| Melbourne Victoria |
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 Melbourne's Central Business District and Southbank |
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| Population: | 3,806,092 [1] (2nd) | ||||||
| • Density: | 1566/km² (4055. Southbank is an Inner city suburb of Melbourne, Australia in the state of Victoria. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology This list of Australian cities by population briefly explains the three different population figures given for Australian cities and provides rankings for each Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 9/sq mi) (2006)[2] | ||||||
| Established: | 30 August 1835 | ||||||
| Area: | 2153 km² (831. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 3 sq mi) | ||||||
| Time zone:
• Summer (DST) |
AEST (UTC+10) | ||||||
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| LGA: | various (31) | ||||||
| County: | Bourke | ||||||
| State District: | various (54) | ||||||
| Federal Division: | various (23) | ||||||
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Melbourne (pronounced /ˈmelbən/) is the second most populous city in Australia, with a metropolitan area population of approximately 3. Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. Australian English is a non-rhotic variety of English spoken by most native-born Australians This list of Australian cities by population briefly explains the three different population figures given for Australian cities and provides rankings for each For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central 8 million (2007 estimate). [1]
Located around Port Phillip Bay in Australia's south-east, Melbourne is the state capital of Victoria. "Port Phillip" may also refer to a Local Government Area called the City of Port Phillip. There are eight capital cities in Australia, all of which function at a sub-national level A person from Melbourne is called a Melburnian. [3]
Melbourne is a major centre of commerce, industry and cultural activity. Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" The city is often referred to as Australia's 'sporting and cultural capital'[4] and it is home to many of the nation's most significant cultural and sporting events and institutions. It has been recognised as a gamma world city by the Loughborough University group's 1999 inventory. Loughborough University is a Campus university located in the Market town of Loughborough, Leicestershire, in the East Midlands [5] Melbourne is notable for its mix of Victorian and contemporary architecture, its extensive tram network and Victorian parks and gardens, as well as its diverse, multicultural society. The term Victorian architecture can refer to one of a number of Architectural styles predominantly employed during the Victorian era. Contemporary architecture is the architecture being made at the present time List of Melbourne tram routes The city of Melbourne, the second-largest city in Australia first had trams introduced in 1885 and is now home to the largest Tram The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games. The 1956 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVI Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event which was held in Melbourne The 2006 Commonwealth Games were held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia between 15 March and 26 March 2006
Melbourne was founded by free settlers in 1835, 47 years after the first European settlement of Australia, as a pastoral settlement situated around the Yarra River. Pastoral, as an adjective refers to the lifestyle of Shepherds and Pastoralists moving livestock around larger areas of land according to seasons and availability The Yarra River is a River in southern Victoria, Australia. The lower stretches of the river is where the city of Melbourne was established [6] Transformed rapidly into a major metropolis by the Victorian gold rush in the 1850s, 'Marvellous Melbourne' became Australia's largest and most important city by 1865,[7] but was overtaken by Sydney as the largest city in Australia during the early 20th century. A metropolis (from the Greek μήτηρ mētēr meaning 'mother' and πόλις pólis meaning 'city/town' is a big City, in most cases with The Victorian Gold rush was a period in the history of Victoria, Australia approximately between 1851 and the late 1860s Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 [8]
Melbourne served as the federal seat of government from the time of the new nation's federation in 1901, until Federal Parliament moved to the purpose-built capital, Canberra, in 1927. The federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South The Parliament of Australia or Commonwealth Parliament is the legislative branch of government of Australia. Canberra ( is the capital city of Australia With a population of over 340000 it is Australia's largest inland City. [9]
Contents |
History
- See also: Timeline of Melbourne history
- See also: History of Victoria
The area of the Yarra River and Port Phillip that is now Melbourne was originally inhabited by the Wurundjeri people of the Kulin nation. The Yarra River is a River in southern Victoria, Australia. The lower stretches of the river is where the city of Melbourne was established "Port Phillip" may also refer to a Local Government Area called the City of Port Phillip. The Wurundjeri are Indigenous Australians of the Kulin nation who occupied the Yarra River Valley and its tributaries in what is now Melbourne The Kulin alliance is one of the Indigenous Australian nations of Australia who lived in central Victoria Australia, around Port Phillip It is believed that the area was occupied by indigenous Australians for at least 40,000 years. Indigenous Australians are descendants of the first known human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. [6] The first British penal colony in the Port Phillip district was established in 1803 on Sullivan Bay, but this settlement was abandoned after a few months. Sullivan Bay lies 60 km due south of Melbourne on Port Phillip Bay, one km east of Sorrento Victoria. [10]
In May and June 1835, the area that is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by John Batman, a leading member of the Port Phillip Association, who negotiated a transaction for 600,000 acres (2,400 km²) of land from eight Wurundjeri chiefs. John Batman (born 21 January 1801 - 6 May 1839) was an Australian farmer and businessman who was The Port Phillip Association (originally the "Geelong and Dutigalla Association"] was an early nineteenth century investment and pastoral company [6] He selected a site on the northern bank of the Yarra River, declaring that "this will be the place for a village", and returned to Launceston in Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land). Launceston ( (short first vowel /ˈlɔːnsəstən/ is often incorrectly heard in other parts of Australia is a city in the north of the state of Tasmania, Australia Tasmania is an Australian island and state of the same name It is located south of the eastern side of the Continent, being separated from it by Bass Van Diemen's Land was the original name used by Europeans for the island of Tasmania, now part of Australia. However, by the time a settlement party from the Association arrived to establish the new village, a separate group led by John Pascoe Fawkner had already arrived aboard the Enterprize and established a settlement at the same location, on 30 August 1835. John Pascoe Fawkner ( 20 October 1792 – 4 September 1869) was an early pioneer businessman and politician of Melbourne, The topsail Schooner, Enterprize, was built in Hobart, Tasmania in 1829 by William Pender Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The two groups ultimately agreed to share the settlement. Batman's Treaty with the Aborigines was annulled by the New South Wales government (then governing all of eastern mainland Australia), which compensated the Association. Batman's Treaty was a Treaty made on 6 June 1835 between John Batman, Australian farmer and businessman and a group of Wurundjeri Annulment in the Catholic Church See also Annulment (Catholic Church In the Roman Catholic Church, a marriage is considered to be a valid contract [6] Although this meant the settlers were now trespassing on Crown land, the government reluctantly accepted the settlers' fait accompli and allowed the town (known at first by various names, including 'Bearbrass'[6]) to remain.
In 1836 Governor Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, and commissioned the first plan for the Hoddle Grid in 1837. The Hoddle Grid is the layout of the streets in the centre of the Central business district of Melbourne. The settlement was named Melbourne in the same year after the British Prime Minister William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, who resided in the village of Melbourne in Derbyshire. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom William Lamb 2nd Viscount Melbourne, PC, FRS (15 March 1779 &ndash 24 November 1848 was a British Whig Statesman who Melbourne is a Georgian Market town (population 5000 in South Derbyshire, England. History The area that is now Derbyshire was first visited probably briefly by humans 200000 years ago during the Aveley Interglacial as evidenced by a Middle Melbourne was declared a city by letters patent of Queen Victoria, issued on 25 June 1847. Letters patent are a type of Legal instrument in the form of an Open letter issued by a Monarch or Government, granting an office right Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common [11]
The state of Victoria was established as a separate colony in 1851 with Melbourne as its capital. With the discovery of gold in Victoria in the 1850s, leading to the Victorian gold rush, Melbourne grew rapidly, providing the majority of service industries and serving as the major port for the region. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 The Victorian Gold rush was a period in the history of Victoria, Australia approximately between 1851 and the late 1860s The city became a major finance centre, home to several banks and to Australia's first stock exchange (founded in 1861). A stock exchange, share market or bourse is a Corporation or Mutual organization which provides "trading" facilities for Stock During the 1880s Melbourne was one of the largest cities in the British Empire, and reputedly the richest city in the world. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. [12] During the decade of the 1880s, Melbourne hosted five international exhibitions. This period saw the construction of many high-rise Victorian buildings, Coffee Palaces, terrace housing, grand boulevards and gardens throughout the city. The term Coffee Palace was used in Australia to describe the Temperance hotels which were built during the period of the 1880s In Architecture and City planning, a terrace(d or row house or townhouse (though the latter term can also refer to Patio houses Examples of this Victorian architecture still abound in Melbourne. The term Victorian architecture can refer to one of a number of Architectural styles predominantly employed during the Victorian era. Journalist George Augustus Henry Sala, during an 1885 visit, coined the phrase 'Marvellous Melbourne' to describe the booming city, which stuck long into the twentieth century. George Augustus Henry Sala ( 24 November 1828 &ndash 8 December 1895) English Journalist, was born in London The twentieth century of the Common Era began on
The brash boosterism which typified Melbourne during this time came to a halt in 1891 when a world economic depression hit the city's economy, sending the finance and property industries into chaos. Boosterism is the act of "boosting" or promoting one's town city or organization with the goal of improving public perception of it In Economics, a depression is a term commonly used for a sustained downturn in one or more national economies The effects of the depression on the city were profound, although it did continue to grow slowly during the early twentieth century.
