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For other meanings of Menander, see Menander (disambiguation). Menander may refer to Persons Menander, Greek dramatist Menander (general, general of Alexander the Great Menander
Bust of Menander.
Bust of Menander.

Menander (ca. 342–291 BC) (Greek: Μένανδρος), Greek dramatist, the best-known representative of Athenian New Comedy, was the son of well-to-do parents; his father Diopeithes is identified by some with the Athenian general and governor of the Thracian Chersonese known from the speech of Demosthenes De Chersoneso. Events By place Macedonia The Greek philosopher Aristotle, is invited by Philip II to his capital at Pella to tutor Events By place Greece Demetrius Poliorcetes joins his son Antigonus, in the siege of Thebes. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. Comedy was one of two principal dramatic forms in ancient Greece the other being Tragedy. Diopeithes (in Greek Διoπείθης; lived during the 4th century BC) was an Athenian general probably father of the poet Menander The Thracian Chersonese (in Greek Θρᾳκικὴ Χερσόνησoς) was the ancient name of the Gallipoli peninsula in the part of historic Thrace For the Athenian general see Demosthenes (general. For the ancient physician see Demosthenes Philalethes. He presumably derived his taste for comic drama from his uncle Alexis. Alexis ( Ancient Greek: c 375 BC &ndash c 275 BC was a Greek comic Poet of the Middle Comedy, born at Thurii and taken

Menander was the friend, associate, and perhaps pupil of Theophrastus, and was on intimate terms with the Athenian dictator Demetrius of Phalerum. Theophrastus ( Greek:; 371 – c 287 BC a Greek native of Eressos in Lesbos, was the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic Demetrius Phalereus (Δημήτριος Φαληρεύς also known as Demetrius of Phaleron (c He also enjoyed the patronage of Ptolemy Soter, the son of Lagus, who invited him to his court. For the astronomer see Ptolemy; for others named "Ptolemy" or "Ptolemaeus" see Ptolemy (disambiguation. see Laukaz for the rune Lagus ( Greek Λαγός; lived 4th century BC) from Eordaea was the father But Menander, preferring the independence of his villa in the Peiraeus and the company of his mistress Glycera, refused. Piraeus (pɪˈræʊs Πειραιάς, piɾeˈas Πειραιεύς, piɾeˈefs is a city in the periphery of Attica, Greece, and a Glycera (the sweet one was a popular name often used for Hellenistic Hetaerae ' held by The daughter of Thalassis and the mistress of Harpalus According to the note of a scholiast on the Ibis of Ovid, he drowned while bathing, and his countrymen honored him with a tomb on the road leading to Athens, where it was seen by Pausanias. Publius Ovidius Naso ( March 20, 43 BC – 17 AD was a Roman poet known to the English -speaking world as Ovid who wrote on many topics including Pausanias ( Greek:) was a Greek traveller and Geographer of the 2nd century CE, who lived in the times of Hadrian, Antoninus Numerous supposed busts of him survive, including a well-known statue in the Vatican, formerly thought to represent Gaius Marius. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory This article is about the Roman statesman who reorganized the army and was seven times Consul

Menander was the author of more than a hundred comedies, and took the prize at the Lenaia festival eight times. The Lenaia was an annual festival with a Dramatic competition but one of the lesser festivals of Athens and Ionia in Ancient Greece. His record at the City Dionysia is unknown but may well have been similarly spectacular. The Dionysia was a large religious festival in ancient Athens in honor of the god Dionysus, the central event of which was the performance of tragedies His rival in dramatic art (and supposedly in the affections of Glycera) was Philemon, who appears to have been more popular. Philemon (ca 362 BC – ca 262 BC was an Athenian poet and playwright of the New Comedy. Menander, however, believed himself to be the better dramatist, and, according to Aulus Gellius, used to ask Philemon: "Don't you feel ashamed whenever you gain a victory over me?" According to Caecilius of Calacte (Porphyry in Eusebius, Praeparatio evangelica) Menander was guilty of plagiarism, his The Superstitious Man being taken from The Augur of Antiphanes. Aulus Gellius (ca 125 AD—after 180 AD Latin author and grammarian possibly of African origin probably born and certainly brought up at Rome. Caecilius, of Calacte in Sicily, Greek Rhetorician flourished at Rome during the reign of Augustus. Porphyry of Tyre ( Greek:, c AD 233&ndashc 309 was a Phoenician Neoplatonic philosopher Plagiarism is the unauthorized use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as one's own original work But reworkings of this sort were commonplace, and the charge is a foolish one. Menander subsequently became one of the favorite writers of antiquity. How long complete copies of his plays survived is unclear, although twenty-three of them, with commentary by Michael Psellus, were said to still have been available in Constantinople in the 11th century. This article is about the 11th-century Byzantine historian and philosopher Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS He is praised by Plutarch (Comparison of Menander and Aristophanes) and Quintilian (Institutio Oratoria), who accepted the tradition that he was the author of the speeches published under the name of the Attic orator Charisius. Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (ca 35 – ca 100 was a Roman Rhetorician from Hispania, widely referred to in medieval schools of rhetoric and Flavius Sosipater Charisius (fl 4th century) was a Latin Grammarian.

An admirer and imitator of Euripides, Menander resembles him in his keen observation of practical life, his analysis of the emotions, and his fondness for moral maxims, many of which became proverbial: "The property of friends is common," "Whom the gods love die young," "Evil communications corrupt good manners" (from the Thaïs, quoted in 1 Corinthians 15:33). Euripides ( Ancient Greek:) (ca 480 BC–406 BC was the last of the three great tragedians of classical Athens (the other two being Aeschylus The First Epistle to the Corinthians is a book of the Bible in the New Testament. These maxims (chiefly monostichs) were afterwards collected, and, with additions from other sources, were edited as Menander's One-Verse Maxims, a kind of moral textbook for the use of schools.

The single surviving speech from his early play Drunkenness is an attack on the politician Callimedon, in the manner of Aristophanes, whose bawdy style was adopted in many of his plays. Aristophanes (Ἀριστοφάνης ˌærɪˈstɒfəniːz in English ca

Menander found many Roman imitators. The Eunuchus, Andria (comedy), Heauton Timorumenos and Adelphi of Terence (called by Caesar "dimidiatus Menander") were avowedly taken from Menander, but some of them appear to be adaptations and combinations of more than one play. Eunuchus (The Eunuch is a comedy written by the Roman playwright Terence featuring a complex plot of familial misunderstanding Andria ( English: The Girl from Andros) is a comedy by Terence, a Roman Playwright. Heauton Timorumenos (The Self-Tormentor is a play written by Publius Terentius Afer known in English as Terence, a dramatist of the Roman Republic. Publius Terentius Afer (195/185&ndash159 BC better known as Terence, was a Playwright of the Roman Republic. Thus in the Andria were combined Menander's The Woman from Andros and The Woman from Perinthos, in the Eunuchus, The Eunuch and The Flatterer, while the Adelphi was compiled partly from Menander and partly from Diphilus. Diphilus, of Sinope, was a poet of the new Attic comedy and contemporary of Menander ( 342 - 291 BC) The original of Terence's Hecyra (as of the Phormio) is generally supposed to be, not by Menander, but Apollodorus of Carystus. The Bacchides and Stichus of Plautus were probably based upon Menander's The Double Deceiver and Philadelphoi, The Brotherly-Loving Men, but the Poenulus, does not seem to be from The Carthaginian, nor the Mostellaria from The Apparition, in spite of the similarity of titles. Titus Maccius Plautus (c 254–184 BCE commonly known as Plautus, was a Roman Playwright. Caecilius Statius, Luscius Lavinius, Turpilius and Atilius also imitated Menander. Caecilius Statius, or Statius Caecilius (died 168 (or 166 BC was a Roman comic Poet. Atilius was the Nomen of the gens Atilia of ancient Rome. Marcus Atilius Regulus Calenus, consul 335 BC, the first He was further credited with the authorship of some epigrams of doubtful authenticity; the letters addressed to Ptolemy Soter and the discourses in prose on various subjects mentioned by the Suda are probably spurious.

Until the end of the 19th century, all that was known of Menander were fragments quoted by other authors and collected by Augustus Meineke (1855) and Theodor Kock, Comicorum Atticorum Fragmenta (1888). The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Johann Albrecht Friedrich August Meineke ( December 8, 1790 - December 12, 1870) German classical scholar was born at Soest in Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a These consist of some 1650 verses or parts of verses, in addition to a considerable number of words quoted from Menander by ancient lexicographers.

Contents

Twentieth century discoveries

This situation changed abruptly in 1907, with the discovery of the Cairo Codex, which contained large parts of the Girl from Samos; the Perikeiromene; the Men at Arbitration; a section of the Hero; and another fragment from an unidentified play. A fragment of 115 lines of the Sikyonian(s) had been found in the papier mache of a mummy case in 1906. Papier-mâché ( French for 'chewed-up paper' because of its appearance sometimes called paper-mâché, is a construction material that consists of pieces of

In 1959, the Bodmer papyrus was published contained Dyskolos, more of the Girl from Samos, and half the Shield. The Bodmer Papyri are a group of twenty-two Papyri discovered in Egypt in 1952 In the late 1960's, more of the Sikyonian was found as filling for two more mummy cases; this proved to be the drawn from same manuscript as the discovery in 1906, which had clearly been thoroughly recycled. [1]

Other papyrus fragments continue to be discovered and published.

Works

Standard Editions

The standard edition of the least-well-preserved plays of Menander is Kassel-Austin, Poetarum Comicorum Graecorum vol. Dyskolos ( translated as The Grouch, The Misanthrope, or Old Cantankerous) is an Ancient Greek comedy by Menander, the George Bernard Shaw ( (26 July 1856 &ndash 2 November 1950 was an Irish Playwright. Alexander Pope (21 May 1688 – 30 May 1744 is generally regarded as the greatest English Poet of the eighteenth century best known for his Satirical Marmara Ereğli is a town and district of Tekirdağ Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. Hercules is the Roman name for the Mythical Greek hero Heracles, son of Zeus and the mortal Alcmena. Samos (Σάμος is a Greek island in the North Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off For the modern municipality see Sikyona. Sicyon (Σικυών was an ancient Greek city situated in the northern Peloponnesus Trophonius (the Latinate spelling or Trophonios (in the transliterated Greek spelling was a Greek hero or daimon or God - it was VI. 2. For the better-preserved plays, the standard edition is now Arnott's 3-volume Loeb; a complete text of these plays is now being prepared by Colin Austin of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, for the Oxford Classical Texts series.

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ Menander: Plays and Fragments, tr. Norma Miller. Penguin 1987, p. 15
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