Megali Idea (modern Greek: Μεγάλη Ιδέα, "Great Idea") was an irredentist concept of Greek nationalism that expressed the goal of establishing a Greek state that would encompass all ethnic Greeks, since large Greek populations after the Greek independence in 1832, still lived under the Ottoman rule. Modern Greek (el Νέα Ελληνικά or el Νεοελληνική lit Irredentism is any position advocating Annexation of territories administered by another State on the grounds of common Ethnicity or prior historical possession Greek nationalism has its roots with the Rise of nationalism in Europe in the 19th century and was characterized by the struggle for independence against the Ottoman The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish
The term appeared for the first time appeared during the debates of Prime Minister Ioannis Kolettis with King Otto that preceded the promulgation of the 1844 constitution. This is a list of the heads of government of the modern Greek state from its establishment during the Greek Revolution to the present day Ioannis Kolettis (Ιωάννης Κωλέττης (1773 - 1847 was a Greek politician of Vlach origin who played a significant role in Greek affairs from the Otto of Greece (Όθων Βασιλεύς της Ελλάδος Othon Vasileus tis Ellados) (1 June 1815 – 26 July 1867 was made the first modern king of Greece [1] This was a visionary nationalist aspiration that was to dominate foreign relations and, to a significant extent, to determine the domestic politics of the Greek state for much of the first century of its independent existence. If the expression was new in 1844, the concept was deeply rooted in the Greek popular psyche, nurtured as it was by the prophecies and oracles that had kept alive, hopes of eventual liberation from the Turkish rule. [1] This is reflected on the following folk saying:
| “ | Πάλι με χρόνια με καιρούς, πάλι δικά μας θα 'ναι!
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” |
Megali Idea implied the goal of reviving the Byzantine Empire, by establishing a Greek state, which would be, as ancient geographer Strabo wrote, a Greek world encompassing mostly the former Byzantine lands from the Ionian Sea to Mikra Asia (Asia Minor) and Euxenus Pontus (Black Sea) to the east, and from Thrace, Macedonia and Epirus, north, to Crete and Cyprus to the south. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe Macedonia is a Geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe whose area was re-defined in the early 20th century Epirus (from Ionic Greek Ήπειρος - Ēpeiros, Doric Greek: Ἅπειρος - Apeiros, in Albanian Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía This new state will have its capital in Constantinople. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS
The Megali Idea has dominated the foreign policy and the domestic politics of Greece, from the War of Independence in the 1820s through the Balkan wars in the beginning of the twentieth century. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League ( Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece It started to disappear after the defeat of Greece in the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) and the Great Fire of Smyrna in 1922, followed by the exchange of population between Greece and Turkey in 1923. The Great Fire of Smyrna is the name commonly given to the fire that ravaged İzmir / Smyrna starting 13 September 1922 and lasted for four days Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey is the first large-scale population exchange, or agreed mutual expulsion in the 20th century
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Fall of Constantinople
Greeks under the Ottoman rule
Greek independence
After the achievements of Greek War of Independence in 1821, the Great Powers granted to the Greek people independence. The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman A great power is a Nation or State that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale However, the new found Greek state emerging under John Capodistria after the Greek War of Independence, had large groups of ethnic Greeks outside her borders. Count Ioannis Antonios Kapodistrias (Κόμης Ιωάννης Καποδίστριας - Komis Ioannis Kapodistrias in Giovanni Capo d'Istria Conte Capo d'Istria The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman The limited in size Greece was designed by the Great Powers, who had no intention for a larger Greek state to place of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish
The Great Idea encompassed a desire to bring these groups into the Greek state and subsequently revive the Byzantine Empire; specifically in the territories of Epirus, Thessaly, Macedonia, Thrace the Aegean Islands, Crete, Cyprus, parts of Anatolia, and the city of Constantinople/Istanbul, that would replace Athens as the capital. Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. Macedonia is a Geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe whose area was re-defined in the early 20th century Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe The Aegean Islands (Νησιά Αιγαίου Nisiá Aigaíou; Ege Adaları are a group of Islands in the Aegean Sea, with mainland Greece Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's
Cretan revolt and Greco-Turkish War (1897)
In January 1897, violence and disorder was escalating on the island, thus polarizing the population. The History of Crete encompasses the ancient Minoan civilization, which used its own system of script Linear A and B The Greco-Turkish War of 1897, also called the Thirty Days' War and known as the black '97 in Greece was a war fought between the Kingdom of Greece Massacres against the Christian population took place in Chania and Rethimno. The Greek government, pressured by public opinion, intransigent political elements, extreme nationalist groups (e. g. Ethniki Etairia) and the Great Powers reluctant to intervene, decided to send warships and personnel to assist the Cretan Greeks. The Ethniki Etairia (Εθνική Εταιρία "National Society" was a secret Greek nationalistic organization created in November 1894 by a number The Great Powers had no option then but to proceed with the occupation of the island, but they were late. A Greek force of 1,500 men had landed at Kolymbari on 1 February 1897, and its commanding officer, Colonel Timoleon Vassos declared that he was taking over the island "in the name of the King of the Hellenes" and that he was announcing the union of Crete with Greece. This led to an uprising that spread immediately throughout the island. The Great Powers finally decided to land their troops and stopped the Greek army force from approaching Chania. At the same time their fleets blockaded Crete, preventing both Greeks and Turks from bringing any more troops to the island.
