| Mary II | |
|---|---|
| Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland (more...) | |
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| Reign | 13 February 1689 – 28 December 1694 |
| Coronation | 11 April 1689 |
| Predecessor | James II and VII |
| Successor | William III and II |
| Co-monarch | William III and II |
| Titles and styles | |
| HM The Queen HH The Princess of Orange HH Lady Mary |
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| Father | James II and VII |
| Mother | Anne Hyde |
| Born | 30 April 1662 St. James's Palace, London |
| Died | 28 December 1694 (aged 32) Kensington Palace, London |
| Burial | Westminster Abbey, London |
Mary II (30 April 1662 – 28 December 1694) reigned as Queen of England and Ireland from 13 February 1689, and as Queen of Scots (as Mary II) from 11 April 1689 until her death. The precise style of British Sovereigns has varied over the years Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy" William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy" James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James Lady Anne Hyde (22 March 1638 &ndash 31 March 1671 was the first wife of James Duke of York (the future King James II of England and VII of Scotland and the mother Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule St James's Palace is one of London's oldest Palaces It is situated on Pall Mall in London, just north of St London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Kensington Palace is a royal residence set in Kensington Gardens in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in London, England London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Mary, a Protestant, came to the thrones following the Glorious Revolution, which resulted in the deposition of her Roman Catholic father, James II and VII. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland in 1688 by a union James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James Mary reigned jointly with her husband and first cousin, William III and II, who became the sole ruler of both countries upon her death in 1694. William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy" Popular histories usually refer to the joint reigns as those of "William and Mary". See also William III of England, Mary II of England The phrase William and Mary usually refers to the joint sovereignty over the Kingdom of England Mary, the blood sovereign, wielded less power than William during the parts of her reign when William remained in England, ceding most of her authority to her husband, though he heavily relied on her. She did, however, govern the realms alone when William was engaged in military campaigns abroad, proving herself to be a powerful, firm, and effective ruler. [1] She was very active in the Church of England, which she ruled as its Supreme Governor. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The Supreme Governor of the Church of England is a title held by the British Monarchs which signifies their titular leadership over the Church of England. Though she shared the post with her husband, she largely exercised its power alone.
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Early life
Mary, born at St. James Palace in London on 30 April 1662, was the eldest daughter of James, Duke of York (the future James II of England) and of his first wife, Lady Anne Hyde. St James's Palace is one of London's oldest Palaces It is situated on Pall Mall in London, just north of St Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James Lady Anne Hyde (22 March 1638 &ndash 31 March 1671 was the first wife of James Duke of York (the future King James II of England and VII of Scotland and the mother [2] Mary's uncle was Charles II; her maternal grandfather, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, served for a lengthy period as Charles's chief advisor. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Edward Hyde 1st Earl of Clarendon ( 18 February 1609 &ndash 9 December 1674) was an English Historian and statesman and [3] Although her mother bore eight children, only Mary and her younger sister Anne survived into adulthood. Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714 became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 succeeding William III of England and II of [4]
The Duke of York converted to Roman Catholicism in 1668 or 1669, but Mary and Anne had a Protestant upbringing, pursuant to the command of Charles II. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. [5] Mary's mother died in 1671; her father remarried in 1673, taking as his second wife the Catholic Mary of Modena, also known as Mary Beatrice d'Este. Mary of Modena (Mary Beatrice Eleanor Anne Margaret Isabel born Este later Queen Mary of England Scotland and Ireland 5 October 1658 &ndash 7 [6]
At the age of fifteen, Lady Mary became betrothed to the Protestant Stadtholder, William, Prince of Orange. A Stadtholder ( Dutch: stadhouder, " steward " or literally "place-keeper" or "stead-holder" in older Dutch in the Low Prince of Orange is a Title of Nobility, originally associated with the Principality of Orange, now in southern France. [1] William was the son of her aunt, Mary, Princess Royal, and Prince William II of Nassau. Princess Mary Princess Royal Princess of Orange and Countess of Nassau ( 4 November 1631 &ndash 24 December 1660) was the eldest daughter of William II Prince of Orange ( May 27, 1626 &ndash November 6, 1650) Stadtholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands At first, Charles II opposed the alliance with a Dutch ruler — he preferred that Mary marry the heir to the French Throne, the Dauphin Louis — but later, under pressure from Parliament and with a coalition with the Catholic French no longer politically favourable, he approved the union. [7] Pressured by Parliament, the Duke of York agreed to the marriage, falsely assuming that it would improve his popularity amongst Protestants. [8] The first cousins Mary and William married in London on 4 November 1677; Mary reportedly wept throughout the ceremony. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani [2]
Mary went to the Netherlands, where she lived as William's consort. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Although she was devoted to her husband, the marriage was often unhappy; her three pregnancies ended in miscarriage or stillbirth, and her childlessness would be the greatest source of unhappiness in Mary's life. Her animated and personable nature made her popular with the Dutch people, but her husband was often cold and neglectful,[1] and long maintained an affair with Elizabeth Villiers, one of Mary's ladies-in-waiting,[8] though over time he became more relaxed in Mary's company. Elizabeth Hamilton Countess of Orkney (c 1657 &ndash 19 April 1733) was the acknowledged mistress of William III King of England from 1680 until 1695 [2]
The Glorious Revolution
| Scottish and English Royalty |
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| House of Stuart |
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| Mary II & William III |
| Mary II |
Upon the death of Charles II without legitimate issue in 1685, the Duke of York became King as James II in England and Ireland (and as James VII in Scotland). TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy" The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland in 1688 by a union He had a controversial religious policy; his attempt to grant freedom of religion to non-Anglicans was not well-received, as the technique he chose was to annul acts of Parliament by Royal Decree. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican [5] Several Protestant politicians and noblemen entered into negotiations with Mary's husband as early as 1687. After James took the step of forcing Anglican clergymen to read the Declaration of Indulgence—the proclamation granting religious liberty to dissenters—from their churches in May 1688, his popularity plunged. The Declaration of Indulgence (or the Declaration for the Liberty of Conscience) was made by King James II of England, on the April 4, 1687. [5] Alarm amongst Protestants increased when his wife, Mary of Modena, gave birth to a son—James Francis Edward—in June 1688, for the son would, unlike Mary and Anne, be raised a Roman Catholic. Mary of Modena (Mary Beatrice Eleanor Anne Margaret Isabel born Este later Queen Mary of England Scotland and Ireland 5 October 1658 &ndash 7 Prince James Prince of Wales (James Francis Edward Stuart " The Old Pretender " or " The Old Chevalier " 10 June 1688 – 1 January 1766 was the Some charged that the boy was "supposititious", having been secretly smuggled in to the Queen's room in a bed-warming pan as a substitute for her stillborn baby. [9] Although there was no evidence to support the allegation, Mary publicly challenged the boy's legitimacy, sending a pointed list of questions to her sister, Anne, regarding the circumstances of the birth. [10]
On 30 June, the Immortal Seven secretly requested William—then in the Netherlands with Mary—to come to England with an army. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper The Invitation to William was a letter sent by seven notable Englishmen later named the Immortal Seven, to William III Prince of Orange, received by him [11] At first, William was reluctant; he was jealous of his wife's position as the heiress to the English Crown and feared that she would become more powerful than he was. Mary, however, convinced her husband that she did not care for political power, telling him "she would be no more but his wife, and that she would do all that lay in her power to make him King for life". [12] William agreed to invade and issued a declaration which referred to James' newborn son as the "pretended Prince of Wales". He also gave a list of grievances of the English people and stated that his proposed expedition was for the sole purpose of having "a free and lawful Parliament assembled". [2] The Dutch army finally landed on 5 November, having been turned back by a storm in October. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) [11] The disaffected English Army and Navy went over to William, and English people's confidence in James stood so low that they did not attempt to save their King. [13] On 11 December, the defeated King attempted to flee, but was intercepted. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office A second attempt at flight, on 23 December, was successful: James escaped to France where he lived in exile until his death. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city [5]
Mary was upset by the circumstances surrounding the deposition of her father, but William ordered her to appear cheerful on their triumphant arrival in London. As a result, she was criticised for appearing cold to her father's plight. James, too, wrote a diatribe against her criticising her disloyalty, an action which deeply affected the pious Mary. [2]
In 1689, a Convention Parliament summoned by the Prince of Orange assembled, and much discussion relating to the appropriate course of action ensued. The term Convention Parliament has been applied to three different English Parliaments of 1399 1660 and 1689 [14] William of Orange felt insecure about his position; he wished to reign as a King, rather than function as a mere consort of a Queen. The only precedent for a joint monarchy dated from the sixteenth century: when Queen Mary I married the Spanish Prince Philip, it was agreed that the latter would take the title of King. Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 But Philip II remained King only during his wife's lifetime, and restrictions were placed on his power. William, however, demanded that he remain King even after his wife's death. Although some prominent statesmen proposed to make her the sole ruler, Mary, remaining loyal to her husband, refused. [14]
On 13 February 1689, Parliament passed the Declaration of Right, in which it deemed that James, by attempting to flee on 11 December 1688, had abdicated the government of the realm, and that the Throne had thereby become vacant. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed The Bill of Rights (or Declaration of Rights) is an act of the Parliament of England, with the Long title An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office [14][15] Parliament offered the Crown not to James's eldest son, James Francis Edward (who would have been the heir-apparent under normal circumstances), but to William and Mary as joint Sovereigns. Prince James Prince of Wales (James Francis Edward Stuart " The Old Pretender " or " The Old Chevalier " 10 June 1688 – 1 January 1766 was the An heir apparent is an Heir who (short of a fundamental change in the situation cannot be displaced from inheriting the term is used in contrast to Heir presumptive It was, however, provided that "the sole and full exercise of the regal power be only in and executed by the said Prince of Orange in the names of the said Prince and Princess during their joint lives. "[14] The declaration was later extended to exclude not only James and his heirs from the throne, but all Catholics, since "it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a papist prince". [15]
The Bishop of London, Henry Compton, crowned William and Mary together at Westminster Abbey on 11 April 1689. The Bishop of London is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury. Henry Compton (1632 – July 7, 1713) English bishop was the sixth and youngest son of the second earl of Northampton. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Normally, the Archbishop of Canterbury performs coronations, but the Archbishop at the time, William Sancroft, although an Anglican, refused to recognise the validity of James II's removal. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the William Sancroft ( 30 January 1617 - 24 November 1693) was the 79th Archbishop of Canterbury. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs [16][17] On the day of the Coronation, the Convention of the Estates of Scotland — which was much more divided than the English Parliament — finally declared that James was no longer King of Scotland. This article is about the pre-1707 parliament The article on the devolved legislative body established in 1999 is at Scottish Parliament. William and Mary were offered the separate Scottish Crown (the two kingdoms were not united until the Acts of Union in 1707); they accepted on 11 May. The Acts of Union were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople [1]
Even after the declaration, there was still substantial support for James in Scotland. The Viscount of Dundee raised an army, and won a convincing victory at Killiecrankie on 27 July. John Graham of Claverhouse 1st Viscount Dundee (c 1648 - July 27, 1689) was a Scottish soldier and nobleman a Tory and an The Battle of Killiecrankie ( Scottish Gaelic -) was fought between highland Scottish clans supporting James II and VII and government troops (mostly lowland Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. The huge losses suffered by Dundee's troops, coupled with his fatal wounding at the start of the battle, served to remove the only effective resistance to William and the uprising was quickly crushed, suffering a resounding defeat the next month at the Battle of Dunkeld. The Battle of Dunkeld ( Scottish Gaelic:) was fought between Jacobite clans supporting King James VII of Scotland and a government regiment of Covenanters [18][19]
Reign
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In December 1689 Parliament passed one of the most important constitutional documents in English history, the Bill of Rights. A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the Majesty is an English word derived ultimately from the Latin Maiestas, meaning Greatness. A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the The Bill of Rights (or Declaration of Rights) is an act of the Parliament of England, with the Long title An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties This measure — which restated and confirmed many provisions of the earlier Declaration of Right — established restrictions on the royal prerogative; it declared, amongst other things, that the Sovereign could not suspend laws passed by Parliament, levy taxes without parliamentary consent, infringe the right to petition, raise a standing army during peacetime without parliamentary consent, deny the right to bear arms to Protestant subjects, unduly interfere with Parliamentary elections, punish members of either House of Parliament for anything said during debates, require excessive bail or inflict cruel or unusual punishments. The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority privilege and immunity recognised in Common law and sometimes in Civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy The right to petition is the freedom of individuals (and sometimes groups and corporations to Petition their government for a correction or repair of some form of Traditionally bail is some form of Property deposited or pledged to a Court in order to persuade it to release a suspect from jail, on the understanding The Bill of Rights also addressed the question of succession to the Throne. [20]
Following the death of either William III or Mary II, the other was to continue to reign. Next in the line of succession would be any children of the couple, to be followed by Mary's sister Anne and her children. Last in the line of succession stood any children William III might have had from any subsequent marriage. [20]
From 1690 onwards, William often remained absent from England, at first fighting Jacobites in Ireland. Jacobitism was (and to a limited extent remains the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland Whilst her husband was away, Mary administered the government of the realm. She proved a firm ruler, ordering the arrest of her own uncle, Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon, for plotting to restore James II to the throne. Henry Hyde 2nd Earl of Clarendon, ( 2 June 1638 Westminster &ndash 31 October 1709 Westminster) was the eldest son of In 1692, she dismissed and imprisoned the influential John Churchill, 1st Earl of Marlborough on similar charges; the dismissal somewhat diminished her popularity and harmed her relationship with her sister Anne (who was strongly influenced by Churchill's wife, Sarah). [1] Anne appeared at court with Sarah, obviously supporting the disgraced Churchill, which led to Mary angrily demanding that Anne dismiss Sarah and vacate her lodgings. Mary later failed to visit Anne during her pregnancy and relations remained strained until Mary's death. [2]
William had crushed the Irish Jacobites by 1692, but he continued with campaigns abroad in order to wage war against France in the Netherlands. When her husband was away, Mary acted in her own name but on his advice; whilst he was in England, Mary completely refrained from interfering in political matters, as had been agreed in the Bill of Rights. [1][20] She did, however, participate in the affairs of the Church - all matters of ecclesiastical patronage passed through her hands. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican [21] She died of smallpox at Kensington Palace on 28 December 1694 and was buried at Westminster Abbey. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. Kensington Palace is a royal residence set in Kensington Gardens in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in London, England Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church [1][22] Upon her death, baroque composer Henry Purcell of England was commissioned to write her funeral music, entitled Music for the Funeral of Queen Mary. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Henry Purcell (ˈpɜrsəl 10 September 1659 (? – 21 November 1695 was an English Baroque Composer. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland [23] The ominous March (catalogued as Z860 A) has subsequently been used in other media, such as the title theme in the movie A Clockwork Orange. A Clockwork Orange is a 1971 Satirical Science fiction Film adaptation of a 1962 novel of the same name, by Anthony William, who had grown increasingly to rely on Mary, was devastated by her death, reportedly said that "from being the happiest" he was "now going to be the miserablest creature on earth". [2]
Legacy
After Mary II's death, William III continued to rule as King. Princess Anne's last surviving child, William, Duke of Gloucester, died in July 1700, and, as it was clear that William III would have no more children, Parliament passed the Act of Settlement 1701, which provided that the Crown would go to the nearest Protestant relative, Sophia, Electress of Hanover and her Protestant heirs. This article is about the son of Anne of Great The Act of Settlement is an act of the Parliament of England, originally filed in 1700 and passed in 1701 to settle the succession to the English throne Electress Sophia of Hanover (born Sophia Countess Palatine of Simmern; 14 October 1630 – 8 June 1714) was the youngest daughter When William III died in 1702, he was succeeded by Anne, and she in turn was succeeded by the son of the deceased Electress Sophia, George I. George I (George Louis German Georg Ludwig; 28 May 1660 &ndash 11 June 1727 For the first year of his life George was the only heir to his father's and three childless [24]
Mary endowed the College of William and Mary (in the present day Williamsburg, Virginia) in 1693. The College of William and Mary (officially The College of William and Mary in Virginia, also known as William & Mary or W&M) is a Public university Williamsburg is a city located on the Virginia Peninsula in the Hampton Roads region in southeastern Virginia The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state [25] She also founded the Royal Hospital for Seamen, Greenwich. History of the Buildings Greenwich Hospital was built on the site of the Palace of Placentia, more commonly known as Greenwich Palace which had fallen into disrepair [1]
In popular culture
Mary's life from her childhood to her death forms part of the BBC drama series The First Churchills (1969), in which she was played by the actress Lisa Daniely. The First Churchills was a BBC miniseries from 1969 about the life of John Churchill 1st Duke of Marlborough and his wife Sarah Churchill She has also been played by Sarah Crowden in the film Orlando (1992), based on the novel by Virginia Woolf, and by Rebecca Front in the film England, My England (1995), the story of the composer Henry Purcell. Orlando is a 1992 film based on Virginia Woolf 's novel Orlando A Biography, starring Tilda Swinton as Orlando (Adeline Virginia Woolf (née Stephen; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941 was an English Novelist and Essayist, regarded as one of the foremost Rebecca Front (born June 28, 1965) is an English Comedienne and actress, perhaps Henry Purcell (ˈpɜrsəl 10 September 1659 (? – 21 November 1695 was an English Baroque Composer.
Ancestors
Title, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
- 30 April 1662 – 13 February 1689: Her Highness The Lady Mary[26]
- 4 November 1677 – 13 February 1689: Her Highness The Princess of Orange
- 13 February 1689 – 28 December 1694: Her Majesty The Queen
The joint style of William III and Mary II was "William and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, etc. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during The English claims to the French throne have a long and rather complex history between the 1340s and the 1800s The Kingdom of Ireland (Ríocht na hÉireann was the name given to the Irish state from 1541 by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 of the Parliament of Ireland. "Defender of the Faith" redirects here For the 1984 platinum album of British heavy metal group Judas Priest, see Defenders of the Faith " when they ascended the Throne. (The claim to France was only nominal, and had been asserted by every English King since Edward III, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. ) From 11 April 1689 — when the Estates of Scotland recognised them as Sovereigns — the royal couple used the style "William and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, etc. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. This article is about the pre-1707 parliament The article on the devolved legislative body established in 1999 is at Scottish Parliament. The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. ". [27]
Arms
The arms used by the King and Queen were: Quarterly, I and IV Grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland); overall an escutcheon Azure billetty and a lion rampant Or. Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world [28]
References
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- ^ a b c d e f g The House Of Stuart: William III and Mary II. English Monarchs (2004). Retrieved on 18 September, 2006.
- ^ "Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon". Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. (2000). Columbia University Press.
- ^ Anne Hyde. David Nash Ford's Royal Berkshire History (2005). Retrieved on 18 September, 2006.
- ^ a b c d The House Of Stuart: James II. English Monarchs (2004). Retrieved on 18 September, 2006.
- ^ James II and VII. The Jacobite Heritage (1997). Retrieved on 18 September, 2006.
- ^ John Pollock. The Policy of Charles II and James II. (1667–87.).
