality, social, clinical, health and developmental psychology. Distinguish from the suffix -holism, which describes addictions Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Personality psychology studies personality based on theories of individual differences Social psychology is the study of how people and groups interact Clinical psychology includes the scientific study and application of Psychology for the purpose of understanding preventing Health psychology is concerned with understanding how Biology, behavior and social context influence Health and Illness. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and [8][9]

An example of a wellness model includes one developed by Myers, Sweeny and Witmer. It includes five life tasks — essence or spirituality, work and leisure, friendship, love and self-direction—and twelve sub tasks—sense of worth, sense of control, realistic beliefs, emotional awareness and coping, problem solving and creativity, sense of humor, nutrition, exercise, self care, stress management, gender identity, and cultural identity—are identified as characteristics of healthy functioning and a major component of wellness. Leisure or free time, is a period of Time spent out of work and essential domestic Activity. Friendship is a term used to denote co-operative and supportive behavior between two or more beings In Psychology, self-esteem reflects a Person 's overall evaluation or appraisal of her or his own worth Self-efficacy is the belief that one is capable of performing in a certain manner to attain certain goals Emotional Intelligence ( EI) often measured as an Emotional Intelligence Quotient ( EQ) describes an Ability, capacity Skill or (in A coping skill is a behavioral tool which may be used by individuals to offset or overcome Adversity, Disadvantage, or Disability without correcting or Problem solving forms part of thinking. Considered the most complex of all intellectual functions problem solving has been defined as higher-order Cognitive Creativity is a mental process involving the generation of new Ideas or Concepts, or new associations of the creative mind between existing ideas or concepts Humour or humor (see spelling differences) is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke Laughter and provide Amusement Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support Stress management encompasses techniques intended to equip a person with effective coping mechanisms for dealing with psychological stress, with stress defined as a person's Gender identity (or core gender identity) is a person's own sense of Identification as Male or Female. Cultural identity is the (feeling of identity of a group or Culture, or of an Individual as far as he or she is influenced by her belonging to a group The components provide a means of responding to the circumstances of life in a manner that promotes healthy functioning. [10]

Lack of a mental disorder

See also: Mental disorder

Mental health can also be defined as an absence of a major mental health condition. Mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs in an individual and is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as

Cultural and religious considerations

Mental health can be socially constructed and socially defined; that is, different professions, communities, societies and cultures have very different ways of conceptualizing its nature and causes, determining what is mentally healthy, and deciding what interventions are appropriate. In biological terms a community is a group of interacting Organisms sharing an environment. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic [11] Thus, different professionals will have different cultural and religious backgrounds and experiences, which may impact the methodology applied during treatment.

Many mental health professionals are beginning to, or already understand, the importance of competency in religious diversity and spirituality. A mental health professional is a person who offers services for the purpose of improving an individual's Mental health or to treat Mental illness. Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality The American Psychological Association explicitly states that religion must be respected. The American Psychological Association (APA is a professional organization representing psychologists in the U Education in spiritual and religious matters is also required by the American Psychiatric Association. Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality The American Psychiatric Association (APA is the main Professional organization of Psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the [12]

Mental health profession

Main article: Mental health professional

A number of professions have developed specializing in mental disorders, including the medical speciality of psychiatry, divisions of psychology known as clinical psychology, abnormal psychology, positive psychology, applied behavior analysis, behavior therapy, clinical or mental health social work, mental health counselors, marriage and family therapists, psychotherapists, counselors and public Health professionals. A mental health professional is a person who offers services for the purpose of improving an individual's Mental health or to treat Mental illness. The term profession is applied to those persons who have specialized and technical skill or knowledge which they apply for a fee to certain tasks that ordinary and unqualified people cannot Mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs in an individual and is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Psychiatry is a medical specialty which exists to study, prevent, and treat Mental disorders in Humans Psychiatric Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Clinical psychology includes the scientific study and application of Psychology for the purpose of understanding preventing Abnormal psychology is the interpretive and scientific study of abnormal thoughts and behavior in order to understand and correct abnormal patterns of functioning Positive psychology is a recent branch of Psychology that "studies the strengths and Virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive Applied behavior analysis ( ABA) is the science of applying experimentally derived principles of behavior to improve socially significant behavior Behaviour therapy is a form of Psychotherapy used to treat depression, Anxiety disorders, Phobias, and other forms of Psychopathology Social work is a discipline involving the application of Social theory and research methods to study and improve the lives of people groups and societies Family therapy, also referred to as couple and family therapy and family systems therapy, is a branch of Psychotherapy that works with families Psychotherapy is an Interpersonal, relational intervention used by trained psychotherapists to aid clients in problems of living Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Different clinical and academic professions tend to favor differing models, explanations and goals. [22]