The Ottoman Empire, in reaction to the rebellion of Crete and the assistance sent by Greece, relocated a significant part of its army in the Balkans to the north of Thessaly, close to the borders with Greece. Greece in reply reinforced its borders in Thessaly. However, irregular Greek forces and followers of the Megali Idea acted without orders and raided Turkish outposts, leading the Ottoman Empire to declare war on Greece; the war is known as the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. The Greco-Turkish War of 1897, also called the Thirty Days' War and known as the black '97 in Greece was a war fought between the Kingdom of Greece The Turkish army was better prepared, due to the recent reforms carried out by a German mission under Baron von der Goltz, and the Greek army was in retreat within weeks. Wilhelm Leopold Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz ( August 12 1843 &ndash April 19 1916) also known as Goltz Pasha, was a Prussian The Great Powers again intervened and an armistice was signed in May 1897.
The humiliating defeat of Greece in the Greco-Turkish war cost small territorial losses in small readjustments of the border line in northern Thessaly, but turned into a diplomatic victory. The Great Powers (Britain, France, Russia, and Italy), imposed a final solution on the Cretan Question: Crete was proclaimed an autonomous State, the Republic of Crete. The four Great Powers assumed the administration of Crete; and Prince George of Greece (second son of King George I) became High Commissioner.
Realization of Megali Idea and the big disaster
Eleftherios Venizelos
Balkan Wars
A major proponent of Megali Idea was Eleftherios Venizelos, who expanded Greek territory in the Balkan Wars of 1912-13 — southern Epirus, Crete, and southern Macedonia were attached to Greece. Eleftherios Venizelos (full name Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos, Greek: Ελευθέριος Κυριάκου Βενιζέλος ( Mournies The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League ( Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece Eleftherios Venizelos (full name Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos, Greek: Ελευθέριος Κυριάκου Βενιζέλος ( Mournies The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League ( Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Thessaly, and part of southern Epirus, had been annexed in 1881. Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
World War I
Victory in World War I seemed to promise an even greater realization of the Megali Idea, as Greece won Smyrna, Imbros, Tenedos, Western and Eastern Thrace. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All This article is on the Ancient Greek city of Smyrna principally in connection with the ruins remaining to this day Imbros, officially referred to as Gökçeada in Turkey (older name in Turkish İmroz; Greek: Ίμβρος – Imvros) is the largest island For the ant spider genus see Tenedos (genus. For the 19th century fort in Zululand, see Fort Tenedos Tenedos, officially Area - Demographics The approximate area of Thrace is 8578 km² with a population of 368993 (2006 est East Thrace, or Eastern Thrace (Източна Тракия Iztochna Trakiya; Ανατολική Θράκη or Turkish Thrace, is the part of the modern
Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)
A major defeat followed in 1922, however, when the Turkish revolutionaries defeated and expelled the Greeks from Anatolia during the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922). Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Turkish revolutionaries ( Turkish: Kuvâyi Milliye or Kuvva-i Milliye) were Patriots of the Turkish national movement who rebelled against The Treaty of Lausanne saw Greece lose Eastern Thrace, Imbros and Tenedos, Smyrna and the possibility of staying in Anatolia. The Treaty of Lausanne ( July 24, 1923) was a Peace treaty signed in Lausanne that settled the Anatolian part of the Partitioning This article is on the Ancient Greek city of Smyrna principally in connection with the ruins remaining to this day Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black To avoid any further territorial claims, both Greece and Turkey enganged in an "exchange of populations": During the conflict, 151,892 Greeks had already fled Asia Minor. The Treaty of Lausanne moved 1,104,216 Greeks from Turkey, Bulgaria 40027 Greeks, 58522 of Russia (because of the defeat of Vrangel) and 10,080 from other sources (Dodecanese or Albania, for example)[3]. The Dodecanese ( Greek Δωδεκάνησα Dodekánisa 'twelve islands' are a group of 12 larger plus 150 smaller Greek islands in the Aegean In exchange, 380,000 Turks left the Greek territory to Turkey and 60,000 Bulgarians from Thrace and Macedonia were moved to Bulgaria. Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe Macedonia ( Μακεδονία, Makedonía,) is a geographical and historical region of Greece in southeastern Europe The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian
The immediate reception of refugees to Greece cost 45 million francs, then the League of Nations organized a loan of 150 million francs for the settlement of refugees. In 1935, Greece had spent 9 billion francs in any [4]. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Great Idea at great cost, and blotted out the partial failure of the first plan of political life for a while. In 1930, Venizelos went even an official visit to Turkey proposed Mustafa Kemal Nobel Peace Prize. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor
Interwar period
Although the Great Idea ceased to be a driving force behind Greek foreign policy, some remnants continued to influence Greek foreign policy throughout the remainder of the 20th century.
Thus, after his coup d'état of 4 August 1936, Ioannis Metaxas proclaimed the advent of the "Third Hellenic civilization" after the civilization of the ancient Greek and Byzantine Civilization [5]. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. General Ioannis Metaxas (Ιωάννης Μεταξάς ( April 12, 1871 January 29, 1941) was a Greek General and The attack by Italy from Albania and the Greek victories enabled Greece to conquer during the winter 1940-1941, the northern Epirus, which was then administered as a province of Greece- this region was populated almost 80% by ethnic Greeks- before the German offensive of April 1941. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
World War II
The occupation, resistance and the civil war helped to put the Great Idea in the background. The Greek Civil War (ο Eμφύλιος, "the Civil War" fought from 1946 to 1949 by the Governmental forces receiving logistical support by the United Kingdom The annexation of the Dodecanese islands in 1947 is considered unrelated, being just the result of the Italian defeat in war. The Dodecanese ( Greek Δωδεκάνησα Dodekánisa 'twelve islands' are a group of 12 larger plus 150 smaller Greek islands in the Aegean Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Cyprus
Cyprus, occupied by the United Kingdom, became the "apple of discord". Regime of the Colonels redirects here For the Polish regime of colonels see Colonels' group. The Turkish invasion of Cyprus, launched on July 20 1974, was a Turkish Military operation against a coup which had been staged by the Cypriot Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía In 1955, a Greek army colonel of Greek Cypriot origin George Grivas began a campaign of civil disobedience, then attacks, whose purpose was primarily to drive the British, then move for Enosis with Greece. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Mission The Hellenic Army's objective is to defend Greece's independence borders and terrain and also to guarantee the country's defense Georgios Grivas ( George Grivas; Greek: Γεώργιος Γρίβας) (May 23 1898 - January 27 1974 also known by his nom de guerre For the Genus of Grass skipper Butterflies, see Enosis (butterfly. The Greek Prime Minister, Alexandros Papagos, was not unfavourable to this idea. Marshal Alexander Papagos ( Αλέξανδρος Παπάγος, December 9, 1883, Athens — October 4, 1955, Athens The British played the Turkish Cypriots against Greek Cypriots. At the request of Enosis of the Greek population (80% of the Cypriot population), 20% answered by a Turkish demand for taksim ("score").
The problems of Cyprus had an impact on the continent itself. In September 1955, in response to the demand for enosis, an anti-Greek riot took place in Istanbul. During the Istanbul Pogrom 4,000 stores, 100 hotels and restaurants and 70 churches were destroyed or damaged [6]. The Istanbul Pogrom (also known as Istanbul Riots; Σεπτεμβριανά (Events of September 6–7 Eylül Olayları (Events of September 6–7 was a Pogrom This led to the last great wave of migration from Turkey to Greece.
The Zürich Agreement of 1959 culminated in independence of the island in the British Commonwealth . The Zürich and London Agreement was the agreement which took place on the 19 February 1959 between Turkey, Greece, the United Kingdom The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The English noun commonwealth dates from the fifteenth century. The inter-ethnic clashes from 1960 led to the dispatch of a peacekeeping force of the United Nations in 1964. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus ( UNFICYP) was established in 1964 to prevent a recurrence of fighting between the The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar.