- ^ a b Nicholas Seager, University of Nottingham (2006-02-09). "Reign of King William III". The Literary Encyclopedia. The Literary Dictionary Company. Retrieved on 2006-09-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
- ^ Nenner, Howard (1998). The Right to be King: the Succession to the Crown of England, 1603–1714. Palgrave Macmillan, 243. ISBN 0-333-57724-8.
- ^ Enquiry of the Princess of Orange into the Birth of the Prince of Wales. The Jacobite Heritage (1688). Retrieved on 19 September, 2006.
- ^ a b Donald E. Wilkes Jr. and Matthew Kramer (1997). The Glorious Revolution of 1688:Chronology. Retrieved on 18 September, 2006.
- ^ "Mary II (Quote from History of my own Time. G Burnet (1883) Oxford. )". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th Ed. ). (1911). London: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ James II. The Royal Household. Retrieved on 19 September, 2006.
- ^ a b c d (1742) "King James' Parliament: The succession of William and Mary", The History and Proceedings of the House of Commons : volume 2. British History Online, 255-77. Retrieved on 19 September. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
- ^ a b William III and Mary II. The Royal Household. Retrieved on 18 September, 2006. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated
- ^ "William Sancroft". Encyclopædia Britannica. (2006). Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved on 21 September. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights.
- ^ Historic England - Archbishops of Canterbury. The History of England. Retrieved on 18 September, 2006.
- ^ "John Graham of Claverhouse, 1st viscount of Dundee". Encyclopædia Britannica. (2006). Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved on 21 September. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights.
- ^ The Contemplator's Short History of "Bonnie Dundee" John Graham, Earl of Claverhouse, Viscount of Dundee. Retrieved on 20 September, 2006.
- ^ a b c Bill of Rights (1689). Retrieved on 19 September, 2006.
- ^ Gilbert Burnet. NNDB. Retrieved on 19 September, 2006.
- ^ Historic Figures: Mary II of Orange (1662–94). BBC. Retrieved on 19 September, 2006.
- ^ Music for Queen Mary. The Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County. Retrieved on 18 September, 2006.
- ^ The House Of Stuart: Queen Anne. English Monarchs (2004). Retrieved on 18 September, 2006.
- ^ Historical Facts. William and Mary College (2006). Retrieved on 18 September, 2006.
- ^ The London Gazette, 5 November 1677
- ^ Brewer, E. Cobham (1898). Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Henry Altemus Company, 891. The Henry Altemus Company was a publishing company based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania U
- ^ Royal Coats of Arms: England & France. Fleur-de-lis Designs. Retrieved on 18 September, 2006.
- Waller, Maureen, "Sovereign Ladies: Sex, Sacrifice, and Power. The Six Reigning Queens of England. " St. Martin's Press, New York, 2006. ISBN 0-312-33801-5
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Mary II of England
Born: 30 April 1662 Died: 28 December 1694 |
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| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by James II/VII |
Queen of England Queen of Ireland 1689 – 1694 with William III |
Succeeded by William III/II |
| Queen of Scotland 1689 – 1694 with William II |
||
| Dutch nobility | ||
| Preceded by Mary, Princess Royal |
Princess consort of Orange 1677 – 1694 |
Succeeded by Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel |
| English royalty | ||
| Preceded by James, Duke of York |
Heir to the English and Irish Thrones as heiress presumptive |
Succeeded by James, Prince of Wales |
| Heir to the Scottish throne 6 February 1685 – 10 June 1688 |
||
| Preceded by James, Prince of Wales |
Heir to the English and Irish Thrones as heir apparent to William III |
Succeeded by Anne, Princess George of Denmark |
| Heir to the Scottish throne 13 February 1689 – 28 December 1694 |
||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Mary II |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Queen of England and Ireland |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 30 April 1662 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | St. James Palace, London |
| DATE OF DEATH | 28 December 1694 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Kensington Palace, London |
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