At the time of Australia's Federation on 1 January 1901, Melbourne was specified as the temporary seat of government and remained the national capital until 1927, when the Federal parliament was moved to the planned city of Canberra. The federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The seat of government is the location of the government for a political entity. Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital The Parliament of Australia or Commonwealth Parliament is the legislative branch of government of Australia. A new town, planned community or planned city is a City, Town, or Community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically Canberra ( is the capital city of Australia With a population of over 340000 it is Australia's largest inland City. The first Federal parliament was convened on 9 May 1901 in the Royal Exhibition Building. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The Royal Exhibition Building is located in Melbourne, Australia
Melbourne was the Allied Pacific Headquarters from 1942 to 1944 as General Douglas MacArthur established Australia as a launch base for Pacific operations. General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. During World War II, Melbourne industries thrived on wartime production and the city became Australia's leading manufacturing centre. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including After the war, Melbourne expanded rapidly, with its growth boosted by an influx of immigrants and the prestige of hosting the Olympic Games in 1956. Immigration to Australian continent is estimated to have begun around 50000 years ago when the ancestors of Australian Aborigines arrived on the continent via the islands of The 1956 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVI Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event which was held in Melbourne Australia's mining boom between 1969 and 1970 proved beneficial to Melbourne, with the headquarters of many of the major companies (BHP and Rio Tinto, among others) based in the city. Rio Tinto is a multinational Mining and resources group founded originally in 1873 Nauru's booming mineral economy fuelled several ambitious investments in Melbourne such as Nauru House. Nauru, officially the Republic of Nauru, is an Island nation in the Micronesian South Pacific. Nauru House (also called 80 Collins Street) is a landmark 52 storey building in downtown Melbourne Australia. Melbourne remained Australia's business and finance capital until the late 1970s, when it began to lose this primacy to Sydney. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 [13]
Melbourne experienced the worst of Victoria's economic slump between 1989 to 1992. In 1992 the newly elected Kennett Coalition government began a campaign to revive the economy with an aggressive development campaign of public works centred on Melbourne and the promotion of the city as a tourist destination with a focus on major events and sports tourism, attracting the Australian Grand Prix to the city. Jeffrey Gibb Kennett AC (born 2 March 1948 Australian politician was the Premier of Victoria from 1992 to 1999 The Coalition in Australian politics refers to a pragmatic grouping of Centre-right parties that has existed in the form of a coalition agreement since 1922 Public works are the construction or engineering projects carried out by the State on behalf of the Community. A tourist destination is a city town or other area that is dependent to a significant extent on the revenues accruing from Tourism. There are many different definitions of Sports Tourism, from those involving travel for the purpose of participating The Australian Grand Prix is a Formula One race that is part of the annual Formula One championship season Major projects included the Melbourne Museum, Federation Square, the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre, Crown Casino and CityLink tollway. The Melbourne Museum is located in the Carlton Gardens in Melbourne, Australia. Federation Square (also colloquially known as Fed Square) is a cultural precinct in the city of Melbourne, Australia. The Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre is the name for two buildings on opposite sides of the Yarra River in Southbank, a suburb of the Melbourne Crown Casino and Entertainment Complex is a Casino and entertainment precinct on the south bank of the Yarra River, in Melbourne, Australia Monash Freeway|Tullamarine Freeway|West Gate Freeway CityLink is a system of tolled urban Freeways in Melbourne, Victoria, Other strategies included the privatisation of some of Melbourne's services including power and public transport, and a reduction in funding to public services such as health and education.
Since 1997 Melbourne has maintained significant population and employment growth. There has been substantial international investment in the city's industries and property market, and 2006 figures from the Australian Bureau of Statistics show that since 2000 Melbourne has sustained the highest population and economic growth rate of any Australian capital city. Real estate is a legal term (in some jurisdictions notably in the USA, United Kingdom The Australian Bureau of Statistics ( ABS) is Australia 's national statistical agency. Economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time [14]
Geography
Topography
Melbourne is located in the south-eastern part of mainland Australia. The Melbourne city centre (referred to as The City or The CBD (Central Business District or more recently in planning parlance The CAD, or Central The City of Hobsons Bay is a Local Government Area located within the metropolitan area of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Williamstown ( is one of the oldest suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria. SkyHigh Mt Dandenong is a restaurant located on top of Mount Dandenong, Victoria Australia Mount Dandenong is a suburb and geographical area in Melbourne, Victoria Australia Mainland is usually the Continental part of a region as opposed to the Islands nearby Geologically, it is built on the confluence of Quaternary lava flows to the west, Silurian mudstones to the east[15] and Holocene sand accumulation to the southeast along Port Phillip. Overview The term Quaternary ("fourth" was proposed by Giovanni Arduino in 1759 for alluvial deposits in the Po river valley in northern Lava is molten rock expelled by a Volcano during an eruption When first expelled from a volcanic vent it is a Liquid at Temperatures The Silurian is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Ordovician period about 443 Mudstone (also called mudrock) is a fine grained Sedimentary rock whose original constituents were Clays or Muds Grain size is up The Holocene is a Geological epoch which began approximately 10000 years ago (about 8000 BC "Port Phillip" may also refer to a Local Government Area called the City of Port Phillip. The city's suburbs extend along the Yarra Valley toward the Yarra and Dandenong Ranges to the east, down towards the Mornington Peninsula and the city of Frankston, along the Maribyrnong River and its tributaries north towards the foothills of the Macedon Ranges, and along the flat volcanic plain country towards Werribee and Geelong to the south-west. The Yarra Valley is the name given to the region surrounding the Yarra River in Melbourne, Australia. The Shire of Yarra Ranges is a Local Government Area in Victoria, Australia, located in the outer eastern and northeastern suburbs of Melbourne The Dandenong Ranges are a set of low mountain ranges rising to 633 metres at Mount Dandenong, east of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The Mornington Peninsula is a Peninsula located south-east of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia, surrounded by Port Phillip, Western Frankston is a seaside suburb of Melbourne, in the state of Victoria, Australia. The Maribyrnong River rises about 50 km north of Melbourne Victoria (Australia, near Mount Macedon. The Shire of Macedon Ranges is a Local Government Area in Victoria, Australia, located in the central part of the state northwest of Melbourne Werribee is a city near Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Its local government area is the City of Wyndham. MCite/Citephp.--> Geelong (dʒəˈlɔŋ is the second largest city in the state
Environment
Melbourne has one of the highest urban footprints in the world due to its low density housing, suburban sprawl, and car dependence due to minimal public transport outside of the inner city. Much of the vegetation within the city are non-native species, most of European origin, and in many cases plays host to invasive species and noxious weeds. Introduced species|Weed Invasive species is a phrase with several definitions Many outlying suburbs, particularly those in the Yarra Valley and the hills to the nort-east and east, have gone for extended periods without regenerative fires leading to a lack of saplings and undergrowth in urbanised native bushland, the Department of Sustainability partially adresses this problem by regularly burning off. The Yarra Valley is the name given to the region surrounding the Yarra River in Melbourne, Australia. National parks nearby to the urban area include the Mornington Peninsula National Park, Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park and Point Nepean National Park in the south east, Organ Pipes National Park to the north and Dandenong Ranges National Park to the east. A national park is a reserve of land usually declared and owned by a national Government, protected from most Human development and pollution Mornington Peninsula is a national park in Victoria ( Australia) 77 km south of Melbourne on the Mornington Peninsula. The Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park comprises six separate sites with a combined area of 35 The Organ Pipes National Park is a 121-ha Protected area in Victoria, Australia, 23 km north-west of Melbourne. Dandenong Ranges National Park is in Victoria ( Australia) 38 km east of Melbourne. There are also a number of significant state parks just outside Melbourne.
Like many large cities, pollution in Melbourne presents a major problem. Responsibility for regulating polution falls under the jurisdiction of the EPA Victoria and several local councils. Air pollution, by world standards, is classified as being good, however summer and autumn are the worst times of year for atmospheric haze in the urban area. Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort [16]
The biggest current environmental issue facing Melbourne is the Victorian government project to deepen the channel to Melbourne Ports by dredging Port Phillip Bay is subject to controversy and strict regulations among fears that beaches and marine wildlife could be effected by the disturbance of heavy metals and other industrial sediments. [17] Other major pollution problems in Melbourne include levels of bacteria including E-coli in the Yarra River and its tributaries caused by septic systems[18] as well as high levels of pet feces and up to 350,000 cigarette butts entering the storm water runoff every day. The Yarra River is a River in southern Victoria, Australia. The lower stretches of the river is where the city of Melbourne was established Feces, faeces, or fæces (see spelling differences) is a waste product from an animal's digestive tract expelled through the Anus A cigarette ( French "small Cigar " from cigar + -ette) is a product consumed through Smoking and manufactured [19] Several programs are being implemented to minimise beach and river pollution.
Climate
| Climate chart for Melbourne | |||||||||||
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| temperatures in °C • precipitation totals in mm source: Bureau of Meteorology[20] |
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Imperial conversion
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Melbourne has a moderate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). An oceanic climate (also called marine west coast climate and maritime climate) is the Climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist [21] and is notorious for its changeable weather conditions. This is due in part to the city's flat topography, its situation on Port Phillip Bay, and the presence of the Dandenong Ranges to the east, a combination that creates weather systems that often circle the bay. "Port Phillip" may also refer to a Local Government Area called the City of Port Phillip. The Dandenong Ranges are a set of low mountain ranges rising to 633 metres at Mount Dandenong, east of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The phrase "four seasons in one day" is part of popular culture and observed by many visitors to the city. Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — [22]
Melbourne is colder than other mainland Australian capital cities in the winter. The lowest maximum on record is 4. 4 degrees Celsius, on July 4, 1901. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting [23] However, snowfalls are extremely rare: the most recent occurrence of sleet in the CBD was on July 25, 1986 and the most recent snowfalls in the Dandenongs were on August 10, 2005,[24] November 15, 2006 and December 25th 2006[25] There has not been a major snowfall in Melbourne since 1951, when moderate cover was recorded in both the CBD and suburbs. "Snowfall" redirects here For other uses see Snow (disambiguation or Snowfall (disambiguation. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) [26] More commonly, Melbourne experiences frosts and fog in winter. Frost is the solid deposition of Water vapor from saturated air Fog is a cloud that is in contact with the ground Stratus clouds are usually the only clouds that touch the ground
During the spring, Melbourne commonly enjoys extended periods of mild weather and clear skies. Melbourne is also known to have extremely hot, and dry summers, with maximum temperatures above 40 degrees Celsius. The hottest temperature on record was 45. 6 degrees Celsius on 13 January 1939 during a four-day nationwide heat wave. Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot Weather, which may be accompanied by high Humidity. [27] On 8 February 1983, the city was enveloped by a massive dust storm, which turned day to night. The Melbourne Dust storm was a Meteorological phenomenon
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Yearly | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean number of rain days | 8. 3 | 7. 4 | 9. 3 | 11. 5 | 14. 0 | 14. 2 | 15. 1 | 15. 6 | 14. 8 | 14. 3 | 11. 8 | 10. 5 | 146. 7 | |
| Mean number of clear days | 6. 3 | 6. 3 | 5. 7 | 4. 4 | 3. 0 | 2. 5 | 2. 7 | 2. 9 | 3. 4 | 3. 6 | 3. 5 | 4. 4 | 48. 5 | |
| Mean number of cloudy days | 11. 2 | 9. 7 | 13. 4 | 14. 9 | 18. 0 | 16. 8 | 17. 2 | 16. 8 | 15. 7 | 16. 4 | 15. 1 | 14. 2 | 179. 5 | |
| Source: Bureau of Meteorology | ||||||||||||||
Urban structure
- See also: Buildings and architecture of Melbourne and Melbourne parks and gardens
The original city (known today as the central business district or CBD) is laid out in the 1 mile (1. A central business district ( CBD) is the commercial and often geographic heart of a city 6 km) by half mile (0. 8 km) Hoddle Grid, its southern edge fronting onto the Yarra. The Hoddle Grid is the layout of the streets in the centre of the Central business district of Melbourne. The city centre is well known for its historic and attractive lanes and arcades (the most notable of which are Block Place and Royal Arcade) which contain a variety of shops and cafes. Block Arcade is a heritage shopping arcade in Melbourne Victoria. Royal Arcade is a heritage shopping arcade in the central business district of Melbourne Victoria. [28] The CBD and surrounds contain many historic buildings such as the Royal Exhibition Building, the Melbourne Town Hall and Parliament House. The Royal Exhibition Building is located in Melbourne, Australia Melbourne Town Hall is the central municipal building of the City of Melbourne, Australia, in the state of Victoria. Parliament House in Melbourne has been the seat of the Parliament of Victoria, Australia, since 1855 except for the years 1901 to 1927 when it was occupied Although the area is described as the centre, it is not actually the demographic centre of Melbourne at all, due to an urban sprawl to the south east, the demographic centre being located at Bourne St, Glen Iris. Urban sprawl, also known as suburban sprawl, is the spreading of a city and its Suburbs over rural land at the fringe of an urban area Glen Iris ( postcode 3146 is a Suburb of Melbourne, Australia. [29]
Melbourne is typical of Australian capital cities in that after the turn of the century, it expanded with the underlying notion of a 'quarter acre home and garden' for every family, often referred to locally as the Australian Dream. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. A garden is a planned space usually outdoors set aside for the display cultivation and enjoyment of Plants and other forms of Nature. The Australian Dream or Great Australian Dream is a belief that in Australia, home ownership can lead to a better life and is an expression of success and Much of metropolitan Melbourne is accordingly characterised by low density sprawl. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central The provision of an extensive railway and tram service in the earlier years of development encouraged this low density development, mostly in radial lines along the transport corridors. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another
Melbourne is often referred to as Australia's garden city, and the state of Victoria was once known as the garden state. There is an abundance of parks and gardens in Melbourne, many close to the CBD with a variety of common and rare plant species amid landscaped vistas, pedestrian pathways and tree-lined avenues. The Melbourne city centre (referred to as The City or The CBD (Central Business District or more recently in planning parlance The CAD, or Central There are also many parks in the surrounding suburbs of Melbourne, such as in the municipalities of Stonnington, Boroondara and Port Phillip, south east of the CBD. The City of Stonnington is a Local Government Area located within the metropolitan area of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The City of Boroondara is a Local Government Area in Victoria, Australia. The City of Port Phillip is a Local Government Area
The extensive area covered by urban Melbourne is formally divided into hundreds of suburbs (for addressing and postal purposes), and administered as local government areas. South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California.
Culture
Melbourne is widely known as the Australian cultural and sport capital. Melbourne is an Australian city known for its diverse multi-layered culture and society Federation Square (also colloquially known as Fed Square) is a cultural precinct in the city of Melbourne, Australia. The Shrine of Remembrance, located in St Kilda Road, Melbourne, is one of the largest War memorials in Australia, and resides in Kings Domain It has thrice shared top position[30] in a survey by The Economist of the World's Most Livable Cities on the basis of its cultural attributes, climate, cost of living, and social conditions such as crime rates and health care, in 2002,[31] 2004 and 2005. The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London The World's Most Livable Cities is an informal name given to any List of cities as they rank on a reputable annual survey of living conditions. Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 Cost of living is the Cost of maintaining a certain Standard of living. Crime statistics attempt to provide a statistical measure of the level or amount of- Crime that is prevalent in societies Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing [32] However, in recent years rising property prices have led to Melbourne being named one of the least affordable cities in the world. [33]
The city celebrates a wide variety of annual cultural events, performing arts and architecture. Melbourne is also considered to be Australia's live music capital with a large proportion of successful Australian artists emerging from the Melbourne live music scene. Melbourne has become popular for its street art (see Melbourne street art) with the lonely planet guides listing it as a major attraction. Melbourne has become famous around the world for its diverse range of Street art, after the birth of stencil art in Britain Melbourne was one of if not the first city outside Lonely Planet Publications (usually known as Lonely Planet or LP) is one of the largest travel Guidebook publishers in the world The city is also admired as one of the great cities of the Victorian Age (1837-1901) and a vigorous city life intersects with an impressive range of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century buildings. [34]
In recent years, the city has claimed the SportsBusiness title "World's Ultimate Sports City". [35]. It is considered the spiritual home of Australian cricket and Australian rules football - the most popular sports in Australia. Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Australian (rules football, or simply known as football, footy or Aussie rules, is a Team sport played between two teams of 18 players Nine teams (Not including Geelong) from the Australian Football League are based in Melbourne and its surrounding suburbs. The Australian Football League (AFL is both the professional Australian national competition in the Sport of Australian Rules Football and its highest The first ever official cricket Test match in Australia was played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in March 1877. Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries The city is also home to a Rugby League and Soccer team; the Melbourne Storm,[36] who play in the NRL competition, Melbourne Victory who play in the A-league, netball team Melbourne Vixens who play in the trans-Tasman trophy ANZ Championship and basketball team Melbourne Tigers who play in the National Basketball League. History See also History of rugby league The grass roots of rugby league can be traced to early football history, through the playing of ball games Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The Melbourne Storm is a professional Rugby league football club based in the city of Melbourne, Australia Melbourne Victory Football Club is a football (soccer team in the Australian A-League based in Melbourne, Victoria. The A-League is the premier Australasian domestic Association football competition Netball is a non-contact team Sport similar to and derived from Basketball. The Melbourne Vixens are one of 10 Netball teams that compete in the trans-Tasman ANZ Championship. The ANZ Championship is the elite Netball competition between five teams from Australia and five teams from New Zealand. Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m Early Struggles - '84 - '91 The Tigers joined the National Basketball League in 1984 The National Basketball League is Australia 's top-level professional Basketball competition Annually, the city hosts the AFL Grand Final, as well as the international sporting events of the Australian Open tennis, Melbourne Cup and the Australian Grand Prix. The AFL Grand Final is an annual Australian rules football match traditionally held on the final Saturday in September at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in The Australian Open is one of the four Grand Slam Tennis Tournaments held each year Tennis is a sport played between two players ( singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles) The Melbourne Cup is Australia 's major annual Thoroughbred horse race. The Australian Grand Prix is a Formula One race that is part of the annual Formula One championship season
Economy
Melbourne is home to Australia's busiest seaport and much of Australia's automotive industry, which include Ford and Toyota manufacturing facilities, and the engine manufacturing facility of Holden. The Port of Melbourne is Australia's busiest port for containerised and general cargo The automotive industry is the industry involved in the design development manufacture marketing and sale of Motor vehicles In 2007 more than 73 million motor vehicles Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following (pronounced) is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and is currently the world's largest Automaker. An engine is a mechanical device that produces some form of output from a given input GM Holden Ltd is an Australian automaker based in Port Melbourne Victoria. It is home to many other manufacturing industries, along with being a major business and financial centre. Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale [37] In mid-November 2006, the city was host to the G20 summit, amid violent protests. The G20 ( Group of 20) is a group consisting of 19 of the world's largest economies together with the European Union. International freight is an important industry. The city's port, Australia's largest, handles more than $75 billion in trade every year and 39% of the nation's container trade. The Port of Melbourne is Australia's busiest port for containerised and general cargo [38][39]
Melbourne is also a major technology hub, with an ICT industry that employs over 60,000 people (one third of Australia's ICT workforce), has a turnover of $19. Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support 8 billion and export revenues of $615 million. [40]
Melbourne retains a significant presence of being a financial centre for Asia-Pacific. Two of the big four banks, NAB and ANZ, are headquartered in Melbourne. National Australia Bank (or NAB) is the second largest financial institution by market capitalisation in Australia after Commonwealth Bank. The Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited () commonly called ANZ, is the fourth largest Bank in Australia, after the National Australia The city has carved out a niche as Australia’s leading centre for superannuation (pension) funds, with 40 per cent of the total, and 65 per cent of industry super-funds. Superannuation is a Pension scheme in Australia. It has a compulsory element whereby Employers are required by law to pay a proportion of an employee's Industry superannuation funds in Australia refer to the group of Retirement superannuation funds managed by industry bodies and unions. [41] Melbourne is also home to the $40 billion-dollar Federal Government Future Fund, and could potentially be home to the world's largest company should the proposed merger between BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto Group be carried out. The Australian Government Future Fund is an independently managed investment fund into which the Australian Government deposits its budget surplus Rio Tinto is a multinational Mining and resources group founded originally in 1873 [42]
Tourism plays an important role in Melbourne's economy, with approximately 7. Tourism in Melbourne, Australia, is an important industry with approximately 7 6 million domestic visitors and 1. 88 million international visitors in 2004. [43] In 2008, Melbourne overtook Sydney as the nation's leading tourism destination. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 [44]
The city is headquarters for many of Australia's largest corporations, including five of the ten largest in the country (based on revenue)[45] (ANZ, BHP Billiton, the National Australia Bank, Rio Tinto and Telstra); as well as such representative bodies and thinktanks as the Business Council of Australia and the Australian Council of Trade Unions. The Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited () commonly called ANZ, is the fourth largest Bank in Australia, after the National Australia National Australia Bank (or NAB) is the second largest financial institution by market capitalisation in Australia after Commonwealth Bank. Rio Tinto is a multinational Mining and resources group founded originally in 1873 Telstra or Telstra Corporation (often abbreviated as Telstra Corp) () is an Australian Telecommunications and media company formerly The Business Council of Australia (BCA is an Employers' organization, which represents the Chief executives of approximately 100 large Australian Corporations Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Australian Council of Trade Unions ( ACTU) is the largest
Melbourne rated 34th within the top 50 financial cities as surveyed by the Mastercard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index (2007),[46] between Barcelona and Geneva, and second only to Sydney (14th) in Australia.
Most recent major infrastructure projects, such as the redevelopment of Southern Cross Station (formerly Spencer Street Station), have been centred around the 2006 Commonwealth Games, which were held in the city from 15 March to 26 March 2006. Southern Cross (formerly Spencer Street and before that Batman's Hill) is a major railway station and transport hub of Melbourne, Victoria The 2006 Commonwealth Games were held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia between 15 March and 26 March 2006 Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The centrepiece of the Commonwealth Games projects was the redevelopment of the Melbourne Cricket Ground, the stadium used for the opening and closing ceremonies of the Games. The project involved rebuilding the northern half of the stadium and laying a temporary athletics track at a cost of $434 million. The Australian dollar ( sign: $; code: AUD) is the Currency of the Commonwealth of Australia, including Christmas [47]
Melbourne has also been attracting an increasing share of domestic and international conference markets. Construction began in February 2006 of a $1 billion 5000-seat international convention centre, Hilton Hotel and commercial precinct adjacent to the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre to link development along the Yarra River with the Southbank precinct and multi-billion dollar Docklands redevelopment. The Australian dollar ( sign: $; code: AUD) is the Currency of the Commonwealth of Australia, including Christmas The Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre is the name for two buildings on opposite sides of the Yarra River in Southbank, a suburb of the Melbourne The Yarra River is a River in southern Victoria, Australia. The lower stretches of the river is where the city of Melbourne was established Southbank is an Inner city suburb of Melbourne, Australia in the state of Victoria. Melbourne Docklands is a Coastal area within Melbourne, Australia. [48]
Demographics
| Significant overseas born populations[49] | |
| Country of Birth | Population (2006) |
|---|---|
| United Kingdom | 156,457 |
| Italy | 73,801 |
| Vietnam | 57,926 |
| Mainland China | 54,726 |
| New Zealand | 52,453 |
| Greece | 52,279 |
| India | 50,686 |
| Sri Lanka | 30,594 |
| Malaysia | 29,174 |
| Philippines | 24,568 |
| Germany | 21,182 |
| Malta | 18,951 |
| South Africa | 17,317 |
| Rep. Macedonia | 17,287 |
| Hong Kong | 16,917 |
| Poland | 16,439 |
| Croatia | 15,367 |
| Lebanon | 14,645 |
Today Melbourne is a diverse and multicultural city. Melbourne, Australia 's Chinatown is located within the Melbourne Central Business District and is centered near around the eastern end The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The Republic of Macedonia (Република Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified Almost a quarter of Victoria's population was born overseas, and the city is home to residents from 233 countries, who speak over 180 languages and dialects and follow 116 religious faiths. [50] Melbourne has the second largest Asian population in Australia, which includes the largest Vietnamese, Indian and Sri Lankan communities in the country. The Vietnamese people (người Việt or vi ''người Kinh'' are an Ethnic group originating from what is now northern Vietnam and southern China. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Overall, citizens of Asian heritage represent approximately 18% of Melbournes population, compared to 7% of Australia's population.
The earliest inhabitants of the broad area that later became Melbourne were Indigenous Australians — specifically, the Bunurong, Wurundjeri and Wathaurong peoples. Indigenous Australians are descendants of the first known human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. Melbourne is still a centre of Aboriginal life — consisting of local groups and indigenes from other parts of Australia — with the Aboriginal community in the city numbering over 20,000 persons (0. 6 per cent of the population). [51]
The first European settlers in Melbourne were British and Irish. British people, or Britons, are the native inhabitants of Great Britain and their descendants or citizens of the United Kingdom, of the The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate These two groups accounted for nearly all arrivals before the gold rush, and supplied the predominant number of immigrants to the city until the Second World War. Immigration to Australian continent is estimated to have begun around 50000 years ago when the ancestors of Australian Aborigines arrived on the continent via the islands of World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Melbourne was transformed by the 1850s gold rush; within months of the discovery of gold in August 1852, the city's population had increased by nearly three-quarters, from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants. The Australian gold rushes started in 1851 when prospector Edward Hammond Hargraves claimed the discovery of payable Gold near Bathurst, New South Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 [52] Thereafter, growth was exponential and by 1865, Melbourne had overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city. [7] Large numbers of Chinese, German and United States nationals were to be found on the goldfields and subsequently in Melbourne. A Chinese Australian is an Australian of Chinese heritage In the 2006 Australian Census, 669890 Australian residents (or 3 German Australians constitute one of the largest ethnic groups in Australia, numbering 811540 or 4 American Australians are Australians who are either born in or descended from migrants from the United States and its territories The various nationalities involved in the Eureka Stockade revolt nearby give some indication of the migration flows in the second half of the nineteenth century. The Eureka Stockade was the setting of a gold miners' Revolt in 1854 near Ballarat, Victoria, Australia against the officials supervising the
Post war immigration
In the first half of the 20th century, Melbourne saw influxes of Italians and Greeks. Italian Australians are one of the largest Ethnic groups in Australia. Greeks are the seventh-largest ethnic group in Australia, after those declaring their ancestry simply as "Australian"
In the aftermath of the Second World War, Melbourne experienced unprecedented inflows from Mediterranean Europe, primarily Greece and Italy, but also Cyprus and Turkey. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The term Southern Europe can have four definitions geographical political climatic phytogeographic Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches According to the 2001 Census, there were 151,785 ethnic Greeks in the metropolitan area. [53] 47% of all Greek Australians live in Melbourne. Greeks are the seventh-largest ethnic group in Australia, after those declaring their ancestry simply as "Australian" [54] Ethnic Chinese and Vietnamese also maintain significant presences.
Melbourne enjoys comparatively high levels of migrant integration to the other capital cities, however some ethnic groups are associated with the suburb in which they first settled – Italians (Carlton and Brunswick); Macedonians (Thomastown); Indians and Sri Lankans (south eastern suburbs such as Hampton Park and Narre Warren); Greeks (Oakleigh, Northcote and Hughesdale); Vietnamese (Richmond, Springvale and Footscray); Maltese (Sunshine); Serbs (St Albans); Turks (Coburg); Lebanese (Broadmeadows); Russians (Carnegie); Spaniards (Fitzroy); North Africans (Flemington); Sub-Saharan Africans (Noble Park). The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging Carlton is an Inner city suburb to the immediate north of the central city area of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Brunswick is an inner-northern suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The Republic of Macedonia (Република Thomastown is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is well known for sharing its area with Westgarthtown, a historical settlement India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. Hampton Park is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Its Local Government Area is the City of Casey. Narre Warren is an outer south-eastern suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Oakleigh is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Its Local Government Area is the City of Monash. Northcote is a northern Suburb in Melbourne, Australia, in the Local Government Area of the City of Darebin. Hughesdale is an inner southeast suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The Vietnamese people (người Việt or vi ''người Kinh'' are an Ethnic group originating from what is now northern Vietnam and southern China. Richmond is an Inner city Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Springvale is a Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia about 20 kilometres south-east of the central business district. Footscray is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Its Local Government Area is the City of Maribyrnong. The Maltese people or Maltese are a Southern European Nation and Ethnic group native to Malta, an island nation consisting of an archipelago Sunshine is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Its Local Government Area is the City of Brimbank. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, St Albans is a large suburb 18 km north-west of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia. The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language Coburg (aka the burg is a mid-northern Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The Lebanese people ( الشعب اللبناني, el shaab el libnene) are a Middle Eastern people originating in the country of Lebanon Broadmeadows is a suburb in Melbourne Victoria, Australia, 17 km from Melbourne's Central business district. The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries Carnegie is a Suburb of Melbourne, Australia, in the state of Victoria. Fitzroy (sometimes referred to as South Fitzroy is an Inner city Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Flemington is an inner-western suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sub-Saharan Africa is a geographical term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara, or those African countries Noble Park is a Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia approximately 30 km south-east of the Central business district. The cities of Dandenong, Monash, Casey and Whittlesea on Melbourne's fringe are particular current migrant hotspots. The City of Greater Dandenong is a Local Government Area in Victoria Australia located in the southeastern suburbs of Melbourne. The City of Monash is a Local Government Area in Victoria, Australia. The City of Casey is a Local Government Area in Victoria, Australia, located in the outer south eastern Suburbs of Melbourne. The City of Whittlesea is a Local Government Area located in the outer northeastern suburbs of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia [55]
Melbourne exceeds the national average in terms of proportion of residents born overseas: 34. 8 per cent compared to a national average of 23. 1 per cent. In concordance with national data, Britain is the most commonly reported country of birth, with 4. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located 7 per cent, followed by Italy (2. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest 4 per cent), Greece (1. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία 9 per cent) and then China (1. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES 3 per cent). Melbourne also features substantial Vietnamese, Indian and Sri Lankan-born communities, in addition to recent South African and Sudanese influxes. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa.
Linguistically, Melbourne is one of Australia's most diverse urban centres, though according to 2001 Census data, over two-thirds of people in Melbourne speak only English at home (68. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States 8 per cent). Italian is the second most common home language (4. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. 0 per cent), with Greek third and the Chinese languages fourth, each with over 100,000 speakers. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Of foreign-born Melburnians who spoke English exclusively, 84. 2 per cent reported speaking it either 'very well' or 'well'.
Religion
.jpg/180px-St_Patrick's_Cathedral-Gothic_Revival_Style_(Central_Tower).jpg)
The 2006 Census records show some 28. Patrick's Cathedral is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne in Victoria Australia, and seat of its archbishop currently 3% (1,018,113) of Melbourne residents list their religious affiliation as Catholic[56]. The next highest response was No Religion (20. 0%, 717,717), Anglican (12. 1%, 433,546), Eastern Orthodox (5. 9%, 212,887) and the Uniting Church (4. 0%, 143,552)[57]. However the largest churches in Melbourne are generally Assemblies of God: CityLife Church (4,600 weekly attendance), Planetshakers City Church (3,000) and Faith! Christian Church (2,000). The World Assemblies of God Fellowship, or Assemblies of God for short is the world's largest Pentecostal denomination with over 283413 churches and outstations CityLife Church, formerly known as Waverley Christian Fellowship is a non-denominational megachurch in Australia. Planetshakers is a Christian youth movement that began as an annual conference and grew into an international ministry and large church in Melbourne, Australia Faith! Christian Church (formerly Dandenong Assembly of God) is a Pentecostal Christian church affiliated with Australian Christian Churches, In its outskirts is a large Baptist church called Crossway Baptist Church (4500). Crossway Baptist Church is Australia’s largest Baptist church located in Melbourne ’s eastern suburbs It is the seat of both the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne and the Anglican Diocese of Melbourne. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne is located in Victoria, Australia. The Anglican Diocese of Melbourne is the metropolitan diocese of the Province of Victoria in the Anglican Church of Australia. Buddhists, Muslims, Jews and Hindus collectively account for 7. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. 5 per cent of the population. Four out of ten Australian Jews call Melbourne home. The history of the Jews in Australia began with the transportation of a number of Jewish Convicts aboard the First Fleet in 1788 when The city is also residence to the largest number of Holocaust survivors of any Australian city,[58] indeed the highest per capita concentration outside Israel itself. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. [59]
The city has two large cathedrals - St Patrick's (Roman Catholic), and St Paul's (Anglican). This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral Patrick's Cathedral is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne in Victoria Australia, and seat of its archbishop currently Location The cathedral is located in the centre of Melbourne on the eastern corner of Swanston Street and Flinders Street. Both were built in the Victorian era and are of considerable heritage significance as major landmarks of the city. Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities
Population density and growth
| Melbourne population by year |
||
|---|---|---|
| 1836 | 177 | |
| 1854 | 123,000 | (gold rush) |
| 1880 | 280,000 | (property boom) |
| 1956 | 1,500,000 | |
| 1981 | 2,806,000 | |
| 1991 | 3,156,700 | (economic slump) |
| 2001 | 3,366,542 | |
| 2006 | 3,744,373 | |
| 2011 | 3,872,918[60] | (projected) |
| 2021 | 4,253,367[60] | (projected) |
| 2031 | 4,591,846[60] | (projected) |
| Melbourne urban area density (people/ha) |
||
|---|---|---|
| 1951 | 23. Explanation The hectare is commonly used in most countries around the world especially in domains concerned with land planning and management such as Agriculture, 4[61] | |
| 1961 | 21. 4[62] | |
| 1971 | 18. 1[63] | |
| 1981 | 15. 9[64] | |
| 1986 | 16. 05[65] | |
| 1991 | 16. 8[66] | |
| 1996 | 17. 9[67] | |
| 1999 | 17. 05[68] | |
| 2001 | 15. 9[69] | |
Although Victoria's net interstate migration has fluctuated, the Melbourne statistical division has grown by approximately 50,000 people a year since 2003. Melbourne has now attracted the largest proportion of international overseas immigrants (48,000) finding it outpacing Sydney's international migrant intake, along with having strong interstate migration from Sydney and other capitals due to more affordable housing and cost of living, which have been two recent key factors driving Melbourne's growth. [70] [71]. In recent years, Melton, Wyndham and Casey, part of the Melbourne statistical division, have recorded the highest growth rate of all local government areas in Australia. The Shire of Melton is a Local Government Area in Victoria, Australia, located in the outer western suburbs of Melbourne. The City of Wyndham is a Local Government Area in Victoria, Australia, located in the outer south-western suburbs of Melbourne between Melbourne The City of Casey is a Local Government Area in Victoria, Australia, located in the outer south eastern Suburbs of Melbourne. Local Government Area (abbreviated LGA) is a term used in Australia (and especially by the Australian Bureau of Statistics) to refer to areas controlled It has been suggested that if population growth continues at its current rate, Melbourne could become Australia's largest city once again by 2028. [72]
Melbourne's population density declined following the Second World War, with the private motor car and the lures of space and property ownership causing a suburban sprawl, mainly eastward. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including After much discussion both at general public and planning levels in the 1980s, the decline has reversed since the recession of the early 1990s. The city has seen increased density in the inner and western suburbs. Since the 1970s, Victorian Government planning blueprints, such as Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030, have aimed to curtail the urban sprawl. Postcode 3000 was a planning policy for Melbourne, Australia coordinated by the City of Melbourne and supported by the state government, then The Metropolitan Strategy Melbourne 2030 is a Victorian Government Strategic planning policy framework for the metropolitan area of Greater Melbourne, intended Urban sprawl, also known as suburban sprawl, is the spreading of a city and its Suburbs over rural land at the fringe of an urban area
Governance
The Melbourne City Council governs the City of Melbourne, which takes in the CBD and a few adjoining inner suburbs. South Melbourne is an inner-southern suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. South Melbourne Town Hall is a civic building located at Bank Place in South Melbourne, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia. The City of Melbourne is a Local Government Area in Victoria, Australia, located in the central city area of Melbourne. The City of Melbourne is a Local Government Area in Victoria, Australia, located in the central city area of Melbourne. However the head of the Melbourne City Council, the Lord Mayor of Melbourne, is frequently treated as a representative of greater Melbourne (the entire metropolitan area),[73] particularly when interstate or overseas. This is a list of the Mayors and Lord Mayors of the City of Melbourne, a Local Government Area of Victoria, Australia. The Lord Mayor is John So, who was crowned the 2006 World Mayor[74]. Dr John Chun Sai So JP ( Traditional Chinese: 蘇震西 Simplified Chinese: 苏震西 is an Australian businessman and the Lord Mayor of Melbourne World Mayor is an award organized by City Mayors since 2004 It intends to raise the profile of Mayors worldwide as well as honour those who have served their communities
The rest of the metropolitan area is divided into 30 local government areas. There are 79 Local Government Areas in the Australian state of Victoria. All these are designated as Cities, except for five on the city's outer fringes which have the title of Shire. The local government authorities have elected councils and are responsible for a range of functions (delegated to them from the State Government of Victoria under the Local Government Act of 1989[75]), such as urban planning and waste management. Waste management is the collection Transport, processing, Recycling or disposal of Waste materials
Most city-wide government activities are controlled by the Victorian state government, which governs from Parliament House in Spring Street. The Government of Victoria, under the Constitution of Australia, ceded certain legislative and judicial powers to Parliament House in Melbourne has been the seat of the Parliament of Victoria, Australia, since 1855 except for the years 1901 to 1927 when it was occupied Spring Street is a major street in the central business district of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. These include public transport, main roads, traffic control, policing, education above preschool level, and planning of major infrastructure projects. Because three quarters of Victoria's population lives in Melbourne, state governments have traditionally been reluctant to allow the development of citywide governmental bodies, which would tend to rival the state government. The semi-autonomous Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works was abolished in 1992 for this reason. The Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works was a public utility board in Melbourne, Australia set up to provide Water supply, Sewerage and This is not dissimilar to other Australian states where State Governments have similar powers in greater metropolitan areas.
