Citizendia
Your Ad Here

For other uses, see Mechanic (disambiguation).

Mechanics (Greek Μηχανική) is the branch of physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effect of the bodies on their environment. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. In Physics, a physical body (sometimes called simply a body or even an object) is a collection of Masses taken to be one In Physics, a force is whatever can cause an object with Mass to Accelerate. In Physics, displacement is the vector that specifies the position of a point or a particle in reference to a previous position or to the origin of the chosen

The discipline has its roots in several ancient civilizations. During the early modern period, scientists such as Galileo, Kepler, and especially Newton, laid the foundation for what is now known as Classical mechanics. The early modern period is a term initially used by historians to refer mainly to the period roughly from 1500 to 1800 in Western Europe ( Early modern Europe) Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 &ndash 8 January 1642 was a Tuscan ( Italian) Physicist, Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher Johannes Kepler (ˈkɛplɚ ( December 27 1571 &ndash November 15 1630) was a German Mathematician, Astronomer Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements Classical mechanics is used for describing the motion of Macroscopic objects from Projectiles to parts of Machinery, as well as Astronomical objects

Contents

Significance

Mechanics is the original discipline of physics and was formerly known as natural philosophy, dealing with forces and motion in the macroscopic world as the human eye perceives it. It has developed into a huge body of knowledge about important aspects of the natural world. Modern mechanics encompasses the movement of all matter in the universe under the four fundamental interactions (or forces): gravity, the strong and weak interactions, and the electromagnetic interaction. In Physics, a fundamental interaction or fundamental force is a mechanism by which particles interact with each other and which cannot be explained in terms Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another In particle physics the strong interaction, or strong force, or color force, holds Quarks and Gluons together to form Protons and The weak interaction (often called the weak force or sometimes the weak nuclear force) is one of the four Fundamental interactions of nature In Physics, the electromagnetic force is the force that the Electromagnetic field exerts on electrically charged particles

Mechanics also constitutes a central part of technology, the application of physical knowledge for humanly defined purposes. Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt In this connection, the discipline is often known as engineering or applied mechanics. Applied mechanics is a branch of the Physical sciences and the practical application of Mechanics. In this sense, mechanics is used to design and analyze the behavior of structures, mechanisms, and machines. Structure is a fundamental and sometimes Intangible notion covering the Recognition, Observation, nature, and Stability of A machine is any device that uses Energy to perform some activity Important aspects of the fields of mechanical engineering, aerospace engineering, civil engineering, structural engineering, materials engineering, biomedical engineering and biomechanics were spawned from the study of mechanics. Mechanical Engineering is an Engineering discipline that involves the application of principles of physics for analysis Design, Manufacturing Aerospace engineering is the branch of Engineering behind the design construction and science of Aircraft and Spacecraft. Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built Structural engineering is a field of Engineering dealing with the analysis and design of Structures that support or resist loads Structural engineering is Materials Science or Materials Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of Science and Biomedical engineering ( BME) is the application of engineering principles and techniques to the medical field Biomechanics is the application of mechanical principles on living organisms

Classical versus quantum

Classical mechanics
History of ...
Branches
Applied mechanics
Celestial mechanics
Continuum mechanics
Geometric optics
Statistical mechanics
This box: view • talk • edit
Quantum mechanics
\Delta x \, \Delta p \ge \frac{\hbar}{2}
Uncertainty principle
Introduction to...

Mathematical formulation of...
This box: view • talk • edit

The major division of the mechanics discipline separates classical mechanics from quantum mechanics. Classical mechanics is used for describing the motion of Macroscopic objects from Projectiles to parts of Machinery, as well as Astronomical objects Newton's laws of motion are three Physical laws which provide relationships between the Forces acting on a body and the motion of the Early Ideas on Motion The Greek philosophers, and Aristotle in particular were the first to propose that there are abstract principles governing nature Applied mechanics is a branch of the Physical sciences and the practical application of Mechanics. Celestial mechanics is the branch of Astrophysics that deals with the motions of Celestial objects The field applies principles of Physics, historically Continuum mechanics is a branch of Mechanics that deals with the analysis of the Kinematics and mechanical behavior of materials modeled as a continuum e Statistical mechanics is the application of Probability theory, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations to the field of Mechanics Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons In Quantum physics, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that locating a particle in a small region of space makes the Momentum of the particle uncertain Quantum mechanics (QM or quantum theory) is a physical science dealing with the behavior of Matter and Energy on the scale of Atoms The mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics is the body of mathematical formalisms which permits a rigorous description of Quantum mechanics. Classical mechanics is used for describing the motion of Macroscopic objects from Projectiles to parts of Machinery, as well as Astronomical objects Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons

Historically, classical mechanics came first, while quantum mechanics is a comparatively recent invention. Classical mechanics originated with Isaac Newton's Laws of motion in Principia Mathematica, while quantum mechanics didn't appear until 1900. Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements The Principia Mathematica is a 3-volume work on the Foundations of mathematics, written by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell Both are commonly held to constitute the most certain knowledge that exists about physical nature. Classical mechanics has especially often been viewed as a model for other so-called exact sciences. The term exact science refers to fields of Science that are capable of accurate quantitative expression or precise predictions and rigorous methods of testing Essential in this respect is the relentless use of mathematics in theories, as well as the decisive role played by experiment in generating and testing them. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or

Quantum mechanics is of a wider scope, as it encompasses classical mechanics as a sub-discipline which applies under certain restricted circumstances. According to the correspondence principle, there is no contradiction or conflict between the two subjects, each simply pertains to specific situations. This article discusses quantum theory For other uses see Correspondence principle (disambiguation. Quantum mechanics has superseded classical mechanics at foundational level and is indispensable for the explanation and prediction of processes at molecular and (sub)atomic level. However, for macroscopical processes classical mechanics is able to solve problems which are unmanageably difficult in quantum mechanics and hence remains useful and well used.

Einsteinian versus Newtonian

Analogous to the quantum versus classical reformation, Einstein's general and special theories of relativity have expanded the scope of mechanics beyond the mechanics of Newton and Galileo, and made fundamental corrections to them, that become significant and even dominant as speeds of material objects approach the speed of light, which cannot be exceeded. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of Gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916 Special relativity (SR (also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the Physical theory of Measurement in Inertial This page is about the scientific concept of relativity for philosophical or sociological theories about relativity see Relativism. The newton (symbol N) is the SI derived unit of Force, named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on Classical Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 &ndash 8 January 1642 was a Tuscan ( Italian) Physicist, Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher Relativistic corrections are also needed for quantum mechanics, although relativity has not been fully integrated with it yet; this is one of the hurdles that has to be overcome in developing a Grand Unified Theory. Grand Unification, grand unified theory, or GUT refers to any of several very similar unified field theories or models in Physics that

Types of mechanical bodies

Thus the often-used term body needs to stand for a wide assortment of objects, including particles, projectiles, spacecraft, stars, parts of machinery, parts of solids, parts of fluids (gases and liquids), etc. In Physics, a physical body (sometimes called simply a body or even an object) is a collection of Masses taken to be one A projectile is any object propelled through space by the exertion of a force which ceases after launch A spacecraft is a Vehicle or machine designed for Spaceflight. A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth Mechanical Engineering is an Engineering discipline that involves the application of principles of physics for analysis Design, Manufacturing A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. FLUID ( F ast L ight '''U'''ser '''I'''nterface D esigner is a graphical editor that is used to produce FLTK Source code This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of

Other distinctions between the various sub-disciplines of mechanics, concern the nature of the bodies being described. Particles are bodies with little (known) internal structure, treated as mathematical points in classical mechanics. Rigid bodies have size and shape, but retain a simplicity close to that of the particle, adding just a few so-called degrees of freedom, such as orientation in space. For information on degrees of freedom in other sciences see Degrees of freedom.

Otherwise, bodies may be semi-rigid, i. e. elastic, or non-rigid, i. A material is said to be elastic if it deforms under stress (e e. fluid. FLUID ( F ast L ight '''U'''ser '''I'''nterface D esigner is a graphical editor that is used to produce FLTK Source code These subjects have both classical and quantum divisions of study.

For instance: The motion of a spacecraft, regarding its orbit and attitude (rotation), is described by the relativistic theory of classical mechanics. In Physics, an orbit is the gravitationally curved path of one object around a point or another body for example the gravitational orbit of a planet around a star A rotation is a movement of an object in a circular motion A two- Dimensional object rotates around a center (or point) of rotation While analogous motions of an atomic nucleus are described by quantum mechanics. The nucleus of an Atom is the very dense region consisting of Nucleons ( Protons and Neutrons, at the center of an atom

Sub-disciplines in mechanics

The following are two lists of various subjects that are studied in mechanics.

Note that there is also the "theory of fields" which constitutes a separate discipline in physics, formally treated as distinct from mechanics, whether classical fields or quantum fields. Classical electromagnetism (or classical electrodynamics) is a theory of Electromagnetism that was developed over the course of the 19th century most prominently In quantum field theory (QFT the forces between particles are mediated by other particles But in actual practice, subjects belonging to mechanics and fields are closely interwoven. Thus, for instance, forces that act on particles are frequently derived from fields (electromagnetic or gravitational), and particles generate fields by acting as sources. Electromagnetism is the Physics of the Electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a Force on particles that possess the property of Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another In fact, in quantum mechanics, particles themselves are fields, as described theoretically by the wave function. A wave function or wavefunction is a mathematical tool used in Quantum mechanics to describe any physical system

Classical mechanics

The following are described as forming Classical mechanics:

Quantum mechanics

The following are categorized as being part of Quantum mechanics:

Professional organizations

See also

External links

Quantum statistical mechanics is the study of Statistical ensembles of quantum mechanical systems. The Applied Mechanics Division (AMD is a division in the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME The American Physical Society was founded in 1899 and is the World 's second largest organization of physicists behind the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Applied mechanics is a branch of the Physical sciences and the practical application of Mechanics. Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and Kinematics ( Greek κινειν, kinein, to move is a branch of Classical mechanics which describes the motion of objects without Analytical mechanics is a term used for a refined highly mathematical form of Classical mechanics, constructed from the Eighteenth century onwards as a formulation

Dictionary

mechanics

-noun

  1. (physics) The branch of physics that deals with the action of forces on material objects with mass
  2. The design and construction of machines.
  3. (writing) Spelling and punctuation.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic