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"Planck" redirects here. For other uses, see Planck (disambiguation).
Max Planck

Born April 23, 1858(1858-04-23)
Kiel, Holstein
Died October 4, 1947 (aged 89)
Göttingen, West Germany
Nationality Germany
Fields Physicist
Institutions University of Kiel
University of Berlin
University of Göttingen
Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft
Alma mater Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Doctoral advisor Alexander von Brill
Doctoral students Gustav Ludwig Hertz
Erich Kretschmann
Walther Meißner
Walter Schottky
Max von Laue
Max Abraham
Moritz Schlick
Walther Bothe
Known for Planck's constant, quantum theory
Notable awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1918)
Religious stance Christian
Notes
He is the father of Erwin Planck. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common For the city in the United States, see Kiel Wisconsin. For the name see Kiel (name. Holstein (ˈhɔlʃtain ( Low German: Holsteen, Danish: Holsten, Latin and historical English: Holsatia) Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Göttingen ( ˈgœtɪŋən, Low German: Chöttingen is a College town in Lower Saxony, Germany. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning The University of Kiel ( German Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, CAU) is a University in the city of Kiel, Germany For other universities in Berlin see List of Universities in Berlin. The University of Göttingen ( German: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) is a University in the city of Göttingen, Germany. The Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft is a German entity formally known as the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München also known as LMU, is a University in Munich and with more A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Gustav Ludwig Hertz ( July 22 1887, Hamburg &ndash October 30 1975, Berlin) was a German Experimental Erich Kretschmann (1887-1973 was a German Mathematician and Gymnasium (school Teacher. Fritz Walther Meißner (or Meissner ( December 16, 1882, Berlin &ndash November 16, 1974, Munich) was a German technical Walter Hermann Schottky ( 23 July 1886, Zürich, Switzerland – 4 March 1976, Pretzfeld, West Germany Max Theodor Felix von Laue ( October 9, 1879 &ndash April 24, 1960) was a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics Max Abraham ( March 26 1875 – November 16 1922) was a German Physicist. Moritz Schlick ( April 14, 1882 &ndash June 22, 1936) was a German philosopher and the founding father of Logical positivism Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe (8 January 1891 in Oranienburg &ndash 8 February 1957 in Heidelberg) was a German nuclear physicst The Planck constant (denoted h\ is a Physical constant used to describe the sizes of quanta. Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Erwin Planck ( 12 March 1893 – 23 January 1945) was a German Politician, and a resistance fighter in the

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck [1] (April 23, 1858 – October 4, 1947) was a German physicist. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning He is considered to be the founder of quantum theory, and one of the most important physicists of the twentieth century. Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons

Contents

Biography

Planck came from a traditional, intellectual family. His paternal great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen, his father was a law professor in Kiel and Munich, and his paternal uncle was a judge. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Göttingen ( ˈgœtɪŋən, Low German: Chöttingen is a College town in Lower Saxony, Germany. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany.

Planck was born in Kiel, Holstein, to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second wife, Emma Patzig. For the city in the United States, see Kiel Wisconsin. For the name see Kiel (name. Holstein (ˈhɔlʃtain ( Low German: Holsteen, Danish: Holsten, Latin and historical English: Holsatia) He was the sixth child in the family, though two of his siblings were from his father's first marriage. Among his earliest memories was the marching of Prussian and Austrian troops into Kiel during the Danish-Prussian war of 1864. The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and from 1871 was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. The First Schleswig War occurred in 1848–1851. The Second Schleswig War (2 In 1867 the family moved to Munich, and Planck enrolled in the Maximilians gymnasium school, where he came under the tutelage of Hermann Müller, a mathematician who took an interest in the youth, and taught him astronomy and mechanics as well as mathematics. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. A gymnasium (pronounced with ɡ- in several languages is a type of school providing Secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English grammar Hermann Müller may refer to Hermann Müller (botanist (1829-1883 German botanist with whom Darwin corresponded Hermann Müller (Thurgau A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Mechanics ( Greek) is the branch of Physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to Forces or displacements It was from Müller that Planck first learned the principle of conservation of energy. Planck graduated early, at age 17. [2] This is how Planck first came in contact with the field of physics.

Planck was gifted when it came to music. He took singing lessons and played piano, organ and cello, and composed songs and operas. However, instead of music he chose to study physics. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion.

The Munich physics professor Philipp von Jolly advised Planck against going into physics, saying, "in this field, almost everything is already discovered, and all that remains is to fill a few holes. Johann Philipp Gustav von Jolly ( September 26 1809 – December 24 1884 in Munich) was a German Physicist and Mathematician " Planck replied that he did not wish to discover new things, only to understand the known fundamentals of the field, and began his studies in 1874 at the University of Munich. The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München also known as LMU, is a University in Munich and with more Under Jolly's supervision, Planck performed the only experiments of his scientific career, studying the diffusion of hydrogen through heated platinum, but transferred to theoretical physics. Diffusion is the net movement of particles (typically molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration by uncoordinated random movement Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Theoretical physics employs Mathematical models and Abstractions of Physics in an attempt to explain experimental data taken of the natural world

In 1877 he went to Berlin for a year of study with physicists Hermann von Helmholtz and Gustav Kirchhoff and the mathematician Karl Weierstrass. For other universities in Berlin see List of Universities in Berlin. Gustav Robert Kirchhoff ( March 12, 1824 &ndash October 17, 1887) was a German Physicist who contributed to the fundamental Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass ( Weierstraß) ( October 31, 1815 &ndash February 19, 1897) was a German mathematician He wrote that Helmholtz was never quite prepared, spoke slowly, miscalculated endlessly, and bored his listeners, while Kirchhoff spoke in carefully prepared lectures which were dry and monotonous. He soon became close friends with Helmholtz. While there he undertook a program of mostly self-study of Clausius's writings, which led him to choose heat theory as his field. Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (Born Rudolf Gottlieb, January 2, 1822 &ndash August 24, 1888) was a German Physicist

In October 1878 Planck passed his qualifying exams and in February 1879 defended his dissertation, Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie (On the second fundamental theorem of the mechanical theory of heat). In the history of Science, the theory of heat or mechanical theory of heat was a theory introduced predominantly in 1824 by the French physicist Sadi Carnot He briefly taught mathematics and physics at his former school in Munich.

In June 1880 he presented his habilitation thesis, Gleichgewichtszustände isotroper Körper in verschiedenen Temperaturen (Equilibrium states of isotropic bodies at different temperatures). Habilitation is the highest academic qualification a person can achieve by their own pursuit in certain European and Asian countries

Academic career

With the completion of his habilitation thesis, Planck became an unpaid private lecturer in Munich, waiting until he was offered an academic position. Although he was initially ignored by the academic community, he furthered his work on the field of heat theory and discovered one after another the same thermodynamical formalism as Gibbs without realizing it. In the history of Science, the theory of heat or mechanical theory of heat was a theory introduced predominantly in 1824 by the French physicist Sadi Carnot Josiah Willard Gibbs ( February 11, 1839 &ndash April 28, 1903) was an American theoretical Physicist, Chemist Clausius's ideas on entropy occupied a central role in his work. In Thermodynamics (a branch of Physics) entropy, symbolized by S, is a measure of the unavailability of a system ’s Energy

In April 1885 the University of Kiel appointed Planck as associate professor of theoretical physics. The University of Kiel ( German Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, CAU) is a University in the city of Kiel, Germany Theoretical physics employs Mathematical models and Abstractions of Physics in an attempt to explain experimental data taken of the natural world Further work on entropy and its treatment, especially as applied in physical chemistry, followed. Physical chemistry, is the application of Physics to macroscopic microscopic atomic subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems It is mostly defined as a large He proposed a thermodynamic basis for Arrhenius's theory of electrolytic dissociation. Svante August Arrhenius ( February 19, 1859 &ndash October 2, 1927) was a Swedish Scientist, originally a Physicist An electrolyte is any substance containing free Ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium Dissociation in Chemistry and Biochemistry is a general process in which ionic compounds ( complexes, Molecules, or Salts) separate

Within four years he was named the successor to Kirchhoff's position at the University of Berlin — presumably thanks to Helmholtz's intercession — and by 1892 became a full professor. In 1907 Planck was offered Boltzmann's position in Vienna, but turned it down to stay in Berlin. Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann ( February 20, 1844 &ndash September 5, 1906) was an Austrian Physicist famous for his founding Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. During 1909 he was the Ernest Kempton Adams Lecturer in Theoretical Physics at Columbia University in New York City. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. The City of New York He retired from Berlin on 10 January 1926, and was succeeded by Erwin Schrödinger. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Family

In March 1887 Planck married Marie Merck (1861-1909), sister of a school fellow, and moved with her into a sublet apartment in Kiel. They had four children: Karl (1888-1916), the twins Emma (1889-1919) and Grete (1889-1917), and Erwin (1893-1945). Erwin Planck ( 12 March 1893 – 23 January 1945) was a German Politician, and a resistance fighter in the

After the appointment to Berlin, the Planck family lived in a villa in Berlin-Grunewald, Wangenheimstraße 21. Several other professors of Berlin University lived nearby, among them theologian Adolf von Harnack, who became a close friend of Planck. Adolf von Harnack ( May 7, 1851 &ndash June 10, 1930) was a German theologian and prominent church historian Soon the Planck home became a social and cultural centre. Numerous well-known scientists, such as Albert Einstein, Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner were frequent visitors. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Otto Hahn (8 March 1879 &ndash 28 July 1968 was a German Chemist who received the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering Nuclear fission Lise Meitner (7 or 17 November 1878 &ndash 27 October 1968 was an Austrian born later Swedish physicist who studied Radioactivity and The tradition of jointly performing music had already been established in the home of Helmholtz.

After several happy years the Planck family was struck by a series of disasters. In July 1909 Marie Planck died, possibly from tuberculosis. In March 1911 Planck married his second wife, Marga von Hoesslin (1882-1948); in December his third son Hermann was born.

During the First World War Planck's oldest son, Karl, was killed in action at Verdun, and Erwin was taken prisoner by the French in 1914. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Verdun (medieval Wirten official name before 1970 Verdun-sur-Meuse) is a city and commune Grete died in 1917 while giving birth to her first child. Her sister died two years later the same way, after marrying Grete's widower. Both granddaughters survived and were named after their mothers. Planck endured these losses stoically.

In January 1945 his second son, Erwin, to whom he had been particularly close, was sentenced to death by the Volksgerichtshof because of his participation in the failed attempt to assassinate Hitler in July 1944. Erwin Planck ( 12 March 1893 – 23 January 1945) was a German Politician, and a resistance fighter in the The People's Court (Volksgerichtshof was a court established in 1934 by German Dictator Adolf Hitler, who had been dissatisfied with the outcome of the Erwin was hanged on 23 January 1945.

Professor at Berlin University

In Berlin, Max Planck joined the local Physical Society. He later wrote about this time: "In those days I was essentially the only theoretical physicist there, whence things were not so easy for me, because I started mentioning entropy, but this was not quite fashionable, since it was regarded as a mathematical spook". Thanks to his initiative, the various local Physical Societies of Germany merged in 1898 to form the German Physical Society (Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, DPG); from 1905 to 1909 Planck was the president. The Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft ( DPG, German Physical Society is the world's largest organization of physicists

Planck started a six-semester course of lectures on theoretical physics, "dry, somewhat impersonal" according to Lise Meitner, "using no notes, never making mistakes, never faltering; the best lecturer I ever heard" according to an English participant, James R. Partington, who continues: "There were always many standing around the room. Lise Meitner (7 or 17 November 1878 &ndash 27 October 1968 was an Austrian born later Swedish physicist who studied Radioactivity and James Riddick Partington (June 20 1886 - 1965 was a British Chemist and historian of chemistry As the lecture-room was well heated and rather close, some of the listeners would from time to time drop to the floor, but this did not disturb the lecture". Planck did not establish an actual "school", the number of his graduate students was only about 20, among them:

Max Abraham 1897 (1875 - 1922)
Moritz Schlick 1904 (1882 - 1936)
Walther Meißner 1906 (1882 - 1974)
Max von Laue 1906 (1879 - 1960)
Fritz Reiche 1907 (1883 - 1960)
Walter Schottky 1912 (1886 - 1976)
Walther Bothe 1914 (1891 - 1957)

Black-body radiation

In 1894 Planck turned his attention to the problem of black-body radiation. Max Abraham ( March 26 1875 – November 16 1922) was a German Physicist. Moritz Schlick ( April 14, 1882 &ndash June 22, 1936) was a German philosopher and the founding father of Logical positivism Fritz Walther Meißner (or Meissner ( December 16, 1882, Berlin &ndash November 16, 1974, Munich) was a German technical Max Theodor Felix von Laue ( October 9, 1879 &ndash April 24, 1960) was a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics Walter Hermann Schottky ( 23 July 1886, Zürich, Switzerland – 4 March 1976, Pretzfeld, West Germany Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe (8 January 1891 in Oranienburg &ndash 8 February 1957 in Heidelberg) was a German nuclear physicst In Physics, a black body is an object that absorbs all light that falls on it He had been commissioned by electric companies to create maximum light from lightbulbs with minimum energy. The incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is a source of electric Light that works by Incandescence, (a general The problem had been stated by Kirchhoff in 1859: how does the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body (a perfect absorber, also known as a cavity radiator) depend on the frequency of the radiation (e. In Physics, a black body is an object that absorbs all light that falls on it Frequency is a measure of the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit Time. g. , the color of the light) and the temperature of the body? The question had been explored experimentally, but no theoretical treatment agreed with experimental values. Wilhelm Wien proposed Wien's law, which correctly predicted the behaviour at high frequencies, but failed at low frequencies. Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien ( German:) ( 13 January 1864 &ndash 30 August 1928) was a German physicist The Rayleigh-Jeans law, another approach to the problem, created what was later known as the "ultraviolet catastrophe", but contrary to many textbooks this was not a motivation for Planck. In Physics, the Rayleigh–Jeans Law, first proposed in the early 20th century attempts to describe the Spectral radiance of Electromagnetic radiation The ultraviolet catastrophe, also called the Rayleigh-Jeans catastrophe was a prediction of early 20th century Classical physics that an ideal Black body at [3]

Planck's first proposed solution to the problem in 1899 followed from what Planck called the "principle of elementary disorder", which allowed him to derive Wien's law from a number of assumptions about the entropy of an ideal oscillator, creating what was referred to as the Wien-Planck law. For a general introduction see Black body. In Physics, Planck's law describes the spectral radiance of Electromagnetic radiation Soon it was found that experimental evidence did not confirm the new law at all, to Planck's frustration. Planck revised his approach, deriving the first version of the famous Planck black-body radiation law, which described the experimentally observed black-body spectrum well. For a general introduction see Black body. In Physics, Planck's law describes the spectral radiance of Electromagnetic radiation It was first proposed in a meeting of the DPG on 19 October 1900 and published in 1901. Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar This first derivation did not include energy quantization, and did not use statistical mechanics, to which he held an aversion. Statistical mechanics is the application of Probability theory, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations to the field of Mechanics In November 1900, Planck revised this first approach, relying on Boltzmann's statistical interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics as a way of gaining a more fundamental understanding of the principles behind his radiation law. Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann ( February 20, 1844 &ndash September 5, 1906) was an Austrian Physicist famous for his founding The second law of Thermodynamics is an expression of the universal law of increasing Entropy, stating that the entropy of an Isolated system which As Planck was deeply suspicious of the philosophical and physical implications of such an interpretation of Boltzmann's approach, his recourse to them was, as he later put it, "an act of despair . . . I was ready to sacrifice any of my previous convictions about physics. "[3]

The central assumption behind his new derivation, presented to the DPG on 14 December 1900, was the supposition that the electromagnetic energy could be emitted only in quantized form, in other words, the energy could only be a multiple of an elementary unit E = hν, where h is Planck's constant, also known as Planck's action quantum (introduced already in 1899), and ν is the frequency of the radiation. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar In Physics, quantization is a procedure for constructing a Quantum field theory starting from a classical field theory. The Planck constant (denoted h\ is a Physical constant used to describe the sizes of quanta.

Planck in 1918, the year he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on quantum theory
Planck in 1918, the year he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on quantum theory

At first Planck considered that the quantisation was only as "a purely formal assumption . The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. . . actually I did not think much about it. . . "; nowadays this assumption, incompatible with classical physics, is regarded as the birth of quantum physics and the greatest intellectual accomplishment of Planck's career (Ludwig Boltzmann had been discussing in a theoretical paper in 1877 the possibility that the energy states of a physical system could be discrete). Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann ( February 20, 1844 &ndash September 5, 1906) was an Austrian Physicist famous for his founding The full interpretation of the radical implications of Planck's work was advanced by Albert Einstein in 1905—for this reason, the philosopher and historian of science Thomas Kuhn argued that Einstein should be given credit for quantum theory more so than Planck, since Planck did not understand in a deep sense that he was "introducing the quantum" as a real physical entity. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Thomas Samuel Kuhn (surname ˈkuːn July 18, 1922  &ndash June 17, 1996) was an American intellectual who wrote extensively [4] It was in recognition of his monumental accomplishment that Planck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

The discovery of Planck's constant enabled him to define a new universal set of physical units (such as the Planck length and the Planck mass), all based on fundamental physical constants. Planck units are Units of measurement named after the German physicist Max Planck, who first proposed them in 1899 The Planck length, denoted by \scriptstyle\ell_P \, is the unit of Length approximately 1 The Planck mass is the unit of Mass, denoted by m P in the system of Natural units known as Planck units. A physical Constant is a Physical quantity that is generally believed to be both universal in nature and constant in time

Subsequently, Planck tried to grasp the meaning of the energy quanta, but to no avail. "My unavailing attempts to somehow reintegrate the action quantum into classical theory extended over several years and caused me much trouble. " Even several years later, other physicists like Rayleigh, Jeans, and Lorentz set Planck's constant to zero in order to align with classical physics, but Planck knew well that this constant had a precise nonzero value. John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM (12 November 1842 &ndash 30 June 1919 was an English Physicist who with William Ramsay, discovered Sir James Hopwood Jeans OM FRS MA DSc ScD LLD ( September 11 1877 in Ormskirk, Lancashire &ndash September Hendrik Antoon Lorentz ( July 18, 1853 &ndash February 4, 1928) was a Dutch Physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel "I am unable to understand Jeans' stubbornness — he is an example of a theoretician as should never be existing, the same as Hegel was for philosophy. So much the worse for the facts, if they are wrong. "

Max Born wrote about Planck: "He was by nature and by the tradition of his family conservative, averse to revolutionary novelties and skeptical towards speculations. Max Born (11 December 1882 &ndash 5 January 1970 was a German Physicist and Mathematician who was instrumental in the development of Quantum But his belief in the imperative power of logical thinking based on facts was so strong that he did not hesitate to express a claim contradicting to all tradition, because he had convinced himself that no other resort was possible. "

Einstein and the theory of relativity

Max Planck presents Albert Einstein with the Max-Planck medal, Berlin June 28, 1929
Max Planck presents Albert Einstein with the Max-Planck medal, Berlin June 28, 1929

In 1905 the three epochal papers of the hitherto completely unknown Albert Einstein were published in the journal Annalen der Physik. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Annalen der Physik is one of the best-known and oldest (since 1790 Physics journals worldwide Planck was among the few who immediately recognized the significance of the special theory of relativity. Special relativity (SR (also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the Physical theory of Measurement in Inertial Thanks to his influence this theory was soon widely accepted in Germany. Planck also contributed considerably to extend the special theory of relativity.

Einstein's hypothesis of light quanta (photons), based on Philipp Lenard's 1902 discovery of the photoelectric effect, was initially rejected by Planck. In Physics, the photon is the Elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena Philipp Eduard Anton von Lénárd ( June 7, 1862 &ndash May 20, 1947) was a German physicist and the winner of the Introduction When a Metallic surface is exposed to Electromagnetic radiation above a certain threshold Frequency, the light is absorbed and Electrons He was unwilling to discard completely Maxwell's theory of electrodynamics. James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 &ndash 5 November 1879 was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist. Classical electromagnetism (or classical electrodynamics) is a theory of Electromagnetism that was developed over the course of the 19th century most prominently "The theory of light would be thrown back not by decades, but by centuries, into the age when Christian Huygens dared to fight against the mighty emission theory of Isaac Newton . Christiaan Huygens (ˈhaɪgənz in English ˈhœyɣəns in Dutch) ( April 14, 1629 &ndash July 8, 1695) was a Dutch Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements . . "

In 1910 Einstein pointed out the anomalous behavior of specific heat at low temperatures as another example of a phenomenon which defies explanation by classical physics. Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity Planck and Nernst, seeking to clarify the increasing number of contradictions, organized the First Solvay Conference (Brussels 1911). Walther Hermann Nernst ( June 25, 1864 &ndash November 18, 1941) was a German Physicist who is known for his theories The International Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemistry, located in Brussels, were founded by the Belgian industrialist Ernest Solvay At this meeting Einstein was able to convince Planck.

Meanwhile Planck had been appointed dean of Berlin University, whereby it was possible for him to call Einstein to Berlin and establish a new professorship for him (1914). Soon the two scientists became close friends and met frequently to play music together.

World War and Weimar Republic

At the onset of the First World War Planck was not immune to the general excitement of the public: ". World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All . . besides of much horrible also much unexpectedly great and beautiful: the swift solution of the most difficult issues of domestic policy through arrangement of all parties. . . the higher esteem for all that is brave and truthful. . . " Admittedly, he refrained from the extremes of nationalism. He voted successfully for a scientific paper from Italy receiving a prize from the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1915 (Planck was one of its four permanent presidents), although at that time Italy was about to join the Allies. The Prussian Academy of Sciences (Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften was an Academy established in Berlin on July 11 1700. The infamous "Manifesto of the 93 intellectuals", a polemic pamphlet of war propaganda, was also signed by Planck, while Einstein retained a strictly pacifistic attitude which almost led to his imprisonment (he was saved by his Swiss citizenship). The " Manifesto of the Ninety-Three " is the name commonly given to a 1914 proclamation endorsed by 93 prominent German scientists scholars and artists declaring their unequivocal But already in 1915 Planck revoked (after several meetings with Dutch physicist Lorentz) parts of the Manifesto, and in 1916 he signed a declaration against German annexationism. Hendrik Antoon Lorentz ( July 18, 1853 &ndash February 4, 1928) was a Dutch Physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel

In the turbulent post-war years, Planck, now the highest authority of German physics, issued the slogan "persevere and continue working" to his colleagues. In October 1920 he and Fritz Haber established the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (Emergency Organization of German Science), aimed at providing support for destitute scientific research. Fritz Haber (9 December 1868 &ndash 29 January 1934 was a German chemist, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his development for Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (abbreviation NG translation Emergency Association of German Science was founded on 30 October 1920 on the initiative A considerable portion of the monies they distributed were raised abroad. In this time Planck held leading positions also at Berlin University, the Prussian Academy of Sciences, the German Physical Society and the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft (which in 1948 became the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft). The Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft is a German entity formally known as the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e The Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e Under such conditions he was hardly able to conduct research.

He became a member of the Deutsche Volks-Partei (German People's Party), the party of Nobel Peace Prize laureate Gustav Stresemann, which aspired to liberal aims for domestic policy and rather revisionistic aims for international politics. This page is about the German People's Party which existed between 1918 and 1933 ( May 10, 1878 &ndash October 3, 1929) was a German liberal politician and statesman who served as Chancellor and Foreign Minister He disagreed with the introduction of universal suffrage and later expressed the view that the Nazi dictatorship resulted from "the ascent of the rule of the crowds". Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to

Quantum mechanics

At the end of the 1920s Bohr, Heisenberg and Pauli had worked out the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, but it was rejected by Planck, as well as Schrödinger, Laue, and Einstein. Niels Henrik David Bohr (nels ˈb̥oɐ̯ˀ in Danish 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962 was a Danish Physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding Werner Heisenberg (5 December 1901 in Würzburg &ndash1 February 1976 in Munich) was a German theoretical physicist best known for enunciating the The Copenhagen interpretation is an interpretation of Quantum mechanics. Max Theodor Felix von Laue ( October 9, 1879 &ndash April 24, 1960) was a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Planck expected that wave mechanics would soon render quantum theory—his own child—unnecessary. In Physics, especially Quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation is an equation that describes how the Quantum state of a Physical system This was not to be the case, however. Further work only cemented quantum theory, even against his and Einstein's philosophical revulsions. Planck experienced the truth of his own earlier observation from his struggle with the older views in his younger years: "A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. "[5]

Nazi dictatorship and Second World War

When the Nazis seized power in 1933, Planck was 74. He witnessed many Jewish friends and colleagues expelled from their positions and humiliated, and hundreds of scientists emigrated from Germany. Again he tried the "persevere and continue working" slogan and asked scientists who were considering emigration to remain in Germany. He hoped the crisis would abate soon and the political situation would improve. There was also a deeper argument against emigration. Emigrating German non-Jewish scientists would need to look for academic positions abroad, but these positions better served Jewish scientists, who had no chance of continuing to work in Germany.

Hahn asked Planck to gather well-known German professors in order to issue a public proclamation against the treatment of Jewish professors, but Planck replied, "If you are able to gather today 30 such gentlemen, then tomorrow 150 others will come and speak against it, because they are eager to take over the positions of the others. Otto Hahn (8 March 1879 &ndash 28 July 1968 was a German Chemist who received the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering Nuclear fission "[6] Under Planck's leadership, the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft (KWG) avoided open conflict with the Nazi regime, except concerning Fritz Haber. The Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft is a German entity formally known as the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e Fritz Haber (9 December 1868 &ndash 29 January 1934 was a German chemist, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his development for Planck tried to discuss the issue with Adolf Hitler but was unsuccessful. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately In the following year, 1934, Haber died in exile.

One year later, Planck, having been the president of the KWG since 1930, organized in a somewhat provocative style an official commemorative meeting for Haber. He also succeeded in secretly enabling a number of Jewish scientists to continue working in institutes of the KWG for several years. In 1936, his term as president of the KWG ended, and the Nazi government pressured him to refrain from seeking another term.

As the political climate in Germany gradually became more hostile, Johannes Stark, prominent exponent of Deutsche Physik ("German Physics", also called "Aryan Physics") attacked Planck, Sommerfeld and Heisenberg for continuing to teach the theories of Einstein, calling them "white Jews. Johannes Stark ( April 15, 1874 &ndash June 21, 1957) was a prominent 20th century German physicist, and Physics Deutsche Physik (literally "German Physics" or Aryan Physics was a Nationalist movement in the German Physics community Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld (5 December 1868 &ndash 26 April 1951 was a German theoretical Physicist who pioneered developments in atomic Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical " The "Hauptamt Wissenschaft" (Nazi government office for science) started an investigation of Planck's ancestry, but all they could find out was that he was "1/16 Jewish. "

In 1938 Planck celebrated his 80th birthday. The DPG held a celebration, during which the Max-Planck medal (founded as the highest medal by the DPG in 1928) was awarded to French physicist Louis de Broglie. Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond 7th duc de Broglie, FRS (də bʁœj ( August 15 1892 &ndash March 19 1987) was a French At the end of 1938 the Prussian Academy lost its remaining independence and was taken over by Nazis (Gleichschaltung). Gleichschaltung, meaning "coordination" "making the same" "bringing into line" is a Nazi term for the process by which the Planck protested by resigning his presidency. He continued to travel frequently, giving numerous public talks, such as his famous talk on Religion and Science, and five years later he was sufficiently fit to climb 3,000-meter peaks in the Alps.

During the Second World War, the increasing number of Allied bombing campaigns against Berlin forced Planck and his wife to leave the city temporarily and live in the countryside. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In 1942 he wrote: "In me an ardent desire has grown to persevere this crisis and live long enough to be able to witness the turning point, the beginning of a new rise. " In February 1944 his home in Berlin was completely destroyed by an air raid, annihilating all his scientific records and correspondence. Finally, he got into a dangerous situation in his rural retreat due to the rapid advance of the Allied armies from both sides. After the end of the war he was brought to a relative in Göttingen. Göttingen ( ˈgœtɪŋən, Low German: Chöttingen is a College town in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Planck endured many personal tragedies after the age of 50. In 1909, his first wife died after 22 years of marriage, leaving him with two sons and twin daughters. Planck's oldest son, Karl, was killed in action in 1916. His daughter Margarete died in childbirth in 1917, and another daughter, Emma, married her late sister's husband and then also died in childbirth, in 1919. During World War II, Planck's house in Berlin was completely destroyed by bombs in 1944 and his youngest son, Erwin, was implicated in the attempt made on Hitler's life in the July 20 plot. Erwin Planck ( 12 March 1893 – 23 January 1945) was a German Politician, and a resistance fighter in the Consequently, Erwin died a horrible death at the hands of the Gestapo in 1945. Erwin's death destroyed Planck's will to live. By the end of the war, Planck, his second wife and his son by her, moved to Göttingen where he died on October 4, 1947. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Religious view

Max Planck was a devoted and persistent adherent of Christianity from early life to death, but he was very tolerant towards alternate views and religions, and so was discontented with the church organizations' demands for unquestioning belief. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The world's principal Religions and spiritual traditions may be classified into a small number of major groups or world religions'.

The God in which Max Planck believed was an almighty, all-knowing, benevolent but unintelligible God that permeated everything, manifest by symbols, including physical laws. His view may have been motivated by an opposition like Einstein's and Schrödinger's against the positivist, statistical subjective quantum mechanics universe of Bohr, Heisenberg and others. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Logical positivism (later and more accurately called logical empiricism) is a school of philosophy that combines Empiricism, the idea that observational evidence is Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons The Universe is defined as everything that Physically Exists: the entirety of Space and Time, all forms of Matter, Energy Niels Henrik David Bohr (nels ˈb̥oɐ̯ˀ in Danish 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962 was a Danish Physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding Werner Heisenberg (5 December 1901 in Würzburg &ndash1 February 1976 in Munich) was a German theoretical physicist best known for enunciating the Planck was interested in truth and Universe beyond observation, and objected to atheism as an obsession with symbols.

Planck regarded the scientist as a man of imagination and faith, "faith" interpreted as being similar to "having a working hypothesis". For example the causality principle isn't true or false, it is an act of faith. Causality (but not causation) denotes a necessary relationship between one event (called cause and another event (called effect) which is the direct consequence Thereby Planck may have indicated a view that points toward Imre Lakatos' research programs process descriptions, where falsification is mostly tolerable, in faith of its future removal. Imre Lakatos ( November 9, 1922 – February 2, 1974) was a Philosopher of mathematics and science, [7]

Honours and awards

The Max Planck DM2 coin.
The Max Planck DM2 coin.

See also

Publications

Bibliography

References

  1. ^ According to a report by the Spiegel Online of 24 April 2008, a recent examination of the documents of the Church Archives in Kiel has shown that Marx is the actual first name and not Max. Clifford A Pickover is an American author editor and columnist in the fields of Science, Mathematics, and Science fiction, and is employed at the For the city in the United States, see Kiel Wisconsin. For the name see Kiel (name. The word Marx is the Germanized form of the Latin word Marcus.
    Source: Christoph Seidler, Gestatten, Marx Planck, Spiegel Online, 24 April 2008, [1].
  2. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: Max Planck
  3. ^ a b For a solid approach to the complexity of Planck's intellectual motivations for the quantum, for his reluctant acceptance of its implications, see Helge Kragh, Max Planck: the reluctant revolutionary, Physics World. December 2000.
  4. ^ Thomas Kuhn, Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity: 1894-1912 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1978). Thomas Samuel Kuhn (surname ˈkuːn July 18, 1922  &ndash June 17, 1996) was an American intellectual who wrote extensively
  5. ^ Quoted in Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1970 ed. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions ( 1962) by Thomas Kuhn, is an analysis of the History of science. ): p. 150.
  6. ^ In a slightly different translation, Hahn remembers Planck saying: “If you bring together 30 such men today, then tomorrow 150 will come to denounce them because they want to take their places. ” This translated quote is found in: Heilbron, 2000, p. 150. Heilbron, at the end of the paragraph, on p. 151, cites the following references to Hahn’s writings: Otto Hahn Einige persönliche Erinnerungen an Max Planck MPG, Mitteilungen (1957) p. 244, and Otto Hahn My Life (Herder and Herder, 1970) p. 140.
  7. ^ adherents.com: The Religious Affiliation of Physicist Max Planck

External links

Biographies

Articles

Persondata
NAME Planck, Max
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
SHORT DESCRIPTION German physicist, quantum theory
DATE OF BIRTH April 23, 1858
PLACE OF BIRTH Kiel, Germany
DATE OF DEATH October 4, 1947
PLACE OF DEATH Göttingen, Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common For the city in the United States, see Kiel Wisconsin. For the name see Kiel (name. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Göttingen ( ˈgœtɪŋən, Low German: Chöttingen is a College town in Lower Saxony, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
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