See also

Related concepts

Related disciplines and specialties

References

Further reading

Notes

  1. ^ a b About. com (2006, July 25). Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler What is Mental Health?. Retrieved June 1, 2007, from http://mentalhealth.about.com/cs/stressmanagement/a/whatismental.htm
  2. ^ Princeton University. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. (Unknown last update). Retrieved June 1, 2007, from http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=mental%20health
  3. ^ World Health Report 2001 - Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope, World Health Organization, 2001
  4. ^ Ibrahim B. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", Journal of the Islamic Medical Association, 2002 (2), p. IMANA Logogif|frame|right|The IMANA Logo]] The Islamic Medical Association of North America ( "IMANA") is the largest Muslim medical organization in 2-9 [7-8].
  5. ^ Nurdeen Deuraseh and Mansor Abu Talib (2005), "Mental health in Islamic medical tradition", The International Medical Journal 4 (2), p. 76-79.
  6. ^ a b c Johns Hopkins University. (2007). Origins of Mental Health. Retrieved June 1, 2007, from http://www.jhsph.edu/dept/mh/about/origins.html
  7. ^ Clifford Beers Clinic. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. (2006, October 30). Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. About Clifford Beers Clinic. Retrieved June 1, 2007, from http://www.cliffordbeers.org/aboutus.htm
  8. ^ Witmer, J. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. M. ; Sweeny, T. J. (1992). "A holistic model for wellness and prevention over the lifespan". Journal of Counseling and Development 71: 140-148.  
  9. ^ Hattie, J. A. ; Myers, J. E. ; Sweeney, T. J. (2004). "A factor structure of wellness: Theory, assessment, analysis and practice". Journal of Counseling and Development 82: 354-364.  
  10. ^ Myers, J. E. ; Sweeny, T. J. ; Witmer, J. M. (2000). "The wheel of wellness counseling for wellness: A holistic model for treatment planning. Journal of Counseling and Development". Journal of Counseling and Development 78: 251-266.  
  11. ^ Weare, Katherine (2000). Promoting mental, emotional and social health: A whole school approach. London: RoutledgeFalmer, 12. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. ISBN 978-0415168755.  
  12. ^ Richards, P. S. ; Bergin, A. E. (2000). Handbook of Psychotherapy and Religious Diversity. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association, 4. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The American Psychological Association (APA is a professional organization representing psychologists in the U ISBN 978-1557986245.  
  13. ^ King, L. S. (1952) Is Medicine an Exact Science?. Philosophy of Science, 19, 131-140.
  14. ^ A, N. C. (1997). What is Psychiatry? The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 591-593.
  15. ^ American Psychiatric Association. (2006). About APA. Retrieved April 19, 2007, from http://www.psych.org/about_apa/
  16. ^ Princeton University. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. (2006). psychiatry. Retrieved April 19, 2007, from http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=psychiatry
  17. ^ South County Hospital Healthcare System. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. (2006). Glossary of Specialties. Retrieved April 19, 2007, from http://www.schospital.com/glossary.cfm
  18. ^ University of Melbourne. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. (2005, August 19). Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. What is Psychiatry?. Retrieved April 19, 2007, from http://www.psychiatry.unimelb.edu.au/info/what_is_psych.html
  19. ^ Stedman, T. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. (2005). Psychiatry. In Stedman's Medical Dictionary (28th Edition). Pennsylvania: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  20. ^ Stony Brook University Medical Center. (Unknown last update). Psychiatry. Retrieved April 19, 2007, from http://www.stonybrookhospital.com/index.cfm?id=1874#whatis
  21. ^ California Psychiatric Association. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. (2007, February 28). Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Frequently Asked Questions About Psychiatry & Psychiatrists. Retrieved April 19, 2007, from http://www.calpsych.org/publications/cpa/faqs.html
  22. ^ Rogers, A. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. & Pilgram, D. (2005) A Sociology of Mental Health and Illness, Open University Press, 3rd Edition. ISBN 0335215831

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