Education
Education is overseen statewide by the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD), whose role is to 'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education'. The State Library of Victoria is the central Library of the state of Victoria, Australia, located in Melbourne. Charles Joseph La Trobe ( 20 March 1801 – 4 December 1875) was the first lieutenant-governor of the colony of Victoria [76] It acts as advisor to two state ministers, that for Education and for Children and Early Childhood Development.
Preschool, primary and secondary
Primary and secondary assessment, curriculum development and educational research initiatives[77] throughout Melbourne and Victoria is undertaken by the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (VCAA), which offers the Victorian Essential Learning Standards (VELS) and Achievement Improvement Monitor (AIM) certificates from years Prep through Year 10, and the Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) and Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning (VCAL) as part of senior secondary programs (Years 11 to 12). The Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (VCAA is a statutory authority of the Government of Victoria responsible for the provision of curriculum and assessment [78]
Many high schools in Melbourne are called 'Secondary Colleges', a legacy of the Kirner Labor government. High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution Joan Elizabeth Kirner AM (born 20 June 1938 Australian politician was the 42nd Premier of Victoria, the first woman to hold the position which she held for There are two selective public schools in Melbourne (mentioned above), but all public schools may restrict entry to students living in their regional 'zone'. [79][80]
Although non-tertiary public education is free, 35 per cent of students attend a private primary or secondary school. Public education is education mandated for or offered to the children of the general public by the Government, whether national regional or local provided by an institution [81] The most numerous private schools are Catholic, and the rest are independent (see Public and Private Education in Australia). For the film of this title see Private School (film. Private schools, or Independent schools are Schools not administered This article is about Catholic schools in general for specific schools named Catholic High School, see Catholic High School (disambiguation. An independent school is a school which is not dependent upon national or local Government for financing its operation and is instead operated by tuition charges gifts and Schools in Australia can be classified according to sources of funding and administrative structures
Tertiary and vocational
.jpg/180px-Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_(Ormond_College).jpg)
Melbourne's two largest universities are the University of Melbourne (also called Melbourne University) and Monash University, the largest university in Australia. Ormond College is the largest of the residential colleges of the University of Melbourne. The University of Melbourne is a Public university located in Melbourne, Victoria. The University of Melbourne is a Public university located in Melbourne, Victoria. Monash University is a Public university based in Melbourne, Australia. Both are members of the Group of Eight. The Group of Eight (Go8 is a group of eight Australian tertiary institutions which are the oldest Universities in Australia. Melbourne University ranked second among Australian universities in the 2006 THES international rankings. Times Higher Education ( THE) formerly The Times Higher Education Supplement ( THES) is a magazine based [82] While The Times Higher Education Supplement ranked the University of Melbourne as the 22nd best university in the world, Monash University was ranked the 38th best university in the world. Times Higher Education ( THE) formerly The Times Higher Education Supplement ( THES) is a magazine based Monash University is a Public university based in Melbourne, Australia. Melbourne was ranked the world's fourth top university city in 2008 after London, Boston and Tokyo. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. [83]
Melbourne is home to some of the nation's oldest educational institutions, including the oldest Law (1857), Engineering (1860), Medical (1862), Dental (1897) and Music (1891) schools, all at the University of Melbourne. A law school (also known as a school of law or college of law) is an institution specializing in Legal education. Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and Medical education A medical school or faculty of medicine is a Tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches Medicine Dentistry' is the "evaluation diagnosis prevention and/or treatment (nonsurgical surgical or related procedures of diseases disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity A university school of music or college of music, or academy of music or conservatoire ( French, but used in British English) &mdash The University of Melbourne is also the oldest university in Victoria and the second oldest university in Australia.
Other universities located in Melbourne include La Trobe University, RMIT University, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria University and the St Patrick's campus of the Australian Catholic University. La Trobe University is a multi-campus university in Victoria, Australia. The Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology ( RMIT) is an Australian University and Vocational education provider in Melbourne Swinburne University of Technology is a university with a number of campuses based in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. Victoria University is a tertiary education facility located in Melbourne, Australia. Australian Catholic University, or ACU National, is Australia's only public Catholic university Deakin University maintains two major campuses in Melbourne and Geelong, and is the third largest university in Victoria. Deakin University is an Australian public University with around 33600 Higher education students studying as of 2007 In recent years, the number of international students at Melbourne's universities has risen rapidly, a result of an increasing number of places being made available to full fee paying students. International students are Students usually in early adulthood who study in foreign Educational institutions While most universities have official [84]
- Further information: List of schools in Victoria
Infrastructure
Health
The Government of Victoria's Department of Human Services oversees approximately 30 public hospitals in the Melbourne metropolitan region, and 13 health services organisations. A list of schools in Victoria, Australia. Government Primary Schools A Abbotsford Primary School Aberfeldie Primary School The Government of Victoria, under the Constitution of Australia, ceded certain legislative and judicial powers to A hospital is an institution for Health care providing treatment by specialised staff and equipment and often but not always providing for [85] The major public hospitals are the Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Alfred Hospital and Austin Hospital, while major private hospitals include Epworth Hospital and St Vincent's. The Royal Melbourne Hospital (RMH in Parkville is one of Australia’s leading public hospitals There is also a Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Austin Hospital is a major teaching public Hospital located in Melbourne 's north eastern suburb of Heidelberg, and is administrated by Austin Health Epworth HealthCare Epworth HealthCare is a provider of acute medical surgical and rehabilitation services in Melbourne. St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne is the major hospital operated by the St Vincent's Health service in Fitzroy a suburb of Melbourne previously known as the Sisters of The city is also home to major medical and biotechnology research centres such as St. Biotechnology is Technology based on Biology, especially when used in Agriculture, Food science, and Medicine. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, the Burnet Institute, Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Baker Heart Institute and the Australian Synchrotron. The Burnet Institute (also known as the Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Public Health is Australia's largest communicable diseases research institute The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre is the major centre for Cancer treatment professional oncologist training and oncology research in Australia. The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research is one of Australia's foremost Medical Research Institutes Located in Parkville, The Australian Synchrotron is a 3 GeV Synchrotron radiation facility built in Melbourne, Australia and opened on 31 July
Transport
Melbourne has an integrated public transport system promoted under the Metlink brand. Melbourne, Victoria is served by an extensive network of land sea and air transport The Melbourne city centre (referred to as The City or The CBD (Central Business District or more recently in planning parlance The CAD, or Central Flinders Street Station is the central railway station of the suburban rail network of Melbourne, Australia. The Bolte Bridge is a large twin Cantilever Bridge in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Monash Freeway|Tullamarine Freeway|West Gate Freeway CityLink is a system of tolled urban Freeways in Melbourne, Victoria, Melbourne Airport, also known as Tullamarine Airport, is the busiest of the four airports in Melbourne, and the second busiest in Australia This article is about the Melbourne public transport network The same name is also used for Public transport in Wellington. Originally laid out late in the 19th century when trains and trams were the primary methods of travelling to the suburbs, the 1950s saw an increase in private vehicles and freeway construction. [86] This trend has continued with successive governments despite relentless traffic congestion,[87][88] with a resulting drop in public transport modeshare from the 1940s level of around 25 per cent to the current level of around 9 per cent. [89] Melbourne's public transport system was privatised in 1999. Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the Public sector (government to the Private sector (business [90]
Melbourne's tram network is the largest tram network in the world. List of Melbourne tram routes The city of Melbourne, the second-largest city in Australia first had trams introduced in 1885 and is now home to the largest Tram A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train [91] Melbourne's is Australia's only tram network to comprise more than a single line. Sections of the tram network are on road, others are separated or light rail routes. For specific light rail systems many of which use the words "light rail" as part of their name see List of light-rail transit systems. Trams are not only a form of transport, but a tourist icon and cultural asset. Visitors are served by a free City Circle Tram, as well as fleet of restaurant trams. The City Circle is a Zero-fare tram loop running around the central business district of Melbourne, Australia. The Colonial Tramcar Restaurant is a Restaurant which operates from a converted fleet of three vintage trams in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
A mostly-electric train network serves Melbourne with 19 lines, all of them radiating from a loop which circles the Central Business District. Melbourne has a long history of railway development The city's first railway opened in 1854 when only 20 years earlier the city itself did not exist Flinders Street Station is Melbourne's busiest railway station. Flinders Street Station is the central railway station of the suburban rail network of Melbourne, Australia. In 1926 it was the world's busiest passenger station. It remains a prominent Melbourne landmark and meeting place. [92]
The city has rail connections with several regional cities in the state, as well as interstate rail services to Sydney and Adelaide, which depart from Melbourne's other major rail terminus, Southern Cross Station. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 Adelaide is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of South Australia, and is the fifth largest city in Australia with a Southern Cross (formerly Spencer Street and before that Batman's Hill) is a major railway station and transport hub of Melbourne, Victoria
There are almost 300 bus routes which mainly service the outer suburbs fill the gaps in the network between rail and light rail services.
