| Maurice | |
| Byzantine Emperor | |
 solidus of Maurice's reign |
|
| Reign | August 13, 582 – November 27, 602 |
|---|---|
| Full name | Flavius Mauricius Tiberius Augustus |
| Born | 539 |
| Birthplace | Arabissus, Cappadocia |
| Died | November 27, 602 |
| Place of death | Constantinople |
| Predecessor | Tiberius II Constantine |
| Successor | Phocas |
| Consort | Constantina |
| Dynasty | Justinian Dynasty |
Flavius Mauricius Tiberius Augustus (539 - November 27, 602), known in English as Maurice and in Greek as Maurikios, was a Byzantine Emperor who ruled from 582-602. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Ravenna becomes an Exarchate of the Byzantine Empire. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Events By Place Byzantine Empire Maurice, at war with the Avars and always dealing with the lack of money decrees that the army should Events By Place Byzantine Empire Maurice succeeds Tiberius II Constantine as Emperor He was one of the most important rulers of the early 'Byzantine' era, whose reign was troubled by almost unending wars on all frontiers.
Contents |
Biography
Persian War and accession to the throne
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For more details on this topic, see Roman-Persian War of 572–591.
Maurice originated from Arabissus in Cappadocia and was a successful commander-in-chief. Cappadocia (or Capadocia, Turkish Kapadokya, from Greek: Καππαδοκία / Kappadokía which in turn is from the Persian: He was adopted by his predecessor Tiberius II, and succeeded him after the latter’s death. Flavius Tiberius Constantinus Augustus or Tiberius II Constantine (c His reign is an accurately documented era of the late classical antiquity (most important source is the historian Theophylact Simocatta). See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it Theophylact Simocatta (Greek Theophylaktos Simokates, also Simokattes) was an early 7th century Byzantine historiographer arguably ranking as the last During a war with the Sassanid Empire, already under way in 572 under Justin II, Maurice was in service as commander-in-chief from 579 on. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire Flavius Iustinus (Iunior Augustus (c 520 - 578 was Eastern Roman emperor from 565 to 578 He scored a crushing victory against the Persians in 581. A year later, he married Constantina, the Emperor’s daughter. On August 13th, he succeeded his father-in-law. At that time, he ruled a bankrupt Empire, paying extremely high tribute to the Avars, its Balkan provinces thoroughly devastated by the Slavs and at war with Persia.
Maurice had to continue the war against Persia. In 586, his troops defeated the Persians at Dara. Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Vlachs are first mentioned in a Byzantine chronicle Dara is a Name with more than one origin It is found in the Bible 's Old Testament Books of Chronicles. Despite serious mutiny in 588, they managed to stand up to the Persians for two more years, until Prince Chosroes II and Persian commander-in-chief Bahram Chobin in 590 overthrew King Hormizd IV. DLXXXVIII in Roman numerals Events By Place Byzantine Empire Guaram becomes prince of Iberia. Khosrau II or Khosrow II ( Chosroes II or Xosrov II in classical sources sometimes called Bahram Chobin (Chubin Chobina (in Persian بهرام چوبین was a famous Eran spahbod (military commander during Khosrau II 's rule in Sassanid Events By Place Byzantine Empire Summer - Maurice agrees to Khosrau's entreaties and agrees to restart the war with Persia Hormizd IV, son of Khosrau I, reigned as the twenty-first King of Persia from 579 to 590 Bahram Chobin pretended to the throne and defeated Chosroes II, who subsequently fled to the Byzantine court. Although the Senate advised against it one voice, Maurice lent an army of 70,000 men for Chosroes II to regain his throne. Maurice could finally bring the war to a successful conclusion by means of a new accession of Chosroes II and defeat of Bahram Chobin. As agreed upon, Chosroes II, probably adopted by Maurice who married his eldest daughter, Miriam to Chosroes II and had issue, rewarded the latter by ceding north eastern Mesopotamia and Armenia up to the capital Dvin and the Lake Van and Iberia (eastern Georgia) up to the capital Tbilisi. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani For the modern town see Dvin (town. Dvin (Դվին Δουσιος Τισιον was a large commercial city the capital of Early medieval Lake Van (Van Gölü Gola Wanê Վանա լիճ Daryacheye Van ("Lake of Van" is the largest Lake This article is about the people of ancient Georgia For the Iberians of ancient Iberian Peninsula see Iberians. Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari Afterwards, Maurice imposed a Union between the Armenian Church and the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS
Balkan warfare
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For more details on this topic, see Maurice’s Balkan campaigns.
After his victory on the eastern frontier, Maurice focused on the Balkans and transferred parts of Armenian nobility to south eastern Europe. The Slavs, having pillaged the Roman Balkan provinces for decades, possibly began settling the land from the 580’s on. The Avars took the strategically important fort of Sirmium in 582, using it as a base of operations against several poorly defended forts alongside the Danube from 583 on. Sirmium in Pannonia should not be confused with Sirmio on Lake Garda Sirmium (today Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia) was an ancient In 584 the Slavs threatened the capital and in 586 Avars besieged Thessaloniki, while Slavs went as far as the Peloponnese. Events By Place Europe Andeca deposes and kills Eboric to become king of the Suevi. Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Vlachs are first mentioned in a Byzantine chronicle Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula Maurice launched several campaigns against Slavs and Avars from 591 on, with good prospect of turning the tide. In 592 his troops retook Singidunum from the Avars. Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire regains Singidunum from the Avars. Singidunum was an ancient Roman city first settled by the Celtic Scordisci tribe in the 3rd century BC and later garrisoned and fortified by the Romans His commander-in-chief Priscus defeated Slavs, Avars and Gepids in 593 on Roman territory south of the Danube, before he crossed the Danube into modern-day Wallachia to continue his series of victories. The Gepids (Gepidae Gifðas ( Beowulf, Widsith) - possibly from * Gibiðos, "givers" or gepanta, see below were Events By Place Europe Aethelfrith succeeds Hussa as king of Bernicia (traditional date This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Maurice replaced Priscos (594) with his rather inexperienced brother Peter, who nonetheless scored another victory in Wallachia. Peter (Πέτρος Petros, † 602 in Constantinople) was a brother of the Byzantine Emperor Maurice, who reigned from 582 to 602 and was a
Priscos, again in command of another army further upstream, defeated the Avars (595). The latter only dared to attack again in 597 to score a success. In 598 a treaty was signed with the Avar leader Bayan, only to be broken for retaliation campaigns inside Avar homeland. Bayan I was an Avar Khagan between 562 and 602 As the Göktürk Empire expanded westwards Bayan Khagan led a group of Avars and Bulgars out of their reach In 599 and 601, the Byzantine forces wreaked havoc amongst the Avars and Gepids. In 602 the Slavs suffered a crucial defeat in Wallachia. The Byzantine troops were now able to hold the Danube line again. Meanwhile, Maurice was making plans for resettling devastated areas in the Balkans by using Armenian settlers.
Measures of domestic policy
In the west, he organized the threatened Byzantine dominions in Italy and Africa into exarchates, ruled by military governors or exarchs, being mentioned in 584 and 591 respectively. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Roman province of Africa was established after the Romans defeated Carthage in the Third Punic War. This article is about Byzantine governors and ecclesiastical ranks The exarchs had more or less complete military and civilian competences. This was remarkable due to the usual separation of civilian and military competences in that era. By founding the exarchate of Ravenna, Maurice managed to slow down the Lombard advance in Italy, if not to halt it. In 597, an ailing Maurice wrote his last will, in which he described his ideas of governing the Empire. Events By Topic Education The King's School is founded in Canterbury. His eldest son, Theodosius, would be a ruler of the East from Constantinople, the second one, Tiberius, of the West with the capital in Rome. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Some historians believe that two youngest sons were supposed to gain Illiricum and North Africa. Illyria ( Albanian Iliria ( Ancient Greek; Latin Illyria; see also Illyricum) was in Classical antiquity a region in the The Exarchate of Africa or of Carthage, after its capital was the name of an administrative division of the Eastern Roman Empire encompassing its possessions But as he intended to maintain unity of the Empire, this idea bears a strong similarity with the Tetrarchy of Diocletian, given the fact that Maurice also maintained claims on the former western provinces now ruled by Germanic tribes. Tetrarchy ( Greek: "leadership of four " can be applied to any system of government where power is divided between four individuals Maurice's violent death thwarted these plans however.
In religious matters, he was very tolerant towards Monophysitism, although he was a supporter of the Council of Chalcedon. Monophysitism (from the Greek monos meaning 'one alone' and physis meaning 'nature' or Monophysiticism is the Christological position that The Council of Chalcedon was the fourth Ecumenical council. It was held from 8 October to 1 November 451 at Chalcedon (a city of He clashed with Pope Gregory I over the latter's defence of Rome against the Lombards. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from [1]
Summed up, his attempts to consolidate the Empire slowly but steadily met with success, last but not least thanks to the peace with Persia. His initial popularity apparently decreased during his reign, mostly because of his fiscal politics. In 588, his announcement to cut military wages by 25% led to serious mutiny of troops on the Persian front. He is said to have refused to pay a very little ransom in 599 or 600 to deliver 12,000 Byzantine soldiers taken prisoners by the Avars. It is said that the prisoners were killed and a military delegation, headed by an officer named Phocas was humiliated and rejected in Constantinople.
Death
In 602, Maurice, always dealing with the lack of money, decreed that the army should stay for winter beyond the Danube, which would prove to be a serious mistake. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Maurice, at war with the Avars and always dealing with the lack of money decrees that the army should The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj The exhausted troops mutinied against the emperor. Probably misjudging the situation, Maurice repeatedly ordered his troops to start a new offensive rather than returning to winter quarters. After a while, his troops gained the impression that Maurice no longer mastered the situation, they proclaimed Phocas their leader and demanded Maurice to abdicate and proclaim the successor either his son Theodosius or General Germanus. Flavius Phocas Augustus, (el Φωκάς Phokas; reigned 602–610 called the Tyrant, usurped the Byzantine throne from the Emperor Maurice Both men were accused of treason, but the riots broke out in Constantinople and the emperor with his family left the city for Nicomedia. Nicomedia ( Greek: Νικομήδεια modern İzmit) was founded by Nicomedes I of Bithynia at the head of the Gulf of Astacus which opens Theodosius headed east to Persia, but historians are not sure whether he had been sent there by his father or if he had fled there. Phocas entered Constantinople in November, where he was crowned emperor, while his troops captured Maurice and his family.
Maurice was brutally murdered on November 27, 602. It is said that the deposed emperor was forced to watch his three sons executed before his eyes, before he was beheaded himself. Empress Constantina and her three daughters were spared and sent to a monastery. The Persian King Chosroes II used this coup and the murder of his Patron as an excuse for a renewed war against the Byzantine Empire.
Legacy
Maurice, whose court still used Latin in the same way as the army and administration did, was in total an able emperor and commander-in-chief, even though Theophylact’s description may be a bit too glorifying. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. He possessed insight, public spirit and courage. He proved his expertise on military and foreign affairs during his campaigns against Persians and Avars/Slavs in the same way as during peace negotiations with Chosroes II. His administrative reforms portray him as a statesman with farsightedness, the more so since they outlasted his death by far and were the basis for the introduction of the themes as military districts.
He also promoted science and arts; Maurice is also the traditional author of the military treatise Strategikon which is praised in military circles as the first and only sophisticated combined arms theory until World War II. The Strategikon (Στρατηγικόν is a manual of war by written in the late 6th century and usually attributed to Byzantine Emperor Combined arms is an approach to Warfare which seeks to integrate different arms of a Military to achieve mutually complementary effects World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including However, some historians now believe the Strategikon is the work of his brother or another general in his court.
His greatest weakness was his inability to judge how unpopular his decisions were. Or to cite the historian Previte-Orton, listing a number of character flaws in the emperor's personality:
| “ | His fault was too much faith in his own excellent judgment without regard to the disagreement and unpopularity which he provoked by decisions in themselves right and wise. He was a better judge of policy than of men. [2] | ” |
It was this flaw that cost him throne and life and thwarted most of his efforts to prevent the disintegration of the great empire of Justinian I. Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or It seems, as if Maurice attempted to have his way on behalf of Imperial pretension with respect to the old Imperium Romanum, but as his end shows, he met strong resistance.
His demise is a turning point in history, given the fact that the new war against Persia weakened both empires in a way enabling the Slavs to permanently settle the Balkans and paving the way for Arab/Muslim expansion. The English historian A.H.M. Jones concludes the final era of classical antiquity with Maurice’s death, as the turmoil which shattered the Byzantine Empire in the next four decades permanently and thoroughly changed society and politics. Arnold Hugh Martin ( AHM) Jones ( 9 March 1904 - 9 April 1970) was a prominent 20th century British historian of
References
- Bagnell Bury, John (1899). John Bagnell Bury ( 16 October 1861 &ndash 1 June 1927) known as J Later Roman Empire.
- Charles, R. H. (1916) The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text, Reprinted 2007. Hermann Zotenberg (1836 Silesia – 1894 Paris) was an Orientalist and Arabist. Evolution Publishing, ISBN 978-1-889758-87-9. [1]; also available free online [2]
- Ostrogorski, G; History of the Byzantine State, Rutgers University Press (July 1986)
- Treadgold, W. A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford University Press; 1 edition (November 1, 1997)
- Gregory, T. , A History of Byzantium (Blackwell History of the Ancient World), Wiley-Blackwell (March 11, 2005)
- Martindale, John (1992). Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire IIIb, 855–860. Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire (usually abbreviated as PLRE) is a set of three volumes collectively describing every person attested or claimed
- Schreiner, Peter (1985). Theophylaktes Simokates: Geschichte.
- Shlosser, Franziska E. (1994). The Reign of the Emperor Maurikios (582–602). A reassessment (Historical Monographs 14).
- Edward Walford, translator (1846) The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594, Reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing, ISBN 978-1-889758-88-6. [3]
- Whitby, Michael (1988). The Emperor Maurice and His Historian – Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan Warfare.
Notes
- ^
"Maurice". Catholic Encyclopedia. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company. - ^ Previte-Orton, Charles William, The shorter Cambridge medieval history (Cambridge: University Press, 1952), p. 203.
External links
Media related to Maurice from the Wikimedia Commons.
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Maurice (emperor)
Born: 539 Died: 602 |
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| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Tiberius II Constantine |
Byzantine Emperor 582 - 602 with Tiberius II Constantine (582) |
Succeeded by Phocas |
| Preceded by Imp. Caesar Flavius Tiberius Constantinus Augustus in 579, then lapsed |
Consul of the Roman Empire 583 |
Succeeded by Lapsed, Imp. Caesar Flavius Phocas Augustus in 603 |
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