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Melencolia I
Albrecht Dürer, 1514
engraving, 31 × 26 cm

Melencolia I, sometimes known as Melancholia I (using the modern spelling) is an engraving by the German Renaissance master Albrecht Dürer. Albrecht Dürer (ˈalbʀɛçt ˈdyʀɐ ( May 21, 1471 &ndash April 6, 1528) was a German painter, Printmaker Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it Albrecht Dürer (ˈalbʀɛçt ˈdyʀɐ ( May 21, 1471 &ndash April 6, 1528) was a German painter, Printmaker It is an allegorical composition which has been the subject of very many interpretations. An allegory (from αλλος allos "other" and el αγορευειν agoreuein "to speak in public" is a figurative mode of representation One of the most famous old master prints, it has sometimes been regarded as forming one of a conscious group of meisterstreich with his Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513) and Saint Jerome in his Study (1514). An old master print is a work of art produced by a Printing process within the Western tradition (European or New World St Jerome in His Study (German Der heilige Hieronymus im Gehäus) is an Engraving of 1514 by the German artist Albrecht Dürer

It has been the subject of more modern interpretation than almost any other print,[1] including a two volume book by Peter-Klaus Schuster,[2] and a very influential discussion in his Dürer monograph by Erwin Panofsky. Erwin Panofsky (also spelled Irwin Panofsky) ( 30 March 1892 - 14 March 1968) was a German Jewish Art historian who emigrated [3] It should be noted that reproduction usually makes the image seem darker than it is in an original impression (copy) of the engraving, and in particular affects the facial expression of the female figure, which is rather more cheerful than in most reproductions. The title comes from the (archaically spelled) title, Melencolia I, appearing within the engraving itself. It is the only one of Dürer's engravings to have a title in the plate. The date of 1514 appears in the bottom row of the magic square, as well as above Dürer's monogram at bottom right. Suggestions that a series of engravings on the subject was planned are not generally accepted. Instead it seems more likely that the "I" refers to the first of the three types of melancholia defined by the German humanist writer Cornelius Agrippa. Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim ( September 14, 1486 – February 18 1535) was a German magician, Occult In this type, Melencholia Imaginativa, which he held artists to be subject to, 'imagination' predominates over 'mind' or 'reason'.

The most obvious interpretation takes the image to be about the depressive or melancholy state and accordingly explains various elements of the picture. Major depressive disorder, also known as major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, clinical depression, or simply depression Among the most conspicuous are:

Possible interpretations

Today it seems unlikely that all the pictorial elements in Dürer's Melencolia I could be satisfactorily unified to produce a single meaning. See also Rhombohedral - Crystal system What is a polyhedron? We can at least say that a polyhedron is built up from different kinds of element or entity each associated with a different number of dimensions An hourglass, also known as a sandglass, sand timer or sand clock, is a device for the measurement of Time. In Roman mythology, every man had a genius and every woman a juno ( Juno was also the name of the queen of the gods [6] Speculating about Durer's own intention is not an option as the possible connections between the scores of symbols are beyond anyone's grasp. The musical instrument is spelled Cymbal. A symbol is something --- such as an object, Picture, written word a sound a piece However some themes[2] have been shown to achieve a high degree of intelligible integration.

References

  1. ^ Dodgson, Campbell (1926). John Meredith Read ( July 21, 1797 – November 29, 1874) an American lawyer Albrecht Dürer. London: Medici Society, 94.   "The literature on Melancholia is more extensive than on any other engraving by Dürer: that statement would probably remain true if the last two words were omitted. "
  2. ^ a b Schuster, Peter-Klaus (1991). MELENCOLIA I: Durers Denkbild. Berlin: Gebr. Mann. Verlag, 17-83.  
  3. ^ a b Panofsky, Erwin; Klibansky, Raymond; Saxl, Fritz (1964). Erwin Panofsky (also spelled Irwin Panofsky) ( 30 March 1892 - 14 March 1968) was a German Jewish Art historian who emigrated Raymond Klibansky ( October 15, 1905 - August 5, 2005) was a German- Canadian academic formerly professor of philosophy at McGill Saturn and melancholy. New York: Basic Books, Inc.  
  4. ^ Weisstein, Eric W.. Eric W Weisstein (born March 18, 1969, in Bloomington Indiana) is an Encyclopedist who created and maintains MathWorld Dürer's Solid. Wolfram MathWorld. Retrieved on 2008-04-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date)
  5. ^ Weitzel, Hans. A further hypothesis on the polyhedron of A. Dürer, Historia Mathematica 31 (2004) 11
  6. ^ Balus, Wojciech (1994). "Dürer's "Melencolia I": Melancholy and the Undecidable". Artibus et Historiae 15 (30): 9-21. International Institute for Art Historical Research (IRSA). ISSN 0391-9064.  
  7. ^ Doorly, Patrick (2004-01-06). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Durer's Melencolia I: Plato's abandoned search for the beautiful. The Art Bulletin. Retrieved on 2008-04-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date)
  8. ^ Read, John. Interpretation of this Drawing. Alchemy Lab. Retrieved on 2008-04-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date)

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