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For other uses, see Medal of Honor (disambiguation).
Medal of Honor

From left to right, the Army, Navy/Marine Corps and Air Force medals
Awarded by the United States of America
Type Single-grade neck order
Eligibility Military personnel only
Awarded for ". The United States of America —commonly referred to as the . . a person who, while a member of the Army, distinguished himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States. . . "[1]
Status Currently awarded
Statistics
Established July 12, 1862
First awarded American Civil War
Last awarded June 2, 2008
Total awarded 3,465[2]
Posthumous
awards		 618
Distinct
recipients		 3,446[2]
Precedence
Next (higher) None
Next (lower) Army - Distinguished Service Cross
Navy - Navy Cross
Air Force - Air Force Cross

Medal of Honor ribbon

The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The Distinguished Service Cross (DSC is the second highest military decoration that can be awarded to a member of the United States Army, awarded for extreme The Navy Cross is the second highest medal that can be awarded by the Department of the Navy and the second highest award given for valor. The Air Force Cross is the second highest military decoration that can be awarded to a member of the United States Air Force. Awards and decorations of the United States military are Military decorations which recognize service and personal accomplishments while a member of the United States armed The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Because of its nature, the medal is frequently awarded posthumously.

Members of all branches of the U.S. military are eligible to receive the medal, and each service has a unique design with the exception of the Marine Corps and Coast Guard, which both use the Navy's medal. The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States The Medal of Honor is often presented personally to the recipient or, in the case of posthumous awards, to next of kin, by the President of the United States. A posthumous recognition is a ceremonial award given after the recipient has died usually in honor of an action associated with their death Due to its high status, the medal has special protection under U. S. law. [3]

The Medal of Honor is one of two military neck order awards issued by the United States Armed Forces, but is the sole neck order awarded to its members. A neck order is a type of Decoration which is designed to be worn and displayed around a person's Neck, rather than hung from the Chest as is the standard The other is the Commander's Degree of the Legion of Merit and is only authorized for issue to foreign dignitaries equivalent to a US military chief of staff. The Legion of Merit is a military decoration of the United States armed forces that is awarded for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding While American servicemembers are eligible for the Legion of Merit, they are awarded the lowest degree, "Legionnaire", which is a standard suspended medal. [4]

The medal is frequently, albeit incorrectly, called the Congressional Medal of Honor, stemming from its award by the Department of Defense "in the name of Congress. "[5][6]

Contents

Origin

The first formal system for rewarding acts of individual gallantry by American soldiers was established by George Washington on August 7, 1782, when he created the Badge of Military Merit, designed to recognize "any singularly meritorious action. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Year 1782 ( MDCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Badge of Military Merit is considered to be the first official military combat badge of the United States Armed Forces. " This decoration is America's first combat award and the second oldest American military decoration of any type, after the Fidelity Medallion. The Fidelity Medallion is the oldest decoration of the United States military and was created by act of the Continental Congress in 1780. [1][7]

Although the Badge of Military Merit fell into disuse after the American Revolutionary War, the concept of a military award for individual gallantry by members of the U. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" S. armed forces had been established. In 1847, after the outbreak of the Mexican-American War, a Certificate of Merit was established for soldiers who distinguished themselves in action. The Certificate of Merit Medal was a military decoration of the United States Army that was issued between the years of 1905 to 1918 The certificate was later granted medal status as the Certificate of Merit Medal. The Certificate of Merit Medal was a military decoration of the United States Army that was issued between the years of 1905 to 1918 [8]

Early in the Civil War, a medal for individual valor was proposed (by James W. Grimes) to Winfield Scott, the Commanding General of the United States Army. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South James Wilson Grimes (born October 20 1816, Deering New Hampshire d Winfield Scott ( June 13, 1786 &ndash May 29, 1866) was a United States Army general Diplomat, and presidential candidate Prior to the institution of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army in 1903 there was generally a single senior-most officer in the army Scott did not approve the proposal, but the medal did come into use in the Navy. Public Resolution 82, containing a provision for a Navy Medal of Valor, was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on December 21, 1861. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [9] The medal was "to be bestowed upon such petty officers, seamen, landsmen, and Marines as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry and other seamanlike qualities during the present war. "[10] Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles directed the Philadelphia Mint to design the new decoration. The United States Secretary of the Navy ( SECNAV) is the Civilian head of the Department of the Navy. Gideon Welles ( July 1, 1802 &ndash February 11, 1878) was the United States Secretary of the Navy from 1861 to 1869 The Philadelphia Mint was created from the need to establish a national identity and the needs of commerce in the United States. [11] Shortly afterward, a resolution of similar wording was introduced on behalf of the Army and was signed into law on July 12, 1862. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday This measure provided for awarding a Medal of Honor, as the Navy version also came to be called: "to such noncommissioned officers and privates as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry in action, and other soldier-like qualities, during the present insurrection. A non-commissioned officer (sometimes noncommissioned officer) also known as an NCO or Noncom, is an enlisted member of an Armed force A Private is a Soldier of the lowest Military rank (equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution "[9][10]

Appearance

Early Army versions of the Medal of Honor.
Early Army versions of the Medal of Honor.
Early Navy versions of the Medal of Honor.
Early Navy versions of the Medal of Honor.

