Melchior Ndadaye (March 28, 1953 – October 21, 1993) was a Burundian intellectual and politician. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Burundi (buˈɾundi officially the Republic of Burundi, is a small country in the Great Lakes region of Eastern Africa bordered by Rwanda He was the first democratically elected and first Hutu president of Burundi after winning the landmark 1993 election. Burundi ’s second Multiparty presidential election since independence in 1962 was held on 1 June 1993. Though he moved to attempt to smooth the country's bitter racial divide, his reforms antagonised soldiers in the Tutsi-dominated army, and he was assassinated amidst a failed military coup in October 1993, after only three months in office. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) His assassination sparked an array of brutal tit-for-tat massacres between the Tutsi and Hutu ethnic groups, and ultimately sparked the decade-long Burundi Civil War. The Burundi Civil War was an armed conflict lasting from 1993 to 2005
Ndadaye was born in the town of Murama in Muramvya Province. Muramvya is one of the 17 provinces of Burundi. The capital is Muramvya. He began studying as a teacher, but his education was interrupted by the massacres of 1972, whereupon he was forced to flee to Rwanda to avoid being killed. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Republic of Rwanda (ruːˈændə or /rəˈwɑːndə/ in English ɾwanda or in Kinyarwanda is a small Landlocked country in the He finished his degree in education at the National University of Rwanda, and then completed a second degree in banking at the National Academy of Arts and Trades in France. The National University of Rwanda ( NUR; French Université nationale du Rwanda) is the largest University in Rwanda. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. He worked as a banker thereafter.
Ndadaye had become involved in politics while in Rwanda, serving as the inaugural president of the Mouvement des Étudiants Progressistes Barundi au Rwanda, a movement of exiled Burundian students from 1976 to 1979. The Republic of Rwanda (ruːˈændə or /rəˈwɑːndə/ in English ɾwanda or in Kinyarwanda is a small Landlocked country in the Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) He was involved in the foundation of the Burundi Workers' Party in 1979, and was actively involved in the party until his resignation in 1983 as a result of a dispute over party strategy. Burundi Workers' Party or UBU ( French: Parti des travailleurs du Burundi; Kirundi: Umugambwe wa'Bakozi Uburundi) was a clandestine Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Ndadaye returned to Burundi in September of that year, by which time he was developing a political following of his own.
Ndadaye had been a key leader of the Burundi Workers' Party, and it subsequently fell into decline after his departure, ultimately being disbanded in the mid-1980s. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. Although opposition parties were banned in Burundi itself under the rule of military dictator Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, in 1986, Ndadaye and his supporters founded a new underground political movement, the moderate Front for Democracy in Burundi (FRODEBU). Jean-Baptiste Bagaza (born 1946 was chairman of the Supreme Revolutionary Council in Burundi until November 10, Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) The Front for Democracy in Burundi ( French: Front pour la Démocratie au Burundi, FRODEBU) is a progressive Political party It remained underground until 1992, when Pierre Buyoya began a process of political liberalisation in advance of the country's first ever democratic elections and allowed the party to officially register. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Major Pierre Buyoya (born 24 November 1949) is a Burundi politician who has ruled Burundi twice from 1987 to 1993 and from 1996 to 2003 Burundi ’s second Multiparty presidential election since independence in 1962 was held on 1 June 1993.
The elections, held in June 1993, saw Ndadaye, endorsed by FRODEBU and three other predominately Hutu parties, the Rally for the People of Burundi (RPB), People's Party (PP), and the People's Party (PL), face up against the ruling Tutsi-dominated government under Buyoya. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The Rally for the People of Burundi (RPB is a Political party in Burundi. The People's Party (PP is a small Political party in Burundi. The Liberal Party (PL is a small centrist predominantly ethnic Hutu Political party in Burundi. With the Hutu the dominant population in Burundi, Ndadaye won a crushing victory, receiving 65% of the vote to Buyoya's 32%. The poll was certified by international observers as being free and fair, and none of the candidates contested the poll. It was followed by success for his party in the legislative elections held later that month, winning 65 of 81 seats. After surviving a failed coup attempt on July 3, Ndadaye was sworn in as President of Burundi on July 10, 1993. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. List of Rulers and Heads of State of Burundi (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Kingdom of Burundi Republic Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The victory made him both the first democratically elected and first Hutu president of Burundi.
Ndadaye took a cautious, moderate approach as President, and attempted to resolve the deep racial divide in Burundian society. He named Sylvie Kinigi, a female Tutsi, as the Prime Minister, and gave one third of the Cabinet posts and two regional governorships to Buyoya's Union for National Progress. Sylvie Kinigi (born 1952 was Prime Minister of Burundi from 10 July 1993 to 7 February 1994, the first and to date only The Union for National Progress ( French: Union pour le Progrès national, UPRONA is a Nationalist Political party in Burundi, receiving He freed political prisoners, granted freedom of the press, granted amnesty to exiled former dictator Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, and moved slowly to address the entrenched disadvantage of the Hutus that had resulted from many years of minority Tutsi rule, so as not to exacerbate tensions.
Despite his cautious approach to the presidency, some of his actions nevertheless provoked tensions in the community. He questioned contracts and concessions approved under previous Tutsi governments, which threatened the economics of the powerful Tutsi elite and army. He began reforms to the military, shifting the national police to a separate command and changing the admission requirements for the military and police so as to reduce the entrenched Tutsi dominance. The dominance of FRODEBU caused problems at a local level, as Ndadaye's Hutu supporters took over many positions previously held by Tutsis in the public service, and botched the resettlement of refugees returning after the 1972 massacres in such a way as to leave many Tutsi families homeless. These issues were exacerbated by the newly-free press, who began reporting in such a way as to inflame ethnic tensions.
Ndadaye's government was to be short-lived, however, as he was overthrown and killed in a military coup on October 21. Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. The exact events have never been clarified, but it appears that Ndadaye, Pontien Karibwami, the president of the National Assembly and Gilles Bimazubute, the vice-president of the National Assembly, were taken to an army barracks before dawn by supposedly loyal soldiers under the guise that there had been a mutiny by sections of the army and that they needed protection. The three, along with a number of other officials and cabinet members, were then executed, with Ndadaye bayonetted to death.
Ndadaye's death sparked severe ramifications across the country. The attempted coup rapidly failed, as Francois Ngeze, the civilian politician installed as temporary head of state, refused to support the coup leaders and called for Prime Minister Kinigi, who had survived the coup and was in hiding at the French embassy to assume control, a move soon backed by key military chiefs. François Ngeze was the head of state of Burundi from 21 October 1993 to 27 October 1993 Kinigi was thus appointed as acting president while a resolution to the constitutional crisis caused by the assassination of both the president and the president of the assembly was found. The United Nations Security Council condemned the assassination and coup, and was soon followed in doing so by the United Nations General Assembly. Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members Hutus across Burundi engaged in revenge attacks, with widespread massacring of Tutsi civilians, with the Tutsi-led army then retaliating. Many thousands of civilians on both sides were killed in the resulting carnage, with estimates varying but generally agreed to be above 100,000. The ongoing violence developed into the decade-long Burundi Civil War. The Burundi Civil War was an armed conflict lasting from 1993 to 2005
A United Nations investigation into Ndadaye's murder, the result of which was released in 1996, accused the army command of being responsible for the assassination and of being complicit in the resulting massacres by Tutsi troops. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) It did not name specific figures as being responsible, but Buyoya, Ndadaye's predecessor as president, has long been suspected of having some role in the assassination.
In 1999, as part of attempts to end the civil war, an array of arrests were made of those suspected of involvement in the Ndadaye assassination. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Five men, including the alleged ringleader, army officer Paul Kamana, were sentenced to death. 74 others received sentences ranging from one year to twenty years. Most of the high-ranking officials charged, however, were acquitted, in a verdict condemned by Ndadaye's supporters.
| Preceded by Pierre Buyoya |
Head of State of Burundi 1993 |
Succeeded by François Ngeze |
External links
Major Pierre Buyoya (born 24 November 1949) is a Burundi politician who has ruled Burundi twice from 1987 to 1993 and from 1996 to 2003 List of Rulers and Heads of State of Burundi (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Kingdom of Burundi Republic Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) François Ngeze was the head of state of Burundi from 21 October 1993 to 27 October 1993Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic