| Max Kennedy Horton | |
|---|---|
| November 29, 1883 – July 30, 1951 (aged 67) | |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Years of service | 1898–1945 |
| Rank | Admiral |
| Commands held | HMS E9 Western Approaches Command |
| Battles/wars | Battle of the Atlantic |
| Awards | Order of the Bath Distinguished Service Order (3) |
Admiral Sir Max Kennedy Horton, GCB, DSO and two bars, (November 29, 1883 – July 30, 1951) was a British submariner in World War I and commander-in-chief of the Western Approaches in the latter half of World War II, responsible for British participation in the Second World War's Battle of the Atlantic. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers HMS E9 was a British E class submarine built by Vickers, Barrow. Western Approaches Command was a major operational command of the Royal Navy during World War II. The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous Military campaign of World War II, (though some say it was a series of naval Military campaigns The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George The Distinguished Service Order ( DSO) is a Military decoration of the United Kingdom, and formerly of other Commonwealth countries awarded for Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George The Distinguished Service Order ( DSO) is a Military decoration of the United Kingdom, and formerly of other Commonwealth countries awarded for Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Western Approaches Command was a major operational command of the Royal Navy during World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous Military campaign of World War II, (though some say it was a series of naval Military campaigns
Contents |
First World War
Horton joined the Royal Navy officer training ship, HMS Britannia on 15 September 1898. Britannia Royal Naval College (BRNC is the initial officer training establishment of the Royal Navy, located on a hill overlooking Dartmouth, Devon Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The outbreak of war saw Lieutenant-Commander Horton in command of one of the first British ocean-going submarines, the 800-ton HMS E9. Lieutenant Commander ( Lieutenant-Commander in the Royal Navy) is a Commissioned officer rank in many navies Superior HMS E9 was a British E class submarine built by Vickers, Barrow. At dawn on 13 September 1914, he torpedoed the German light cruiser SMS Hela six miles southwest of Heligoland. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Kaiserliche Marine or Imperial Navy was the German Navy created by the formation of the German Empire. A light cruiser is a Warship. The term is a shortening of the phrase "light Armoured cruiser " describing a small ship that carried armour in the same way for other meanings see also the disambiguation page Hela SMS Hela was a Light cruiser of the German Imperial Navy Heligoland (Helgoland Heligolandic: deät Lun) is a small German Archipelago in the North Sea. Hela was hit amidships with the two torpedoes, fired from a range of 600 yards. All but two of her crew were rescued by the German submarine U-18 and another German ship. U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot ( undersea boat) and refers Although pursued most of the day by German naval forces, E9 managed to reach Harwich safely. Harwich (ˈhærɪdʒ is a town in Essex England and one of the Haven ports, located on the coast with the North Sea [1] Entering the port, Horton initiated the tradition of British submariners of hoisting the pirate flag Jolly Roger after a sinking. The Jolly Roger is the name given to any of various Flags flown to identify a ship's crew as pirates The flag most usually identified as the Jolly Roger today
Three weeks later, Horton sank the German destroyer S 116 off the mouth of the river Ems. The Ems (Ems Eems is a River in northwestern Germany and northeastern Netherlands. For sinking the cruiser and the destroyer, Horton was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO). The Distinguished Service Order ( DSO) is a Military decoration of the United Kingdom, and formerly of other Commonwealth countries awarded for Sent to the Baltic Sea as part of a British flotilla, Horton sank another destroyer and a number of merchant vessels and damaged the German armored cruiser SMS Prinz Adalbert. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. A British submarine flotilla operated in the Baltic Sea for three years during World War I. The armored cruiser, or armoured cruiser (see spelling differences) is a type of Cruiser, a naval warship. Service history At the start of World War I, Prinz Adalbert was assigned to III Scouting Group of the High Seas Fleet. During this period, on 31 December 1914, Horton was promoted to Commander. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year
In 1917, Horton was awarded the bar to his DSO for long and arduous services in command of overseas submarines. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Three years later, as a captain, he was awarded a second bar to his DSO for distinguished service in command of the Baltic submarine flotilla.
Interbellum
During the 1920s, Horton served as captain of HMS Conquest and of the battleship HMS Resolution. On 17 October 1932, Horton was promoted rear admiral with flag onboard the battleship HMS Malaya. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Rear admiral is a Naval Commissioned officer rank above that of a Commodore and Captain, and below that of a Vice Admiral. Three years later he took command of the 1st Cruiser Squadron with flag onboard HMS London. Interwar career and rebuild London was laid down by HM Dockyard at Portsmouth on 23 February 1926 launched on 14 September 1927 and completed on 31 January Promoted to vice admiral in 1937, he commanded the Reserve Fleet. Vice Admiral is a naval rank equivalent to Lieutenant General in seniority Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Second World War
With the onset of World War II, Horton was put in command of the so-called Northern Patrol enforcing the distant maritime blockade of Germany in the seas between Orkney and the Faroes. GIUK gap is an area in the northern Atlantic Ocean that forms a Naval warfare Chokepoint. GIUK gap is an area in the northern Atlantic Ocean that forms a Naval warfare Chokepoint. In 1940, he was made commander of all home-seas-based submarines, even though he was far more senior in rank than the CinC Submarines had traditionally been, because of a new Admiralty regulation that the CinC Submarines had to be an officer who had served aboard submarines in the Great War. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Horton's biographer, Rear Admiral William S. Chalmers, cites the opinion that this regulation was forced through for the sole purpose of ensuring that Horton was on a very short list of qualifiers for this post, almost ensuring his rapid transfer to Aberdour, so great was the desire of some within the Admiralty to have Horton revitalize the submarine arm. Aberdour ( Gaelic: Obar Dobhair) is a scenic and historic village on the south coast of Fife, Scotland.
Horton rather famously moved his headquarters from Aberdour where he was under the thumb of the fleet commanders at Scapa Flow to Northways in north London, officially because he wanted a freer hand in running his command, but purportedly because Northways was located near some of his favorite golf courses. Scapa Flow ( Old Norse: Skalpaflói) is a body of water in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, United Kingdom, sheltered by the islands A golf course consists of a series of holes each consisting of a Teeing ground, Fairway, rough and other hazards and a green with a pin and cup all designed for Horton, an avid golfer, is said to have played a round of golf almost every day during the war, and was generously handicapped at a "financial 8".
Having been promoted to full Admiral on 9 January 1941, Horton was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Western Approaches Command on 17 November 1942. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Western Approaches Command was a major operational command of the Royal Navy during World War II. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Here he instituted a series of tactical changes in the way the escort ships were to be used. In addition to the existing escort group system, in which groups of ships were assigned to defend the perimeter of convoy boxes, Horton instituted a system of support groups, who would also travel with the convoys, but have much more freedom in terms of pursuing submarines to the death, even if such action necessitated leaving the convoy for longer periods of time than were considered acceptable for escort groups. Horton's support groups proved to be decisive in the crucial spring of 1943, taking the battle to the U-boats and crushing the morale of the U-boat arm with persistent and successful counterattacks. Horton is widely credited, along with his predecessor, Admiral Sir Percy Noble, as being one of the most crucial figures in the Allied victory in the Atlantic. Admiral Sir Percy Lockhart Harnam Noble, GBE, KCB, CVO ( 16 January 1880 – 25 July 1955) was a British In August 1945, Max Horton, at his own request, was placed on the retired list in order to facilitate the promotion of younger officers. He was awarded the Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Bath. The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George
Footnotes
- ^ Admiral Sir Max Kennedy Horton, RN. uboat. net. Retrieved on 2006-11-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus"
| Heraldic offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Sir Walter Braithwaite |
King of Arms of the Order of the Bath 1946 – 1951 |
Succeeded by Sir James Robb |
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