The Medal of Honor has evolved in appearance since its creation in 1862. The present Army medal consists of a gold star surrounded by a wreath, topped by an eagle on a bar inscribed with the word "Valor. " The medal is attached by a hook to a light blue moiré silk neckband that is 13⁄16 inches (30 mm) in width and 21¾ inches (552 mm) in length. Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons [1][12]

There is a version of the medal for each branch of the U.S. armed forces: the Army, Navy and Air Force. The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Since the U.S. Marine Corps is administratively a part of the Department of the Navy, Marines receive the Navy medal. The United States Department of the Navy was established by an Act of Congress on April 30 1798 to provide administrative and technical support and civilian leadership Before 1965, when the U. S. Air Force design was adopted, members of the U.S. Army Air Corps, U.S. Army Air Forces, and Air Force received the Army version of the medal. The United States Army Air Corps (USAAC was the predecessor of the U The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. [11]

The Coast Guard Medal of Honor, which was distinguished from the Navy medal in 1963, has never been awarded, partly because the U. S. Coast Guard is subsumed into the U. S. Navy in time of declared war. No design yet exists for it. Only one member of the Coast Guard has received a Medal of Honor, Signalman 1st Class Douglas Munro, who was awarded the Navy version for action during the Battle of Guadalcanal. Douglas Albert Munro (October 11 1919 &ndash September 27 1942 is the only member of the United States Coast Guard to have received the Medal of Honor, the The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, sometimes referred to as the Third and Fourth Battles of Savo Island, the Battle of the Solomons or in Japanese sources as [13][14]

In the rare cases (19 thus far) where a service member has been awarded more than one Medal of Honor, current regulations specify that an appropriate award device be centered on the Medal of Honor ribbon and neck medal. To indicate multiple presentations of the Medal of Honor, the U. S. Army and Air Force bestow oak leaf clusters, while the Navy Medal of Honor is worn with gold award stars. An oak leaf cluster or oakleaves is a common device which is placed on U An award star is a decoration issued by the United States military in lieu of multiple awards of the same award for example a second and subsequent Legion of Merit [15]

A ribbon which is the same shade of light blue as the neckband, and includes five white stars, pointed upwards, in the shape of an "M" is worn for situations other than full dress uniform. When the ribbon is worn, it is placed alone, ¼ inch (6 mm) above the center of the other ribbons. For wear with civilian clothing, a rosette is issued instead of a miniature lapel pin (which usually shows the ribbon bar). The rosette is the same shade of blue as the neck ribbon and includes white stars. The ribbon and rosette are presented at the same time as the medal. [11]

Flag

On October 23, 2003, Pub.L. 107-248 was enacted, modifying 36 U.S.C. § 903, authorizing a Medal of Honor flag to be presented to recipients of the decoration. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Title 36 of the United States Code outlines the role of Patriotic Societies and Observances in the United States Code. [16]

Medal of Honor Flag
Medal of Honor Flag

The flag was based on a concept by retired Army Special Forces 1SG. First Sergeant is the name of a military rank used in some countries Bill Kendall of Jefferson, Iowa,[17] who designed a flag to honor Medal of Honor recipient Captain Darrell Lindsey, a B-26 pilot killed in World War II who was also from Jefferson. Jefferson is a city in Greene County, Iowa, United States, along the North Raccoon River. Darrell Robins Lindsey (December 30 1919&ndashAugust 9 1944 was a Bomber pilot in the U See A-26 Invader for the plane known as the B-26 from 1948 to 1962 Kendall's design of a light blue field emblazoned with thirteen white five-pointed stars was nearly identical to that of Sarah LeClerc's of the Institute of Heraldry. The United States Army Institute of Heraldry provides heraldic services to the U LeClerc's design, ultimately accepted as the official flag, does not include the words "Medal of Honor" and is fringed in gold. The color of the field and the 13 white stars, arranged in the form of a three bar chevron, consisting of two chevrons of 5 stars and one chevron of 3 stars,[1] replicate the Medal of Honor ribbon. A chevron (also spelled cheveron, especially in older documents is a V-shaped pattern The flag has no set proportions. [18]

The first Medal of Honor recipient to receive the official flag was Paul R. Smith. Paul Ray Smith ( September 24, 1969 &ndash April 4, 2003) was a United States Army Sergeant First Class who was posthumously The flag was cased and presented to his family along with his medal. [19] A special ceremony presenting this flag to 60 Medal of Honor recipients was held onboard the USS Constitution on September 30, 2006. Construction In August 1785 after the Revolutionary War drew to a close Congress sold, the last ship remaining in the Continental Navy. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [20]

Awarding the medal

There are two distinct protocols for awarding the Medal of Honor. The first and most common is nomination by a service member in the chain of command, followed by approval at each level of command. In a Military context the chain of command is the line of authority and responsibility along which orders are passed within a Military unit and between different The other method is nomination by a member of Congress (generally at the request of a constituent) and approval by a special act of Congress. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses In either case, the Medal of Honor is presented by the President on behalf of the Congress.

Evolution of criteria

Several months after President Abraham Lincoln signed Public Resolution 82 into law on December 21, 1861, a similar resolution for the Army was passed. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Six Union soldiers who hijacked the General, a Confederate locomotive were the first recipients. The Union Army was the army that fought for the Union during the American Civil War. The Great Locomotive Chase or Andrews' Raid was a military raid that occurred April 12, 1862, in northern Georgia during the American Civil The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 A locomotive is a railway Vehicle that provides the motive power for a Train. Raid leader James J. Andrews, a civilian hanged as a Union spy, did not receive the medal. James J Andrews ( c 1829 &ndash June 7, 1862) was an American Civil War civilian Espionage agent for the Union Army who Hanging is the lethal suspension of a person by a ligature The Oxford English Dictionary states that hanging in this sense is "specifically to put to death Many Medals of Honor awarded in the 19th century were associated with saving the flag, not just for patriotic reasons, but because the flag was a primary means of battlefield communication. During the time of the Civil War, no other military award was authorized, and to many this explains why some seemingly less notable actions were recognized by the Medal of Honor during that war. The criteria for the award tightened after World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All In the post-World War II era, many eligible recipients might instead have been awarded a Silver Star, Navy Cross or similar award. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Silver Star is the third highest military decoration that can be awarded to a member of any branch of the United States Armed Forces. The Navy Cross is the second highest medal that can be awarded by the Department of the Navy and the second highest award given for valor.

During the Civil War, Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton promised a Medal of Honor to every man in the 27th Regiment, Maine Infantry who extended his enlistment beyond the agreed upon date. The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration Edwin McMasters Stanton ( December 19, 1814 &ndash December 24, 1869) was an American lawyer politician United States The 27th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment was a nine-month regiment raised in York County Maine and went into camp at Portland Maine beginning Many stayed four days extra, and then were discharged. Due to confusion, Stanton awarded a Medal of Honor to all 864 men in the regiment. [21]

In 1916, a board of five Army generals convened by law to review every Army Medal of Honor awarded. The commission, led by Nelson Miles, recommended that the Army rescind 911 medals. Nelson Appleton Miles ( August 8, 1839 &ndash May 15, 1925) was an American soldier who served in the American Civil War, Indian This included the 864 medals awarded to members of the 27th Maine, 29 who served as Abraham Lincoln's funeral guard, six civilians (including Dr Mary Edwards Walker, the only woman to have been awarded the medal), and Buffalo Bill Cody, and 12 others whose awards were judged frivolous. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Mary Edwards Walker ( November 26, 1832 – February 21, 1919) was an American feminist, abolitionist, Prohibitionist William Frederick "Buffalo Bill" Cody (February 26 1846 &ndash January 10 1917 was an American soldier bison hunter and Showman. Dr. Walker's medal was restored posthumously by President Jimmy Carter in 1977. James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 [21] Cody's award was restored in 1989. [22]

Early in the 20th century, the Navy awarded many Medals of Honor for peacetime bravery. For instance, seven sailors aboard the USS Iowa received the medal when a boiler exploded on January 25, 1904. See also List of battleships of the United States Navy List of ship launches in 1896 List of ship commissionings A boiler is a closed vessel in which Water or other Fluid is heated Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Aboard the USS Chicago in 1901, John Henry Helms received the medal for saving Ishi Tomizi, the ship's cook, from drowning. Even after World War I, Richard Byrd and Floyd Bennett received the medal for exploration of the North Pole. The name Richard Byrd may refer to Richard C Byrd (1805–1854 an American politician Richard Evelyn Byrd (1888–1957 admiral polar Floyd Bennett (October 25 1890 &ndash April 25 1928 American Aviator who piloted Richard E The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is subject to the caveats explained below defined as the point in the northern [23] Thomas J. Ryan received it for saving a woman from the burning Grand Hotel in Yokohama, Japan following the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. Rear Admiral Thomas John Ryan Jr ( August 5, 1901 &ndash January 28, 1970) was a career American naval officer who is the capital of Kanagawa Prefecture, located in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshū and is a major commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area The struck the Kantō plain on the Japanese main island of Honshū at 1158 on the morning of September 1, 1923. [24]

"Tiffany Cross" version of the Medal of Honor
"Tiffany Cross" version of the Medal of Honor

Between 1919 and 1942, the Navy issued two separate versions of the Medal of Honor, one for non-combat bravery and the other for combat-related acts. Official accounts vary, but generally the combat Medal of Honor was known as the "Tiffany Cross", after the company that manufactured the medal. "The Tiffany" was first issued in 1919 but was rare and unpopular, partly because it was presented both for combat and noncombat events. [25] As a result, in 1942, the United States Navy reverted to a single Medal of Honor, awarded only for heroism. [26]

Since the beginning of World War II, the medal has been awarded for extreme bravery beyond the call of duty while engaged in action against an enemy. Arising from these criteria, approximately 60% of the medals earned during and after World War II have been awarded posthumously. [27] Capt. William McGonagle is an exception to the enemy action rule, earning his medal during the USS Liberty incident, which the Israeli government claimed was friendly fire. William Loren McGonagle (November 19 1925 &ndash March 3 1999 was a United States Naval officer in command of the USS ''Liberty'' when it was attacked by the The USS Liberty incident was an Attack on a neutral US Navy Technical research ship, USS ''Liberty'', by Israeli Friendly fire or non-hostile fire, a term originally adopted by the United States military, refers to fire from one's own side or allied forces as [28][29]

Controversies

A 1993 study commissioned by the Army described systematic racial and religious discrimination in the criteria for awarding medals during World War II. [30] At the time, no Medals of Honor had been awarded to black soldiers who served in World War II. After an exhaustive review of files, the study recommended that several black Distinguished Service Cross recipients be upgraded to the Medal of Honor. The Distinguished Service Cross (DSC is the second highest military decoration that can be awarded to a member of the United States Army, awarded for extreme On January 13, 1997, President Bill Clinton awarded the medal to seven African American World War II veterans. Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Of these, only Vernon Baker was still alive. Vernon Joseph Baker (b December 17, 1919) is a United States Army Medal of Honor recipient for his actions on April 5-6 1945 near Viareggio [30] A similar study of Asian Americans in 1998 resulted in President Bill Clinton awarding 21 new Medals of Honor in 2000, including 20 to Japanese American members of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, among them Senator Daniel Inouye. Asian Americans are Americans of Asian ancestry. They include sub-ethnic groups such as Chinese Americans Filipino Americans Indian William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States are Americans of Japanese heritage Japanese Americans have historically been among the three largest Asian American communities but in recent decades have become the sixth largest group The 442nd Infantry, formerly the 442nd Regimental Combat Team of the United States Army, was an Asian American unit composed of mostly Japanese is an American politician who currently serves as the senior United States Senator from Hawaii. [31] In 2005, President George W. Bush awarded the Medal of Honor to Jewish veteran and Holocaust survivor Tibor Rubin, who many believed to have been overlooked because of his religious beliefs. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Tibor "Ted" Rubin (born June 18, 1929) is a Hungarian -born Holocaust survivor who immigrated to the United States in 1948 [31]

Authority and privileges

The grave of a recipient at the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial
The grave of a recipient at the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial

The U. The Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial is a World War II Cemetery and Memorial in Colleville-sur-Mer, Normandy, France S. Army Medal of Honor was first authorized by a joint resolution of Congress on July 12, 1862. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday The specific authorizing statute was 10 U.S.C. § 3741, effective January 26, 1998:

“ The President may award, and present in the name of Congress, a medal of honor of appropriate design, with ribbons and appurtenances, to a person who while a member of the Army, distinguished himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Title 10 of the United States Code outlines the role of armed forces in the United States Code. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) [32] ”

Later authorizations created similar medals for other branches of the service.

The Medal of Honor confers special privileges on its recipients, both by tradition and by law. By tradition, all other soldiers, sailors, Marines, and airmen—even higher-ranking officers up to the President of the United States—who are not also recipients of the Medal of Honor initiate the salute. A salute (also called obeisance) is a Gesture (often Hand gesture) or other action used to display respect In the event of an officer encountering an enlisted member of the military who has been awarded the Medal of Honor, officers by tradition salute not the person, but the medal itself, thus attempting to time their salute to coincide with the enlisted member's. By law, recipients have several benefits:[33][34][35]

Grave of a recipient at the Memphis National Cemetery
Grave of a recipient at the Memphis National Cemetery

Legal protection

Until late 2006, the Medal of Honor was the only service decoration singled out in federal law to protect it from being imitated or privately sold. The Stolen Valor Act of 2005, enacted December 20, 2006, extended some of these protections to other military awards as well. The Stolen Valor Act of 2005 (the Act signed into law by President George W Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [38] Now, any false verbal, written or physical claim to an award or decoration authorized for wear by authorized military members or veterans is a federal felony.

The Medal of Honor on display
The Medal of Honor on display

All Medals of Honor are issued in the original only, by the Department of Defense, to a recipient. The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government Misuse of the medal, including unauthorized manufacture or wear, is punishable by fine and imprisonment pursuant to (18 U.S.C. § 704(b)), which prescribes a harsher penalty than that for violations concerning other medals. Title 18 of the United States Code is the Criminal and Penal code of the Federal government of the United States. [3] After the Army redesigned its medal in 1903, a patent was issued (United States Patent #D37,236) to legally prevent others from making the medal. A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an When the patent expired, the Federal government enacted a law making it illegal to produce, wear, or distribute the Medal of Honor without proper authority. Violators of this law have been prosecuted. A number of veterans' organizations and private companies devote themselves to exposing those who falsely claim to have received the Medal of Honor. [39]

Enforcement

HLI Lordship Industries Inc. , a former Medal of Honor contractor, was fined in 1996 for selling 300 fake medals for US$75 each. [40]

Also that year, Ft Lauderdale, Florida resident Jackie Stern was convicted of wearing a medal to which he was not entitled; instead of six months in jail, a federal judge sentenced him to serve one year's probation and to write a letter of apology to each of the then-living 171 actual recipients of the medal; the letter was also published in the local newspaper. [41]

In 2003, Edward Fedora and Gisela Fedora were charged with violating (18 U.S.C. § 704(b)) - Unlawful Sale of a Medal of Honor. Title 18 of the United States Code is the Criminal and Penal code of the Federal government of the United States. They sold medals awarded to U. S. Navy Seaman Robert Blume (for action in the Spanish-American War) and to U. S. Army First Sergeant George Washington Roosevelt (for action in the Civil War) to an FBI agent. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South [42] Edward Fedora, a Canadian businessman,[43] pleaded guilty and was sentenced to prison;[44] Gisela Fedora's status is unknown.

Recipients

A statue in Louisville, Kentucky honors Medal of Honor recipients from Kentucky.
A statue in Louisville, Kentucky honors Medal of Honor recipients from Kentucky.
Main article: List of Medal of Honor recipients

In total, 3,465 medals have been awarded to 3,446 different people. The Medal of Honor is the highest military award in the US military. [45][46] Nineteen men received a second award: 14 of these received two separate medals for two separate actions, and five received both the Navy and the Army Medals of Honor for the same action. Since the beginning of World War II, 854 Medals of Honor have been awarded, 528 posthumously. In total, 618 had their medals presented posthumously. [27]

The first Army Medal of Honor was awarded to Private Jacob Parrott during the American Civil War for his role in the Andrews Raid. Jacob Wilson Parrot (July 17 1843&ndashDecember 22 1908 was a soldier in the volunteer Union army during the American Civil War. The Great Locomotive Chase or Andrews' Raid was a military raid that occurred April 12, 1862, in northern Georgia during the American Civil The only female Medal of Honor recipient is Mary Edwards Walker, a Civil War surgeon. Mary Edwards Walker ( November 26, 1832 – February 21, 1919) was an American feminist, abolitionist, Prohibitionist Her medal was rescinded in 1917 along with many other non-combat awards, but it was restored by President Jimmy Carter in 1977. James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 [47]

While current regulations, (10 U.S.C. § 6241), beginning in 1918, explicitly state that recipients must be serving in the U. Title 10 of the United States Code outlines the role of armed forces in the United States Code. S. Armed Forces at the time of performing a valorous act that warrants the award, exceptions have been made. For example, Charles Lindbergh, while a reserve member of the U.S. Army Air Corps, received his Medal of Honor as a civilian pilot. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The United States Army Air Corps (USAAC was the predecessor of the U In addition, the Medal of Honor was presented to the British Unknown Warrior by General Pershing on October 17, 1921; later the U.S. Unknown Soldier was reciprocally awarded the Victoria Cross, Britain's highest award for gallantry, on November 11, 1921. The British tomb of The Unknown Warrior holds an unidentified British soldier killed on a European battlefield during World War I. John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing, GCB ( September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948) was an officer in the United States Army Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar The Tomb of the Unknowns (also known as the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, although it has never been officially named is a monument dedicated to American servicemen who have See below the section "Separate Commonwealth awards" Note that since Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Apart from these few exceptions, Medals of Honor can only be awarded to members of the U. S. armed forces - although being a U. S. citizen is not a prerequisite. Sixty-one Canadians who were serving in the United States armed forces have been awarded the Medal of Honor, with a majority awarded for actions in the American Civil War. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Since 1900, only four have been awarded to Canadians. [48] In the Vietnam War, Peter C. Lemon was the only Canadian recipient of the Medal of Honor. Peter C Lemon is one of the youngest surviving recipients of the Medal of Honor. [49]

By conflict
Civil War 1,522 Indian Wars 426
Korean Expedition 15 Spanish-American War 110
Samoan Civil War 4 Philippine-American War 86
Boxer Rebellion 59 Mexican Expedition 56
Haiti (1915–1934) 8 Dominican Republic Occupation 3
World War I 124 Occupation of Nicaragua 2
World War II 464 Korean War 133
Vietnam War 246 Battle of Mogadishu 2
Operation Iraqi Freedom 4 Operation Enduring Freedom 1
Peacetime 193 Unknowns 9
By branch of service
Service Awards
Army 2404
Navy 746
Marines 297
Air Force 17
Coast Guard 1


Double recipients

Nineteen men have been awarded the Medal of Honor twice. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The United States expedition to Korea in 1871 also known as Shinmiyangyo ( Western Disturbance of the Year Sinmi year) was the first American The Samoan Civil Wars is a Western definition of political activity in the Samoa Islands of the South Pacific in the late 19th century The Boxer Rebellion, or Boxer Movement, was an uprising by members of the Chinese Society of Right and Harmonious Fists against foreign influence The Punitive Expedition (officially known in the United States as the Mexican Expedition) was a Military operation conducted by the United States The first United States occupation of Haiti began on July 28 1915 and ended in mid-August 1934 The United States occupied the Dominican Republic from 1916-1924 World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The United States occupied Nicaragua from 1912-1933 and intervened in the country several times before that World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The Battle of Mogadishu (also referred to as the Battle of the Black Sea) or The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF is the official name used by the U Peace, in the modern usage is a concept defined by the ideal state of relationship as absence of hostility at the international level that of a War. Five of these men were awarded both the Army and Navy Medal of Honor for the same action.

Name Service Rank War Notes
Frank Baldwin Army First Lieutenant, Captain American Civil War, Indian Wars
Smedley Butler Marine Corps Major Vera Cruz, Haiti
John Cooper Navy Coxswain American Civil War
Louis Cukela Marine Corps Sergeant World War I Both awarded for same action. For the Coronation Street character see Frank "Frankie" Baldwin Frank Dwight Baldwin, (26 June 1842 &ndash 22 April 1923 The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Smedley Darlington Butler (July 30 1881 &ndash June 21 1940 Nicknamed " The Fighting Quaker " and " Old Gimlet Eye " was a Major The United States occupation of the Mexican port of Veracruz lasted for six months in response to the Tampico Affair of April 9, 1914. The first United States occupation of Haiti began on July 28 1915 and ended in mid-August 1934 John Cooper (July 24 1828 &ndash August 22 1891 (born as John Laver Mather Cooper) was a member of the United States Navy. Louis Cukela ( Croatian: Luj Čukela, pronounced "chukela" ( 1 May, 1888 &ndash 19 March 1956) was a famous World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All
Thomas Custer Army Second Lieutenant American Civil War
Daniel Daly Marine Corps Private, Gunnery Sergeant Boxer Rebellion, Haiti
Henry Hogan Army First Sergeant Indian Wars
Ernest A. Janson Marine Corps Gunnery Sergeant World War I Both awarded for same action. Thomas Ward Custer (March 15 1845 &ndash June 25 1876 was a United States Army officer and two-time recipient of the Medal of Honor for bravery during the Sergeant Major Daniel Joseph "Dan" Daly (November 11 1873 &ndash April 27 1937 was a United States Marine and one of only 19 men (and two Marines to receive The Boxer Rebellion, or Boxer Movement, was an uprising by members of the Chinese Society of Right and Harmonious Fists against foreign influence Henry Hogan (March 8 1840 &ndash April 20 1916 was a First Sergeant in the United States Army during the Black Hills War. Sergeant Major Ernest August Janson (17 August 1878&ndash14 May 1930 was a United States Marine who was highly decorated for his heroic actions in World War I, receiving Received the Army MOH under the name Charles F. Hoffman.
John J. Kelly Marine Corps Private World War I Both awarded for same action. John Joseph Kelly (June 24 1898-November 20 1957 was a United States Marine who was awarded both the Army and Navy Medals of Honor for his
John King Navy Watertender Peacetime
Matej Kocak Marine Corps Sergeant World War I Both awarded for same action. John King ( 7 February 1865 &ndash 20 May 1938) was a sailor in the United States Navy and one of only 19 in history to receive the Matej Kocak (1882-1918 a United States Marine Corps sergeant was posthumously awarded both the Army and Navy Medals of Honor, for
John Lafferty Navy Fireman, First Class Fireman American Civil War, peacetime
John C. McCloy Navy Coxswain, Chief Boatswain Boxer Rebellion, Vera Cruz
Patrick Mullen Navy Boatswain's Mate Civil War
John H. Pruitt Marine Corps Corporal World War I Both awarded for same action. John Lafferty or Laverty (1842&ndashNovember 13 1903 was a sailor in the U See John McCloy for other people with the same name John McCloy was a sailor in the United States Navy who is one of only 19 individuals John Henry Pruitt (October 4 1896&ndashOctober 4 1918 was a United States Marine during World War I and is 1 of only 19 people who received 2 Medals of Honor
Robert Sweeney Navy Ordinary Seaman Peacetime
Albert Weisbogel Navy Captain Peacetime
Louis Williams Navy Captain Peacetime
William Wilson Army Sergeant Indian Wars

Post-Vietnam

For actions occurring since the withdrawal of US forces from Vietnam in 1973, the Medal of Honor has been awarded seven times, all of them posthumously. Robert Augustus Sweeney ( February 20, 1853 &ndash December 19, 1890) was a sailor who in the United States Navy and is one of only Albert Weisbogel (born 1844 was a 19th century United States Navy sailor Ludwig Andreas Olsen (1845&ndash 20 February, 1886) also known as Louis Williams, was a United States Navy sailor and one of only 19 people William Wilson (1847&ndash 22 December, 1895) a Sergeant in the United States Army 's 4th Cavalry is noted for being one of only nineteen individuals The first two were earned by U.S. Army Special Forces Delta Force snipers Sergeant First Class Randy Shughart and Master Sergeant Gary Gordon, who defended downed Black Hawk helicopter pilot Chief Warrant Officer Michael Durant and his crew during the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993. For the computer game see Delta Force (video game. For the movie see The Delta Force (film. Sergeant First Class insignia Sergeant First Class ( SFC) is the seventh enlisted Sgt First Class Randall 'Randy' David Shughart ( August 13, 1958 &ndash October 3, 1993) is a posthumous recipient of the Medal A master sergeant is the Military rank for a senior Non-commissioned officer in some armed forces Master Sgt Gary Ivan Gordon (August 30 1960&ndashOctober 3 1993 is a posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout "Chief Warrant Officer" in the United States Armed Forces refers to any warrant officer W-2 and above Michael 'Mike' J Durant (born July 23, 1961) is the American pilot who was held prisoner after a raid in Mogadishu Somalia The Battle of Mogadishu (also referred to as the Battle of the Black Sea) or [50] Two others were awarded during the Iraq War, to Army Sergeant First Class Paul Ray Smith and Marine Corps Corporal Jason Dunham. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign Paul Ray Smith ( September 24, 1969 &ndash April 4, 2003) was a United States Army Sergeant First Class who was posthumously Corporal is a rank in use in some form by most militaries and also by some police forces or other uniformed organizations Jason Dunham (10 November 1981 &ndash 22 April 2004 was a Corporal in the United States Marine Corps who served with 4th Platoon, Company K In 2005, a posthumous Medal of Honor was awarded to Sergeant First Class Smith for actions in Operation Iraqi Freedom; his medal was presented to his survivors. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign In April 2003, Smith organized the defense of a prisoner of war holding area which was attacked by a company-sized Iraqi force, personally manning a machine gun under enemy fire. [51] In 2007, President George W. Bush awarded Marine Corporal Dunham, of Scio, New York, the Medal of Honor posthumously for his bravery in Iraq during a combat mission during which he threw himself on a grenade to save his fellow Marines during an action near the Syrian border in April 2004. President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Scio is a Town in Allegany County, New York, United States. The population was 1914 at the 2000 census New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية [52]

On October 22, 2007, President George W. Bush presented the award to the family of Navy SEAL Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy for his actions in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom in 2005. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Michael Patrick Murphy ( May 7 1976 &ndash June 28 2005) was a United States Navy SEAL posthumously awarded the United Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF is the official name used by the U

On March 3, 2008, President Bush presented the Medal of Honor posthumously to Master Sergeant Woodrow W. Keeble for his actions during the Korean War. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Master Sergeant Woodrow Wilson Keeble ( May 16, 1917 - January 28, 1982) was a U The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the His family had waged a long campaign for the medal after the recommendation was twice lost during the conflict. Master Sergeant Keeble, who passed away in 1982, was the first member of the Sioux Native American tribe to be awarded the medal. Sioux (pronounced SUE are a Native American and First Nations people Federally recognized tribes are those Indian tribes recognized by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs for certain federal government [53] This was the 49th belated Medal of Honor award since 1979. [54]

On April 8, 2008, President Bush presented the Medal of Honor to the parents of Navy MA2 Michael A. Monsoor (SEAL), who had jumped onto a live grenade thrown by a Sunni insurgent in order to save the lives of two fellow SEALs who, unlike him, had no route to escape the blast. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Master at Arms Second Class Michael Anthony Monsoor ( April 5, 1981 &ndash September 29, 2006) was a U Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution [55]

On June 2, 2008, President Bush presented the Medal of Honor to the parents of Army PFC Ross McGinnis. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Ross Andrew McGinnis (14 June 1987 &ndash 4 December 2006 was a Soldier in the United States Army who was Killed in action on 4 December 2006 during McGinnis, a Humvee gunner patrolling Baghdad’s Adhamiyah district, shielded his fellow platoon members from a grenade blast in November 2006. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous [56]

Similar decorations within the United States

The following United States decorations bear similar names to the Medal of Honor, but are separate awards with different criteria for issuance.

Several United States law enforcement decorations also bear the name "Medal of Honor". The Cardenas Medal of Honor was a decoration of the Revenue Cutter Service which was established by an act of Congress in the year 1900 The United States Revenue Cutter Service was established by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton in 1790 as an armed Maritime law enforcement The Chaplain's Medal for Heroism is a decoration of the United States military which was authorized by an act of the United States Congress on January 18 Not to be confused with the Medal of Honor, sometimes called the "Congressional Medal of Honor" which is the highest military decoration of the United States The Congressional Space Medal of Honor was authorized by the United States Congress in 1969 to recognize "any Astronaut who in the performance of his duties has The Presidential Medal of Freedom is a decoration bestowed by the President of the United States and is along with the equivalent Congressional Gold Medal bestowed United States law enforcement decorations are awarded by the Police forces of the United States of America. The Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor, established by Congress in 2001, "the highest national award for valor by a public safety officer", is also awarded by the President. The Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor is the highest Decoration for bravery performed by public safety officers in the United States, comparable to the military's [57][58][59]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Department of the Army (2002-07-01). The Medal of Honor is the highest military award in the US military. The Department of the Army is one of the three Service departments in the United States Department of Defense. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Section 578.4 Medal of Honor. Code of Federal Regulations Title 32, Volume 2. The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) published in the Government Printing Office. The Government Printing Office (GPO is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States federal government. Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  2. ^ a b Congressional Medal of Honor Society. MOH Stats. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
  3. ^ a b Office of the Law Revision Counsel. The Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the United States House of Representatives prepares and publishes the United States Code, which is a consolidation and codification 18USC704(b). US Code Collection. Cornell Law School. Retrieved on 2006-07-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold
  4. ^ Legion of Merit. Awards. Institute of Heraldry. Retrieved on 2006-08-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine
  5. ^ (Boatner, Military Customs and Traditions. and Johnson, The Oxford Companion to American History. )
  6. ^ The Congressional Medal of Honor Society is so named because that is the name it was given in an act of Congress signed into law by President Eisenhower on August 5, 1958 as Title 36, Chapter 33 of the U. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Title 36 of the United States Code outlines the role of Patriotic Societies and Observances in the United States Code. S. Code. (See The Congressional Medal of Honor Society's History. Official Site. Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved on 2006-10-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. . ) The law authorizing the society has since been transferred to Title 36, Chapter 405 of the U.S. Code.
  7. ^ U. S. Army Center of Military History. The Badge Of Military Merit/The Purple Heart. Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  8. ^ Foxfall Medals. Certificate of Merit. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler
  9. ^ a b Two Chief Engineers Were Medal of Honor Recipients?. Did You Know?. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved on 2006-07-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat
  10. ^ a b History of the Medal. Public Broadcasting System. Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  11. ^ a b c Types of the Medal of Honor: 1862 To Present. Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  12. ^ The Medal. Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved on 2006-07-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World
  13. ^ MOH FAQ. Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler
  14. ^ Douglas Albert Munro, USCG. US Coast Guard. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler
  15. ^ Double Recipients. Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved on 2006-07-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler
  16. ^ Designation of the Medal of Honor Flag. US Code. gov (23 Oct 2002). Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  17. ^ Special Forces veteran's idea leads to new Medal of Honor flag. Army News Service. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
  18. ^ Medal of Honor Flag. The Institute of Heraldry. US Army. Retrieved on 2006-07-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World
  19. ^ Cramer, Eric W. (29 March 2005). Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King First Medal of Honor flag to be presented. Army News Service. US Army. Retrieved on 2006-07-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World
  20. ^ "Old Ironsides" Hosts Medal of Honor Recipients. Navy Newsstand. US Navy (2006). Retrieved on 2006-10-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.
  21. ^ a b Sterner, C. Douglas (2004). The Purge of 1917. homeofheroes. com. Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  22. ^ The Medal's History. Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved on 2006-10-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid
  23. ^ Floyd Bennett. Arlington National Cemetery. Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  24. ^ Medal of Honor Recipients, Interim Awards 1920–1940. Center for Military History. Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  25. ^ Tillman, Barrett (2003). Above and Beyond: The Aviation Medals of Honor. Washington, D. C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 3.  
  26. ^ Types of the Medal of Honor: 1862 To Present. Navy Medal of Honor (1913). Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  27. ^ a b Medal of Honor Statistics. Center for Military History. US Army (May 2003). Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  28. ^ USS Liberty. National Security Agency, Central Security Service (July 2003). Retrieved on 23 Jul 2006. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. audio and transcripts
  29. ^ USS Liberty. Naval Historical Center. Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. audio and transcripts
  30. ^ a b WWII African American MOH recipients. Center for Military History. US Army. Retrieved on 2006-07-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold
  31. ^ a b 22 Asian-Pacific Americans Receive Medals of Honor. Center for Military History. US Army (21 June 2000). Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  32. ^ Sec. 3741. Medal of honor: award. Washington Watchdog (Jan 26, 1998). Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  33. ^ Medal of Honor Recipients. Tricare. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
  34. ^ Navy & Marine Corps Awards and Decorations: Medal of Honor. usmilitary. about. com. Retrieved on 24 Jul 2006. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  35. ^ Special Benefits and Allowances Table. Dept. of Veterans Affairs. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
  36. ^ Ribbon and Rosette. homeofheroes. com. Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  37. ^ Army Uniform Regulations AR 670-1 3 Feb 2005 Section 30-5 and 30-6 p.339. Department of the Army. Retrieved on 2006-07-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
  38. ^ S. 1998: Stolen Valor Act of 2005. 109th U. S. Congress (2005–2006). GovTrak. us. Retrieved on 2007-03-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion.
  39. ^ Chozick, Amy. Veterans' Web Sites Expose Pseudo Heroes, Phony Honors. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on 2006-07-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold
  40. ^ Company fined for selling fake Medals of Honor. US News. CNN (4 Dec 1996). Retrieved on 2006-07-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World
  41. ^ Florida Man wears medal without Honor. US News. CNN (4 Dec 1996). Retrieved on 2006-09-30. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the
  42. ^ Defendants Charged With Conspiracy to Sell Several Congressional Medals of Honor. Federal Bureau of Investigation (July 9, 2003). Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  43. ^ Associated Press (2003-07-09). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Man Charged With Selling Medals of Honor. WHEC-TV 10 Rochester, NY. Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  44. ^ Honoring Our Veterans. Federal Bureau of Investigation (May 28, 2004). Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  45. ^ The Congressional Medal of Honor Society's History. Official Site. Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved on 2006-10-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.
  46. ^ Marines Awarded the Medal of Honor. US Marine Corps. Retrieved on 2006-07-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold
  47. ^ Mary Edwards Walker. Women in History. Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  48. ^ Canada honours winners of top U.S. medal. CBC News (1 Jul 2005). Retrieved on 2006-07-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold
  49. ^ Thousands of Canadians, including a Medal of Honor winner, served with the U.S. military in Vietnam. Veterans With a Mission. Retrieved on 2006-07-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold
  50. ^ Medal of Honor Recipients: Somalia. Center for Military History. US Army. Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  51. ^ Medal of Honor Recipients: Iraq. Center for Military History. Retrieved on 2006-11-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw
  52. ^ Bush Awards Fallen Marine Medal of Honor. SFGate. com (2007). Retrieved on 2007-01-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire.
  53. ^ Korean War Hero Receives Posthumous Medal of Honor March 3, 2008
  54. ^ Medal of Honor recipients 1979-2007. Julissa Gomez-Granger, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress
  55. ^ Perry, Tony, "Sailor Killed In Iraq Awarded Medal Of Honor", Los Angeles Times, April 1, 2008, Pg. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 1.
  56. ^ [1]
  57. ^ Office of Justice Programs: Medal of Valor. U. S. Department of Justice. Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  58. ^ Harry S. Truman (July 6, 1945). Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Executive Order No. 9586. The Presidential Medal of Freedom. Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
  59. ^ John F. Kennedy (February 22, 1963). Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Executive Order 11085. The Presidential Medal of Freedom. Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.

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