The Cypriot situation was revived by the dictatorship of the colonels. Regime of the Colonels redirects here For the Polish regime of colonels see Colonels' group. The latter presented his coup d'état of April 21, 1967 as the only way to defend the traditional values of the Hellenic-Christian civilization. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar.
| “ | "Youth of Greece . . . Recélez You, in your breasts and your faith, the deep sense of sacrifice. It dates back to "Come and take them! "Leonidas," I do not wish to give the City. "Constantine XI and" No! "Metaxás. It is in the "Stop or I draw! "April 21, 1967 [7]. " | ” |
The oil crisis 1973 worsened Greek-Turkish relations. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Oil was discovered near Thasos. Thasos or Thassos (Θάσος is a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea, close to the coast of Thrace and the plain of the river Turkey asked to be able to explore in areas that fighting with its neighbour Greece. The situation of colonels was deteriorating. Students were outraged in November 1973 and the junta had sent tanks resume Polytechnic. The Megali Idea was then used again to divert attention from internal problems.
Against the backdrop of the oil crisis in the Aegean, Brigadier General Ioannidis arranged, in July 1974, to overthrow Cypriot President Makarios, and proceed to enosis with Cyprus. Makarios III (Μακάριος Γ born Mihail Christodoulou Mouskos (Greek Μιχαήλ Χριστοδούλου Μούσκος) on August 13, This led to an immediate reaction from Turkey. Turkey invaded the north part of the island, where the majority of the Turkish minorities were located. The two countries moved to a general mobilization and there was a founded fear of an imminent war with Turkey.
Albania
Another instance was the fact that Greece explicitly recognised the present Greco-Albanian border (and, implicitly, Albanian rule over northern Epirus) only after the fall of communism in the Balkans. But the delay in recognising the existing borders with Albania is more certainly associated with the nearly total isolation of Albania during the Cold War and especially the state of belligerency that had existed between the two states since the Second World War.
Current
In a stabilized Europe, Great Idea has disappeared. Greece-Turkey relations have been marked by alternating periods of mutual hostility and reconciliation ever since Greece won its independence from the Ottoman Empire The main reasons of the Greek-Turkish disputes about the borders are based mainly on the economy (oil or fishing). The most notable incident took place at Imia/Kardak. Imia ( in Greek, or Kardak in Turkish is a set of two small uninhabited Islets in the Aegean Sea, situated between the Greek island
The relations between Greece and Turkey are improving after the Greek aid sent to 1999 İzmit earthquake and the Turkish aid sent to 1999 Athens earthquake. The 1999 İzmit Earthquake was an approximately 76 magnitude earthquake that struck northwestern Turkey on August 17, 1999 The 1999 Athens earthquake, registering a moment magnitude of 5
References
- ^ a b History of Greece Encyclopædia Britannica Online
- ^ D. Bolukbasi and D. Bölükbaşı, Turkey And Greece: The Aegean Disputes, Routledge Cavendish 2004
- ^ André Billy, La Grèce, Arthaud, 1937, p. 188.
- ^ Andre Billy, op. , Pp. 191-192.
- ^ R. Clogg, op. Cit, p. 118.
- ^ R. Clogg, op. Cit, p. 153.
- ^ R. Clogg, op. Cit, p. 164.
Bibliography
- Özhan Öztürk (2005). Karadeniz (Black Sea): Ansiklopedik Sözlük. 2 Cilt. Heyamola Yayıncılık. İstanbul. ISBN 975-6121-00-9
See also
- Foreign relations of Greece
- Greater Albania
- Greater Serbia
- Greater Bulgaria
- Northern Epirus
- Cyprus
- Pontian Greek Genocide
- Propaganda
- Smyrna
- Pan-Slavism
Prominent issues in Greek foreign policy include the enduring Cyprus problem Greek-Turkish differences over the Aegean, a dispute over the name of the Former Yugoslav The term Greater Albania or Great Albania refers to land which is outside the borders of the Republic of Albania that Albanian nationalists claim as their own because The term Greater Serbia or Great Serbia ( Serbian: Велика Србија Velika Srbija) applies to the key current within Serbian Greater Bulgaria is term to identify the territory associated with a historical national state and a modern Bulgarian Irredentist Nationalist movement which Greek minority In Albania, Greeks are considered a "national minority" Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía During World War I and its aftermath (1914-1923 the Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people This article is on the Ancient Greek city of Smyrna principally in connection with the ruins remaining to this day Pan-Slavism was a movement in the mid 19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic peoples The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been
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