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Max Newman
Max Newman on a mountain in North Wales, ca. 1950
Max Newman on a mountain in North Wales, ca. 1950
Born February 7, 1897(1897-02-07)
54 Lamont Road, Chelsea, London
Died 22 February 1984 (aged 87)
Cambridge, United Kingdom
Nationality British
Fields Mathematics
Institutions University of Cambridge
University of Manchester
Alma mater Cambridge University
Known for Elements of the topology of plane sets of points (1939)
Heath Robinson (codebreaking machine)
Newmanry section at Bletchley Park

Maxwell Herman Alexander Newman (February 7, 1897 – February 22, 1984) was a British mathematician and codebreaker. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Chelsea is an area of south-west London, England, bounded to the south by the River Thames, where its frontage runs from Chelsea Bridge along Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the The University of Manchester is a " red brick " civic University located in Manchester, England. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Heath Robinson was a machine used by British Codebreakers at Bletchley Park during World War II to solve messages in a German Teleprinter cipher The Newmanry was a section at Bletchley Park, the British Codebreaking station during World War II. Bletchley Park, also known as Station X, is an estate located in the town of Bletchley, in Buckinghamshire, and (since 1967 part of Milton Keynes Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics.

Contents

Pre-World War II

Max Newman was born Maxwell Neumann in Chelsea, London, England, on 7 February 1897. Chelsea is an area of south-west London, England, bounded to the south by the River Thames, where its frontage runs from Chelsea Bridge along England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince [1] His father was Herman Alexander Neumann, originally from the German city of Bromberg (now Bydgoszcz, Poland) who had emigrated with his family to London at the age of 15. Bydgoszcz (Bromberg Bydgostia is a city in northern Poland, on the Brda and Vistula rivers with Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland [2] Herman worked as a secretary in a company, and married Sarah Ann Pike, an English schoolteacher, in 1896. The family moved to Dulwich in 1903, and Max attended Goodrich Road school, then City of London School from 1908. This article is about Dulwich in London Dulwich South Australia is a suburb of Adelaide. The City of London School ( CLS) is a boys' Independent school on the banks of the River Thames in the City of London. [3] He won a scholarship to study mathematics at St John's College, Cambridge in 1915, and in 1916 gained a first in part I of the Mathematical Tripos. St John's College, an institution known formally as The Master Fellows and Scholars of the College of St John the Evangelist in the University of Cambridge is a The Mathematical Tripos is the taught mathematics course at the University of Cambridge. [1]

His studies were postponed by World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All His father was interned as an enemy alien after the start of the war in 1914, and upon his release he returned to Germany. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial In 1916, Max changed his name by deed poll to the anglicised "Newman" and Sarah did likewise in 1920. For the legal document of the same name see Deed poll. Deed Poll is a German -made Film, 2004 . [4] For national service, Max taught at Archbishop Holgate's Grammar School in York, worked in the Royal Army Pay Corps, and taught at Chigwell School. National service is a common name for mandatory or voluntary government service programs (most often focusing on military service Archbishop Holgate's School is a voluntary aided Church of England, coeducational Secondary school in York. York ( is an historic Walled city sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The Royal Army Pay Corps ( RAPC) was a former Corps of the British Army responsible for administering all financial matters Chigwell School is an English co-educational Public school in Chigwell, in the Epping Forest district of Essex. [2] He was called up for military service in February 1918, but claimed conscientious objection due to his beliefs and his father's country of origin, and thereby avoided any direct role in the fighting. A conscientious objector (CO is an individual who on religious moral or ethical grounds refuses to participate as a combatant in war or in some cases to take any role that would support [5]

He resumed his interrupted studies in October 1919, and graduated in 1921 as a wrangler (equivalent to a first) in Part II of the Mathematical Tripos, and gained distinction in Schedule B (the equivalent of Part III). At the University of Cambridge, a Wrangler is a student who has completed the third year (called Part II) of the Mathematical Tripos with First-class A First Class Honours degree is an Academic degree awarded to students at Undergraduate and Post-graduate level either by Examination, course [2][1]

On 5 November 1923 he was elected a Fellow of St John's. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) [3] He worked on the foundations of combinatorial topology, and proposed that a notion of equivalence be defined using only three elementary "moves". In Mathematics, combinatorial topology was an older name for Algebraic topology, dating from the time when topological invariants of spaces (for example [1] Newman's definition avoided difficulties that had arisen from previous definitions of the concept. [1] He also published papers on mathematical logic, and solved a special case of Hilbert's fifth problem. Mathematical logic is a subfield of Logic and Mathematics with close connections to Computer science and Philosophical logic. Hilbert's fifth problem, from the Hilbert problems list promulgated in 1900 by David Hilbert, concerns the characterization of Lie groups The theory of [3]

He was appointed a lecturer in mathematics at Cambridge in 1927,[1] where his 1935 lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics inspired Alan Turing to embark on his pioneering work on computing machines. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS (ˈt(jʊ(ərɪŋ (23 June 1912 &ndash 7 June 1954 was an English Mathematician A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. In December 1934 he married Lyn Lloyd Irvine, a writer. Lyn Lloyd Newman (née Irvine) ( May 3, 1901 &ndash May 19, 1973) was a Journalist and writer [3] They had two sons, Edward (born 1935) and William (born 1939). [6]

World War II

Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius The part-Jewish ancestry of the Newman family was of particular concern in the face of Nazi Germany, and Lyn, Edward and William were evacuated to America in July 1940. Newman remained at Cambridge, and at first continued research and lecturing. [7] By spring 1942, he was considering involvement in war work. He made enquiries, and was approached to work for the Government Code & Cypher School at Bletchley Park. The Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ is a British Intelligence agency responsible for providing Signals intelligence (SIGINT and Information Bletchley Park, also known as Station X, is an estate located in the town of Bletchley, in Buckinghamshire, and (since 1967 part of Milton Keynes He was cautious, concerned to ensure that the work would be sufficiently interesting and useful, and there was also the possibility that his father's German nationality would rule out any involvement in top-secret work. [8] The potential issues were resolved by the summer, and he agreed to arrive at Bletchley Park on 31 August 1942. Bletchley Park, also known as Station X, is an estate located in the town of Bletchley, in Buckinghamshire, and (since 1967 part of Milton Keynes Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne [9]

He was assigned to the Research Section and set to work on a German teleprinter cipher known as "Tunny". "Tunny" redirects here For the fish see Tuna. The Lorenz SZ 40 and SZ 42 ( Schlüsselzusatz, meaning He joined the "Testery" in October[10]. The Testery was a section at Bletchley Park, the British Codebreaking station during World War II, headed by Major Ralph Tester. He disliked the work and found that it was not suited to his talents. [1] He persuaded his superiors that codebreaking process could be mechanised, and he was assigned to develop a suitable machine in December 1942. [11] Construction started in January 1943, and the first prototype was delivered in June 1943. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [12] It was operated in Newman's new section, termed the "Newmanry", was housed initially in Hut 11 and initially staffed by himself, Donald Michie, two engineers, and 16 Wrens. The Newmanry was a section at Bletchley Park, the British Codebreaking station during World War II. Donald Michie ( November 11, 1923 – July 7, 2007) was a British researcher in Artificial intelligence. [13] The Wrens nicknamed the machine the "Heath Robinson", after the cartoonist of the same name who drew humorous drawings of absurd mechanical devices. Heath Robinson was a machine used by British Codebreakers at Bletchley Park during World War II to solve messages in a German Teleprinter cipher [13]

The section eventually housed several Colossus computers designed by Tommy Flowers. The Colossus machines were electronic Computing devices used by British codebreakers to read Encrypted German messages during Thomas (Tommy Harold Flowers MBE ( 22 December 1905 &ndash 28 October 1998) was an English engineer

Post-World War II

Newman was appointed head of the Mathematics Department and to the Fielden Chair of Pure Mathematics at the University of Manchester in 1945 and transformed it into a centre of international renown, retiring in 1964 to live in Comberton, near Cambridge. The School of Mathematics at the University of Manchester is one of the largest mathematics departments in the United Kingdom, with around 80 academic staff and an The Fielden Chair of Pure Mathematics is an endowed professorial position in the School of Mathematics University of Manchester, England. The University of Manchester is a " red brick " civic University located in Manchester, England. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Comberton is a village and Civil parish in South Cambridgeshire, England. The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England After Lyn's death in 1973 he married Margaret Penrose, widow of Lionel Penrose. Lionel Sharples Penrose ( 11 June, 1898 - 12 May, 1972) was a British Psychiatrist, medical Geneticist,

Newman wrote Elements of the topology of plane sets of points, a definitive work on general topology. Topology ( Greek topos, "place" and logos, "study" is the branch of Mathematics that studies the properties of He also made major contributions to combinatorial topology. In Mathematics, combinatorial topology was an older name for Algebraic topology, dating from the time when topological invariants of spaces (for example He died in Cambridge. The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England

Honours:

The Newman Building at Manchester was named in his honour. The University of Hull, also known as Hull University, is an English University, founded in 1927 located in Hull (or Kingston upon Hull) a Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The building housed the pure mathematicians from the Victoria University of Manchester between moving out of the Mathematics Tower in 2004 and July 2007 when the School of Mathematics moved in to its new Alan Turing Building, where a lecture room is named in his honour. The Victoria University of Manchester (commonly known as the University of Manchester) was a University in Manchester, England. This article is about the Alan Turing Building in Manchester there is another building of the the same name at QinetiQ in Malvern

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Shaun Wylie, rev. In the theory of term-rewriting systems Newman's lemma states that a strongly normalizing (or terminating term-rewriting system that is one in which there are no The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. Shaun Wylie (born 17 January 1913) is a British Mathematician and former World War II codebreaker I. J. Good, "Newman [formerly Neumann], Maxwell Herman Alexander (1897 - 1984), mathematician", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
  2. ^ a b c William Newman, "Max Newman – Mathematician, Codebreaker and Computer Pioneer", p. Irving John (Jack Good (born 9 December 1916) is a British Statistician who worked also as a Cryptographer at Bletchley Park The Dictionary of National Biography ( DNB) is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history published from 1885 177 from pp. 176-188 in B. Jack Copeland, ed. , Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers, Oxford University Press, 2006
  3. ^ a b c d J. F. Adams (1985). John Frank Adams ( November 5, 1930 &ndash January 7, 1989) was a British Mathematician "Maxwell Herman Alexander Newman". Biograph. Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 31: 437-452.  
  4. ^ D. P. Anderson (2007). David Anderson may refer to David Anderson (Canadian politician (born 1937 Canadian Liberal politician and former cabinet member David Anderson "Max Newman:Topologist, Codebreaker and Pioneer of Computing". Annals of the History of Computing 29 No. 3: 76-81.  
  5. ^ Paul Gannon, Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret, 2006, pp. 225-226, Atlantic Books, ISBN 1-84354-330-3
  6. ^ Newman, "Max Newman", pp. 179-180
  7. ^ Newman, "Max Newman", p. 180
  8. ^ Gannon, 2006, p. 227-228
  9. ^ Newman, "Max Newman", p. 181
  10. ^ Gannon, 2006, p. 228
  11. ^ Newman, "Max Newman", p. 182
  12. ^ Jack Copeland with Catherine Caughey, Dorothy Du Boisson, Eleanor Ireland, Ken Myers, and Norman Thurlow, "Mr Newman's Section", p. 157 of pp. 158-175 in B. Jack Copeland, ed. , Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers, Oxford University Press, 2006
  13. ^ a b Jack Copeland, "Machine against Machine", p. 65 from pp. 64-77 in B. Jack Copeland, ed. , Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers, Oxford University Press, 2006

External links

Preceded by
Louis Mordell		 Fielden Chair of Pure Mathematics Succeeded by
Frank Adams
The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive is an award-winning website maintained by John J Louis Joel Mordell ( 28 January 1888 - 12 March 1972) was a British mathematician known for pioneering research in Number theory. The Fielden Chair of Pure Mathematics is an endowed professorial position in the School of Mathematics University of Manchester, England. John Frank Adams ( November 5, 1930 &ndash January 7, 1989) was a British Mathematician
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