Melbourne has a high dependency on private cars for transport, with 7. 1 per cent of trips made by public transport. [93] However there has been a significant rise in patronage in the last two years mostly due to higher fuel prices. [94][95] Since 2006, public transport patronage has grown by over 20%. [96] The largest number of cars are bought in the outer suburban area, while the inner suburbs with greater access to train and tram services (Met zone 1 and 2) enjoy higher public transport patronage. Melbourne has a total of 3. 6 million private vehicles using 22,320 km of road, and one of the highest lengths of road per capita. [93] Major highways feeding into the city include the Eastern Freeway, Monash Freeway and West Gate Freeway (which spans the large Westgate Bridge), whilst other road systems include CityLink and the Western Ring Road, Calder Freeway, Tullamarine Freeway (main airport link) and the Hume Freeway which links Melbourne and Sydney. The Eastern Freeway is an urban Freeway in Melbourne, Australia. West Gate Freeway|CityLink|Princes Freeway Monash Freeway is an urban freeway in Victoria, Australia linking Melbourne 's CBD to its southeastern Princes Freeway|CityLink|Monash Freeway West Gate Freeway (formerly the Lower Yarra Freeway) is a freeway in Melbourne, Australia, linking The West Gate Bridge is a large cable-stayed box girder Bridge in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Monash Freeway|Tullamarine Freeway|West Gate Freeway CityLink is a system of tolled urban Freeways in Melbourne, Victoria, Calder Freeway is a Freeway linking Melbourne to Kyneton in Victoria, Australia, superseding stretches of the Calder Highway The Tullamarine Freeway is an urban Freeway in Melbourne, Australia, linking Melbourne Airport to the central business district The Hume Highway / Hume Freeway is one of Australia's most important and notable interstate Highways which runs for 880 km inland between Sydney and Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4
The Port of Melbourne is Australia's largest container and general cargo port and also its busiest. The Port of Melbourne is Australia's busiest port for containerised and general cargo In 2007, the port handled two million shipping containers in a 12 month period, making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere. [97] Station Pier in Port Phillip Bay handles cruise ships and the Spirit of Tasmania ferries which cross Bass Strait to Tasmania. Station Pier is an historic Pier on Port Phillip Bay, in Port Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. "Port Phillip" may also refer to a Local Government Area called the City of Port Phillip. A cruise ship or cruise liner is a Passenger ship used for pleasure voyages where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are part of the experience Spirit of Tasmania may refer to The trading name of TT-Line Pty Bass Strait (bæs is a sea Strait separating Tasmania from the south of the Australian mainland ( Victoria in particular Tasmania is an Australian island and state of the same name It is located south of the eastern side of the Continent, being separated from it by Bass
Melbourne has four airports. Melbourne Airport located at Tullamarine is the city's main international and domestic gateway. Melbourne Airport, also known as Tullamarine Airport, is the busiest of the four airports in Melbourne, and the second busiest in Australia Tullamarine is a suburb located 17km north of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The airport is home base for passenger airlines Jetstar and Tiger Airways Australia and cargo airlines Australian air Express and Toll Priority and is a major hub for Qantas and Virgin Blue. Jetstar Airways is a low-cost airline based in Melbourne, Australia. Tiger Airways Australia Pty Ltd is a low cost airline which commenced services in the Australian domestic airline market on 23 November 2007 Australian air Express is a Cargo airline based in Melbourne, Australia. TOLL () ( properly TOLL Holdings Limited, is Australia 's largest Transport company based in Melbourne, Victoria Qantas Airways Limited (ˈkwɔntəs ( is the National airline of Australia. Virgin Blue is an Australian Low-cost airline, Australia's second-biggest Airline as well as the largest airline (by fleet size with the Virgin branding Avalon Airport, located between Melbourne and Geelong, is a secondary hub of Jetstar and may soon offer international flights to Kuala Lumpur on AirAsia X. Avalon Airport is an Airport located in Avalon, Victoria, Australia. MCite/Citephp.--> Geelong (dʒəˈlɔŋ is the second largest city in the state Jetstar Airways is a low-cost airline based in Melbourne, Australia. Kuala Lumpur (ˈkwɑːləlʊmˈpʊər Malay /kwɑlɑlʊmpʊ/ and locally /kwɑləlʊmpɔ/ or even /kɔlɔmpɔ/ or often abbreviated as K AirAsia X, is a new long haul budget airline operated by AirAsia X Sdn [98] It is also used as a freight and maintenance facility. This makes Melbourne the only city in Australia to have a second commercial airport. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Moorabbin Airport is a significant general aviation airport in the city's south east as well as handling a limited number of passenger flights. Moorabbin ( Harry Hawker) Airport is a general aviation Airport for light Aircraft located in Mentone Victoria. General aviation (abbr GA) is one of two categories of Civil aviation. Essendon Airport, which was once the city's main airport before the construction of the airport at Tullamarine, handles passenger flights, general aviation and some cargo flights. Essendon Airport is also the name of a 'post-punk' Melbourne band
Utilities
- See also: Energy in Victoria
Water storage and supply for Melbourne is managed by Melbourne Water, which is owned by the Victorian Government. The State of Victoria, Australia uses many forms of Energy for domestic commercial and industrial uses Melbourne Water is a government run organisation that controls much of the water system in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia including the city's Reservoirs The organisation is also responsible for management of sewerage and the major water catchments in the region. A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, Water is mainly stored in the largest dam, the Thomson River Dam which is capable of holding around 60% of Melbourne's water capacity,[99] while smaller dams such as the Upper Yarra Dam and the Cardinia Reservoir carry secondary supplies. The Thomson Dam' is located about 130 km east of Melbourne in Gippsland near the former township of Beardmore and the Baw Baw National Park. Cardinia Reservoir is a 287000 megalitre water storage located in the south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia.
Water restrictions are in place and the state government has considered water recycling schemes for the city. Water restrictions are currently in place in many regions and cities of Australia in response to chronic shortages resulting from drought. Reclaimed water, sometimes called recycled water, is former Wastewater (sewage that has been treated to remove solids and certain impurities and then allowed In June 2007, the Bracks Government announced a $4. 9 billion water plan to secure the future of water supplies in Melbourne, including the construction of a $3. 1 billion desalination plant on Victoria's south-east coast, capable of treating 150 billion litres of water per year. An AUD$31 billion Desalination plant is to be built in the Wonthaggi region of the Bass Coast of Victoria, Australia by the end of 2011 [100] Other projects included in this package is a 70 km pipeline from the Goulburn area in Victoria's north to Melbourne and a new water pipeline linking Melbourne and Geelong. MCite/Citephp.--> Geelong (dʒəˈlɔŋ is the second largest city in the state These projects will be run and managed by Melbourne Water. Melbourne Water is a government run organisation that controls much of the water system in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia including the city's Reservoirs [101]
Supply of town gas to Melbourne was initially provided by private companies such as the Melbourne Metropolitan Gas Company from the 1850s, with gasworks being scattered throughout the suburbs. The Australian state of Victoria has a number of defunct energy supply and distribution utility companies This is a historical article For current information see Syngas. The Gas and Fuel Corporation of Victoria was formed in 1951 to manage gas supply state wide, and to build a centralised gasworks at Morwell. The Gas and Fuel Corporation of Victoria was a government-owned monopoly supplier of household gas in Victoria, Australia. Morwell is a city in central Gippsland, a region in the east of Victoria. The discovery of natural gas in Bass Strait in the 1960s saw gas supplies converted to the new fuel by the 1970s. Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, Bass Strait (bæs is a sea Strait separating Tasmania from the south of the Australian mainland ( Victoria in particular [102] The Gas and Fuel Corporation was privatised in the late 1990s. Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the Public sector (government to the Private sector (business
The first electricity supplies to Melbourne were also provided by private companies, with a number of small power stations such as those at Spencer Street and Richmond operating. The Australian state of Victoria has a number of defunct energy supply and distribution utility companies A power station (also referred to as generating station, power plant or powerhouse) is an industrial facility for the generation of Spencer Street Power Station was a Victorian era Coal fired Power station which operated on Spencer Street in central Melbourne Richmond Power Station is a Victorian era Coal fired Power station which operated on the banks of the Yarra River in Richmond These small operations were merged into the State Electricity Commission of Victoria that was formed in 1921,[103] the SECV also building the first of many brown coal fired power stations at Yallourn in the Latrobe Valley. The State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV or SEC was a monopoly electricity generation transmission and supply utility located in Victoria, Australia Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, or Rosebud coal by Northern Pacific Railroad, is a soft brown fuel with characteristics that put it somewhere Yallourn Power Station was a complex of six Brown coal fuelled power stations built progressively from the 1920s to the 1960s The Latrobe Valley is nestled between the Strzelecki Ranges and the Great Dividing Range in Victoria, Australia. The responsibilities of the SECV were privatised between 1995 and 1999. In the urban area, the largest powerstation is the Newport Power Station, located close to the mouth of the Yarra River the stack of which dominates the skyline of the inner western suburbs.
Numerous telecommunications companies operate in Melbourne providing terrestrial and mobile telecommunications services.
Sister cities
The City of Melbourne has six sister cities. Melbourne Docklands is a Coastal area within Melbourne, Australia. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia ( Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is the second largest city in northern coastal China. is a city in Japan, located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay, in the Kansai region of the main island of Honshū The City of Melbourne is a Local Government Area in Victoria, Australia, located in the central city area of Melbourne. [104] They are:
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Some other local councils in the Melbourne metropolitan area have sister city relationships; see Local Government Areas of Victoria. is a city in Japan, located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay, in the Kansai region of the main island of Honshū For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. ( Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is the second largest city in northern coastal China. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest There are 79 Local Government Areas in the Australian state of Victoria.
See also
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Gallery
Notes and references
- ^ a b Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2006-07. The Large Cities Climate Leadership Group, also known as the C40 Cities (and originally as the C20 Cities is a group of cities committed to the reduction of urban Australian Bureau of Statistics. The Australian Bureau of Statistics ( ABS) is Australia 's national statistical agency. Retrieved on 2008-03-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor
- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (17 March 2008). The Australian Bureau of Statistics ( ABS) is Australia 's national statistical agency. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 2006 Census Community Profile Series : Melbourne (Urban Centre/Locality). Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
- ^ The variant spelling 'Melbournian' is sometimes found but is considered grammatically incorrect. The term 'Melbournite' is also sometimes used. Right Words: A Guide to English Usage in Australia. Stephen Murray-Smith. 2nd ed. Ringwood, Vic. Viking, 1989
- ^ Australian Government Culture and Recreation Portal
- ^ Beaverstock, J. V. ; Smith, R. G. ; Taylor, P. J. Research Bulletin 5: A Roster of World Cities. Globalization and World Cities.
- ^ a b c d e City of Melbourne - History and heritage - Settlement – foundation and surveying. City of Melbourne. Retrieved on 7 October 2006. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b The Snowy Mountains Scheme and Multicultural Australia
- ^ Linking a Nation: Australia's Transport and Communications 1788 - 1970
- ^ When Melbourne was Australia’s capital city
- ^ James Button Secrets of a forgotten settlement The Age, 4 October 2003
- ^ Melbourne the city's history and development, 2nd ed pg 25, Miles Lewis, 1995
- ^ Robert B. The Age is a Broadsheet daily Newspaper, which has been published in Melbourne, Australia since 1854 Cervero, The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry, 1998, Island Press, ISBN 1559635916, p. 320
- ^ Elias, David Tell Melbourne it's over, we won Sydney Morning Herald, December 31, 2003
- ^ Marino, Melissa; Colebatch, Tim Melbourne's population booms The Age, March 24, 2005 accessed November 7, 2006
- ^ [1] accessed November 10, 2007
- ^ http://www.dar.csiro.au/information/urbanpollution.html
- ^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/05/2155149.htm
- ^ http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23784623-2862,00.html
- ^ http://www.aius.org.au/indicators/sectiontype.cfm?ThemeID=11&SectionTypeID=2
- ^ Climate statistics for Australian locations (English). The Sydney Morning Herald ( SMH) is a daily Broadsheet Newspaper published by Fairfax Media in Sydney, Australia Retrieved on Sept 5, 2007.
- ^ Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. , 4, 439–473, 2007, 'Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classification system' accessed March 10, 2007
- ^ Welcome to Melbourne - Introduction, City of Melbourne
- ^ Waldon, Steve and Medew, Julia, 'Snow misses CBD lunch appointment' article from The Age dated August 10, 2005, accessed November 7, 2006
- ^ Snow falls in Melbourne Sydney Morning Herald, August 10, 2005 accessed online November 7, 2006
- ^ Rain hits the target from the Herald Sun
- ^ Waldon and Medew, loc. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. cit.
- ^ Record heat and stupidity as Melbourne swelters, The Age, January 25 2003
- ^ Suzy Freeman-Greene, Melbourne's love affair with lanes , The Age, August 10, 2005, accessed September 21, 2007
- ^ Glen Iris still the heart of city's sprawl, The Age, 5 August 2002
- ^ The Age: "Melbourne 'world's top city'" - February 6, 2004
- ^ Melbourne and Vancouver are the world’s best cities to live in Economist Intelligence Unit (2002). The Age is a Broadsheet daily Newspaper, which has been published in Melbourne, Australia since 1854 The Age is a Broadsheet daily Newspaper, which has been published in Melbourne, Australia since 1854 Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU) is part of The Economist Group.
- ^ Vancouver Melbourne and Vienna named world's most liveable cities Economist Intelligence Unit (2005)
- ^ 4th Annual Demographia International Affordability Survey: 2008 http://www.demographia.com/dhi.pdf (2008)
- ^ Peter Fischer and Susan Marsden, Vintage Melbourne: beautiful buildings from Melbourne city centre, East Street Publications, Bowden South Australia 2007
- ^ Melbourne victorious again | Herald Sun
- ^ Melbourne Storm: "The Beginning"
- ^ Business Victoria
- ^ Port Of Melbourne Sets Shipping Record
- ^ Growth of Australia's largest port essential, The Age, December 18, 2004
- ^ Industry Snapshot from Multimedia Victoria
- ^ Funds Management Fact Sheet
- ^ BHP chief spruiks up bid to take over Rio Tinto, The Age, November 13, 2007
- ^ Melbourne Airport Passenger Figures Strongest on Record
- ^ Now Sydney loses its tourism ascendancy - News - Travel - theage.com.au
- ^ BRW 1000
- ^ MW-IndexRpt-CoComm FA.indd
- ^ MCG Redevelopment completed, MCG, February 17, 2006
- ^ Councillors furious about convention centre deal, The Age, May 1, 2006
- ^ 2006 Census Tables : Country of Birth of Person by Year of Arrival in Australia - Melbourne. Australian Bureau of Statistics. The Australian Bureau of Statistics ( ABS) is Australia 's national statistical agency. Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
- ^ Victiorian Cultural Diversity Week
- ^ VicNet - Strategy for Aboriginal Managed Land in Victoria: Draft Report [Part 1-Section 2
- ^ ~ GOLD ~. Special Broadcasting Service. Retrieved on 8 October 2006. Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ 2001 Social Atlas for Melbourne abs.gov.au
- ^ City of Melbourne - Multicultural communities - Greeks
- ^ The streets of our town from theage. com. au
- ^ censusdata.abs.gov.au
- ^ censusdata.abs.gov.au
- ^ Holocaust Remembrance in Australian Jewish Communities Judith Berman
- ^ The Kadimah & Yiddish Melbourne in the 20th Century. Jewish Cultural Centre and National Library: "Kadima".
- ^ a b c Population Projections, Australia, 2004 to 2101. Australian Bureau of Statistics. The Australian Bureau of Statistics ( ABS) is Australia 's national statistical agency. Retrieved on 2008-06-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable
- ^ Melbourne Metropolitan Planning Scheme 1954, p. 23
- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics 1961
- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics 1971
- ^ Social Atlas, 1981
- ^ Soc. Atlas/"Supermap" Census Data, 1986
- ^ Social Atlas/Supermap, 1991
- ^ Department of Infrastructure, 1998
- ^ Melbourne Urbanized Area: Statistical Local Areas by Population Density: 1999
- ^ http://www.vcec.vic.gov.au/CA256EAF001C7B21/WebObj/MelbourneSD/$File/Melbourne%20SD.pdf
- ^ The Resurgence of Marvellous Melbourne Trends in Population Distribution in Victoria, 1991-1996
- ^ Article by John O'Leary. Monash University Press
- ^ Population pushing Melbourne to top | The Australian
- ^ Dunstan, David The evolution of 'Clown Hall', The Age, November 12, 2004, accessed online November 7, 2006
- ^ World Mayor - The Results of World Mayor 2006
- ^ Local Government Act 1989
- ^ Department of Education and Early Childhood Development - About the Department
- ^ Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority - Functions of the VCAA
- ^ Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority - Although the AIM testing was done in previous years, in 2008, a new test will be condcuted named Naplan testing which is National Assessment Program Literacy and Numeracy About Us
- ^ Schools inequality calls for bold reform, The Age, October 17, 2003
- ^ How Much Do Public Schools Really Cost? Estimating the Relationship Between House Prices and School Quality, ANU, 6 August 2006
- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics - Schools, 2005
- ^ "ANU up there with the best", Sydney Morning Herald, 6 October 2005. The Age is a Broadsheet daily Newspaper, which has been published in Melbourne, Australia since 1854 Retrieved on 12 October. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon.
- ^ RMIT - World’s top university cities revealed
- ^ University of Melbourne's international student offers rise - as its demand leaps
- ^ Melbourne public hospitals and Metropolitan Health Services Victorian Department of Health
- ^ The cars that ate Melbourne article from the Age
- ^ Bid to end traffic chaos
- ^ Melbourne's traffic on the move? article from the ABC
- ^ Trial by public transport: why the system is failing article from The Age
- ^ $1.2bn sting in the rail from theage. com. au
- ^ DoI (2008). [2]. Retrieved 29 April 2008. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Melbourne and scenes in Victoria 1925-1926 from Victorian Government Railways From the National Library of Australia
- ^ a b Most Liveable and Best Connected? The Economic Benefits of Investing in Public Transport in Melbourne, by Jan Scheurer, Jeff Kenworthy, and Peter Newman
- ^ 2006 figures showed 12 per cent commute using public transport. Peter William Geoffrey Newman is an Environmental scientist activist and educator based in Perth, Western Australia.
- ^ Still Addicted to Cars from heraldsun. com. au
- ^ Public transport makes inroads, but not beyond the fringe from theage. com. au January 14, 2008
- ^ Port of Melbourne sets shipping record
- ^ The Australian. "Perth shows it has the X factor in the battle to attract low-cost Malaysian airline", News Limited, May 16, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
- ^ Melbourne Water
- ^ Desal plant to be public-private deal, The Age, September 20, 2007
- ^ Seawater Desalination Plant Announced, Melbourne Water
- ^ Energy Safe Victoria: Natural Gas in Victoria
- ^ [State Electricity Commission Act 1920 (No. 3104)]
- ^ City of Melbourne - International relations - Sister cities. City of Melbourne. Retrieved on 2008-04-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I.
External links
Tourism
- Visitvictoria.com - The official travel and accommodation site for Melbourne Victoria Australia
- That's Melbourne - The official City of Melbourne guide to what's on in the City!
- Melbourne travel guide from Wikitravel
- City of Melbourne official site
Maps
- WikiSatellite view of Melbourne at WikiMapia
- Google Satellite Images
- Zoom Map from TerraPages
- Street-Directory.com.au - includes online version of the Melway Melbourne street directory. Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. Melway (also commonly referred to as Melways or The Melways) is the most ubiquitous Street directory for Melbourne, Australia
Public transport
Photos
- Melbourne Photos - a comprehensive collection of photos including panoramas, historical comparison shots and various specific city locations and local events.
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