Mauretania Tingitana was a Roman province located in northwestern Africa, coinciding roughly with the northern part of modern Morocco and spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla. In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Ceuta is an autonomous city of Spain located on the Mediterranean, on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar, which Melilla is an autonomous city of Spain located on the Mediterranean, on the North African coast The province extended from the northern peninsula, opposite Gibraltar, to Chellah (or Sala) and Volubilis to the south, and as far east as the Oued Laou river. Chellah, or Chella, (شالة is a Necropolis and complex of ancient and Medieval Ruins that lie on the outskirts of Rabat, Volubilis (وليلي Walili) is an archaeological site in Morocco situated near Meknes between Fez and Rabat along the Oued Laou ( واد لاو Trans Wād Lāw) is a small town located in northern Morocco at the Mediterranean coast.
Its capital city was the city of Tingis, modern Tangier, after which it was named. Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish The major cities of the province included, Volubilis, Lixus, and Tamuda. Volubilis (وليلي Walili) is an archaeological site in Morocco situated near Meknes between Fez and Rabat along the Lixus is the site of an ancient city located in Morocco just north of the modern seaport of Larache on the bank of the Loukkos River. Tamuda is an archaeological site in Morocco situated near Tetouan.
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History
While native tribes inhabited this region for millennia before the birth of Christ, the first advanced civilisation was that of the Phoenicians, later characterised as Carthaginians. Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Major cities of the Phoenicians included Lixus and Volubilis. Volubilis (وليلي Walili) is an archaeological site in Morocco situated near Meknes between Fez and Rabat along the [1]
During the first century, after Juba II's son, Ptolemy of Mauretania, died in 40 CE, Emperor Claudius divided the Roman province of Mauretania into Mauretania Caesariensis and Mauretania Tingitana along the Mulucha (Moulouya River), about 60 km west of modern Oran, Algeria. Juba II ( Iuba in Latin Ιóβας (Ιóβα or Ιουβας in Greek) or Juba II of Numidia (reigned 25 BC - 23 AD was a king Ptolemy of Mauretania or Ptolemy of Morocco (Ptolemy or Ptolemaios Greek ο Πτολεμαίος, Latin PTOLEMAEVS, 1 BC – AD 40 was a prince and Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus or Claudius I ( August 1, 10 BC &ndash October 13, AD 54 ( Tiberius Claudius Drusus from birth to The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial In Antiquity Mauretania was originally an independent Berber kingdom on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa (named after the Mauretania Caesariensis was a Roman province located in northwestern Africa Moulouya River ( Wadi Muluya, وادي ملوية is a 520 km long river in Morocco. Oran ( Arabic:ar وهران pronounced Wahran; also transliterated as Ouahran, Spanish: Orán. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's [2]
The principal exports from Mauretania Tingitana were purple dyes and valuable woods; Tingitana also supplied Rome with agricultural goods and animals, such as lions and leopards. The native Mauri were highly regarded by the Romans as soldiers, especially as light cavalry. Clementius Valerius Marcellinus is recorded as governor (praeses) between 24 October 277 and 13 April 280. Praeses (plural Praesides) a Latin word meaning "Seated in front i Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Events By Place Roman Empire Probus expels the Franks and Alamanni from Gaul. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Events By Place Roman Empire Emperor Probus suppresses the revolt of the usurper Proculus.
According to tradition, the martyrdom of St Marcellus took place on 28 July 298 at Tingis (Tangier). Saint Marcellus of Tangier (Marcellus the Centurion (San Marcelo (d Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Events By Place Roman Empire Constantius Chlorus defeats the Alamanni in the territory of the Lingones (Langres and strengthens At the time of the Tetrarchy (Emperor Diocletian's reform of Roman governmental structures in 296 CE), Mauretania Tingitana became part of the Diocese of Hispaniae, 'the Spains', and, by extension, part of the Praetorian Prefecture of the Gauls. Tetrarchy ( Greek: "leadership of four " can be applied to any system of government where power is divided between four individuals Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus ( ca. December 22 244 The modern historian Timothy Barnes takes December 22 as his birthdate (Mauretania Caesariensis was in the Diocese of Africa. The Diocese of Africa ( Dioecesis Africae) was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of North Africa Lucilius Constantius is recorded as governor (praeses) in the late fourth century. Praeses (plural Praesides) a Latin word meaning "Seated in front i
The Notitia Dignitatum shows also, in its military organisation, a Comes Tingitaniae with a field army composed of two legions, three vexillations, and two auxilia palatina. The Notitia Dignitatum is a unique document of the Roman imperial chanceries The French Solar Energy Authority ( Commissariat à l'Energie Solaire, ComES) a public Scientific and industrial entity was set up in For other uses see Legion The Roman Legion (from Latin legio "military levy Conscription," A vexillatio (plural vexillationes) was a detachment of a Roman legion formed as a temporary task force created by the Roman Army of the Auxilia palatina were the late Roman Empire infantry units first raised by Constantine I as part of the new field army he created in about 325 Flavius Memorius held this office (comes) at some point during the middle of the fourth century. However, it is implicit in the source material that there was a single military command for both of the Mauretanian provinces, with a Dux Mauretaniae (a lower rank) controlling seven cohorts and one ala. Dux (plural duces) is Latin for leader (from the verb ducere, 'to lead' and could refer to anyone who commanded troops such Ala ( Latin, wing ie wing of a bird or wing of an army and its deviations Alares and Alarii, were used in different or at least modified senses at different
The Germanic Vandals established themselves in the province of Baetica in 422 CE under their king, Gunderic, and, from there, they carried out raids on Mauretania Tingitana. Hispania Baetica was one of three Imperial Roman provinces in Hispania, (modern Iberia) In 427, the Comes Africae, Bonifacius, rejected an order of recall from the Emperor Valentinian III, and he defeated an army sent against him. Flavius Placidius Valentinianus ( July 2, 419 &ndash March 16, 455) known in English as Valentinian III, was among the last He was less fortunate when a second force was sent in 428. In that year, Gunderic was succeeded by Gaiseric, and Bonifacius invited Gaiseric into Africa, providing a fleet to enable the passage of the Vandals to Tingis. Bonifacius intended to confine the Vandals to Mauretania, but, once they had crossed the straits, they rejected any control and marched on Carthage, inflicting grievous suffering.
In 533, the great Byzantine general, Belisarius, reconquered the former Diocese of Africa from the Vandals on behalf of the Emperor Justinian I. Flavius Belisarius (Βελισάριος (505(? – 565 was one of the greatest Generals of the Byzantine Empire and one of the most acclaimed generals in history Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or All the territory west of Caesarea had already been lost by the Vandals to the Mauri, but a re-established Dux Mauretaniae kept a military unit at Septem (modern Ceuta). Caesarea (קיסריה Qesarya قيسارية pronounced Kaysaria) is a town in Israel on the outskirts of Caesarea Maritima, the ancient port Ceuta is an autonomous city of Spain located on the Mediterranean, on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar, which This was the last Byzantine outpost in Mauretania Tingitana; the rest of what had been the Roman province was united with the Byzantine part of Andalusia, under the name, Prefecture of Africa. Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area
Most of the North African coast was later organised as the civilian Exarchate of Carthage, a special status in view of the outpost defense needs. The Exarchate of Africa or of Carthage, after its capital was the name of an administrative division of the Eastern Roman Empire encompassing its possessions
When the Umayyad Caliphs conquered all of Northern Africa, replacing Christianity and Paganism with Islam, both Mauretanias were reunited as the province of al-Maghrib (Arabic for 'the West', and still the official name of the Sherifian kingdom of Morocco. A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa This province also included over half of modern Algeria). Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's
Roman archaeological sites include Volubilis, the site of an administrative center and the palace of Gordius, and Augusta Zilil. Volubilis (وليلي Walili) is an archaeological site in Morocco situated near Meknes between Fez and Rabat along the Gordias (or Gordius) was a royal name in the mythic prehistory of Phrygia.
See also
External links
- Thayer's Gazetteer at LacusCurtius
- Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911: "Mauretania"
- Passion of St Marcellus [1]
Sources
- ^ C Michael Hogan (2007) Volubilis, The Megaoithic Portal, edited by A. Burnham
- ^ Richard J. In Antiquity Mauretania was originally an independent Berber kingdom on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa (named after the Mauretania Caesariensis was a Roman province located in northwestern Africa LacusCurtius is a Website specializing in Ancient Rome, currently hosted on a server at the University of Chicago. A. Talberts, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World - p. 457
Further reading
- J. B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire (online)
- A. H. M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire, Blackwell, Oxford 1964. ISBN 0-631-15076-5
- Pauly-Wissowa (in German). The Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, commonly called the "Pauly-Wissowa", is a German Encyclopedia of
- Westermann, Großer Atlass zur Weltgeschichte (German).
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