Preservation of document, pictures, recordings, digital content, etc. Preservation is a branch of Library and information science concerned with maintaining or restoring access to artifacts documents and records through the study diagnosis treatment , is a major aspect of archival science. Archival science is the theory and study of the safe storage cataloguing and retrieval of documents and items It is also an important consideration for people who are creating time capsules, family history, historical documents, scrapbooks and family trees. A time capsule is a historic cache of goods and/or information usually intended as a method of Communication with people in the future Family history is the systematic narrative and research of past events relating to a specific Family, or specific families Gutenberg Biblejpg|thumb|right|200px|A Gutenberg Bible on display at the US Library of Congress]] Historical documents are Documents that contain important information about a Scrapbooking is a method for preserving personal and family history in the form of photographs printed media and memorabilia contained in decorated albums or scrapbooks Common storage media are not permanent, and there are few reliable methods of preserving documents and pictures for the future.
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Paper/prints (photos)
Color negatives and ordinary color prints may fade away to nothing in a relatively short period if not stored and handled properly. In photography a negative may refer to three different things although they are all related Photographic printing is the process of producing a final image for viewing usually on chemically processed sensitized paper, from a previously prepared photographic negative This happens even if the negatives and prints are kept in the dark because the ambient light is not the determining factor, but heat and humidity are. Because color processing results in a less stable image than traditional black-and-white processing, black and white pictures from the 1920s are more likely to survive into the long term future than those color films and photographs from the last 20 or 30 years. "Color film" redirects here For the motion picture equivalent see Color motion picture film. Black-and-white is a number of Monochrome forms in Visual arts. The cause of the color degradation is the result of the dyes used in the color processes.
Color prints made on most inkjet printers look very good at first but they have a very short lifespan, measured in months rather than in years. Inkjet printers operate by propelling variably-sized droplets of liquid or molten material ( Ink) onto almost any sized page Even prints from commercial photo labs will start to fade in a matter of years if not processed properly and stored in cool, dry environments.
Black and white photographic films using silver halide emulsions are the only film types that have proven to last for archival storage. The determining factors for longevity include the film base type, proper processing (develop, stop, fix and wash) and proper storage. Early films were coated onto a nitrate base material which was prone to combustion if stored in uncontrolled temperatures, Nitrate was replaced with acetate-base films. The acetate films have now been discovered to outgass acids (also referred to as vinegar syndrome). Acetate films were replaced in the early 1980s by polyester film base materials which have been determined to be more stable that nitrate and acetate base films.
Documents/Books
With documents the media is not so critical to preserve as is what the documents contain. So the information in documents can be copied by using photocopiers, and scanners. A photocopier (or copier is a machine that makes Paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply Scanners is a 1981 action / Science fiction / Horror film written and directed by David Cronenberg. Books, manuscripts can also have there information saved be copied without destruction by using a book scanner. Book scanning is the process of converting physical Books into digital images or electronic books (e-books via image scanning
Where the media needs to be preserved, Like say a document is a sketch of crayon by a famous artist on a media (say paper) a complex process of preservation depending on the condition and importance of the item. Including gluing the media onto a more stable media. Other consideration that may to be taken into account to preseve paper/books include
- damaging light particularly UV light, which fades and destroys a media over time by breaking down the molecules. Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by
- atmosphere contains small traces of sulfur dioxide and nitric acid which turn media yellow and break the fibers down. An atmosphere (from Greek ατμός - atmos, " Vapor " + σφαίρα - sphaira, " Sphere " Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and
- humidity and moisture also aid in the breakdown of media. Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air In daily language the term "humidity" is normally taken to mean Relative humidity. Too much and the document is attacked by bacteria and too little cellulose material breaks down. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4
- Temperature particularly elevated, can destroy some media. Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature Low temperatures can cause the water to form crystals which expands destroying the fiber structure of paper based documents. Fiber or fibre is a class of Materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces similar to lengths of thread. Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging
Online Photo Albums
There are now a number of websites that will allow you to upload photos and videos. Sites such as Snap Fish,Fotki, and Flickr are helping people store digital versions online. However, digital preservation for the long-term is still an issue. Digital preservation is the management of Digital information over time
Most sites require you to scan the images yourself to your own hard drive and then upload them via their website. The disadvantage to this is that not everyone has the knowledge or the ability to scan images themselves. If you cannot scan the image yourself then you need to arrange for someone else to do it for you.
The alternative is to send all those old photographic prints, slides, negatives and videos off to be digitized and then returned to you. Some sites will return the prints, slides and negatives with a CD on which the digitized images appear.
Most sites will require you to either pay a membership fee or make a purchase of one of the items they sell on their website within a set period of time or your account will be deleted along with your images. So when choosing a photostorage service ensure you read the "fine print" to find out what their conditions are. For images you wish to preserve for generations, storing them in multiple formats may be appropriate, as digital preservation is not assured by merely posting photos on a photo site. Digital preservation is the management of Digital information over time
Magnetic media, video cassettes, tapes, hard drives
As with CDs and computer hard drives, Magnetic media such as audio and videotapes have a very limited life span. Magnetic tape is a medium for Magnetic recording generally consisting of a thin magnetizable coating on a long and narrow strip of Plastic. Videotape is a means of recording images and sound onto Magnetic tape as opposed to movie film.
According to digital storage experts, media such as zip disks, CDs, or DVDs last only a definite period before the medium begins to degrade, [1] although the fact that these media formats are recent inventions combined with a high rate of change and improvements in these technologies makes it difficult to determine how long digital media will last. The Zip drive is a medium-capacity removable Disk storage system introduced by Iomega in late 1994 A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is Manufacturers claim minimum lifetimes of 50 years for CD-Rs and 25 years for CD-RWs. These experts suggest that digital images be transferred as new media are developed to ensure that they are preserved.
Audio and video tapes require specific care and handling to ensure that the recorded information will be preserved. For information that must be preserved indefinitely, periodic transcription from old media to new is necessary, not only because the media are unstable, but also because the recording technology may become obsolete.
The magnitude of the problem of magnetic tape deterioration is just starting to be realized. According to some research, there is a good chance that magnetic tape older than 10 years will deteriorate. The threat comes from several sources, but the largest threat is chemical in nature, coming from the breakdown of the binder, or glue, that holds the magnetic particles to the polyester base of tape. The reaper-binder, or binder, was a farm implement that improved upon the Reaper. As this occurs, the tape often gets coated with a tenacious adhesive that makes it extremely difficult to play. In some cases the problem can be so severe that the magnetic material literally falls off or sheds from the base leaving a pile of dust and clear backing. Before the problem becomes so advanced, archivists can bake the tape and make a new copy. An archivist is a professional who assesses collects organizes preserves maintains control over and provides access to information determined to have long-term value Tape baking is a process that is used to restore Magnetic tapes Audio cassettes and Video tapes.
This problem has been known for some time, but the extent of both the problem and catastrophic effect it has on magnetic media is just now gaining visibility. It is also common for computer floppy disks to degrade over time, as the lubricants inside of the plastic jackets of many older floppies promote the decay of the magnetic medium. Also, the alignment of the magnetic particles of the disk substrate may gradually degrade, leading to a loss of formatting and data. Early laserdisk media was prone to degradation, as the layers of the disk substrate were bonded with an adhesive that was vulnerable to decay, and would crumble over time. This would lead the different layers of the disk to peel apart, damaging the pitted data surface, and rendering the disk unreadable.
Media at risk includes recorded media such as master audio recordings of symphonies and videotape recordings of the news gathered over the last 40 years. A master recording is an original Recording, from which copies may be made Threats to media that must be considered when archiving important record media include accidental erasure, physical loss due to disasters such as fire and flood, and media degradation.
References
- ^ Optical Storage Technology Association, "Technology Q&A, Understanding CD-R & CD-RW, Disc Longevity," http://www.osta.org/technology/cdqa13.htm
See also
External links
Preservation is a branch of Library and information science concerned with maintaining or restoring access to artifacts documents and records through the study diagnosis treatment There are multiple types of Magnetic media, however this article focuses on recommended best practices for handling cleaning and storage of magnetic audiotapes in an archivalDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic