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Mary Cassatt

Self-portrait by Mary Cassatt, c. 1878, gouache on paper, 23 1/2 x 27 1/2 in. Gouache, Pronounced "Gouash" (from the Italian guazzo, "water paint splash" or bodycolor (the term preferred by art historians , Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Birth name Mary Stevenson Cassatt
Born May 22, 1844(1844-05-22)
Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, United States of America
Died June 14, 1926 (aged 82)
Château de Beaufresne, near Paris, France
Nationality American
Field Painting
Training Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Jean-Léon Gérôme, Charles Chaplin, Thomas Couture
Movement Impressionism

Mary Stevenson Cassatt (May 22, 1844 – June 14, 1926) was an American painter and printmaker. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, The City of New York Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year There is also Allegheny County and several Allegheny Townships in Pennsylvania The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts was founded in 1805 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by painter and scientist Charles Willson Peale, sculptor Jean-Léon Gérôme ( May 11, 1824 – January 10, 1904) was a French painter and sculptor in the style Charles Joshua Chaplin ( 8 June 1825 &ndash 30 January 1891) was a French painter and engraver Thomas Couture ( December 21, 1815 &ndash March 30, 1879) was an influential French history painter and teacher Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Printmaking is the Process of making artworks by Printing, normally on Paper. She lived much of her adult life in France, where she first befriended Edgar Degas and later exhibited among the Impressionists. Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s

Cassatt (pronounced ca-SAHT) often created images of the social and private lives of women, with particular emphasis on the intimate bonds between mothers and children.

Contents

Early life

Cassatt was born in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, which is now part of Pittsburgh. There is also Allegheny County and several Allegheny Townships in Pennsylvania The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern She was born into favorable circumstances: her father, Robert Simpson Cassat (later Cassatt), was a successful stockbroker and land speculator, and her mother, Katherine Kelso Johnston, came from a banking family. The ancestral name had been Cossart. [1] Cassatt was a distant cousin of artist Robert Henri. Robert Henri ( June 25, 1865 - July 12, 1929) was an American painter notable for his teaching abilities and for leadership of the [2]Cassatt was one of seven children, of which two died in infancy. Her family moved eastward, first to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, then to the Philadelphia area, where she began schooling at age six. Lancaster is a city in the South Central part of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and is the County seat of Lancaster County. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə

Cassatt grew up in an environment that viewed travel as integral to education; she spent five years in Europe and visited many of the capitals, including London, Paris, and Berlin. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. She had her first lessons in drawing and music while abroad and learned German and French. [3]Her first exposure to French artists Ingres, Delacroix, Corot, and Courbet was likely at the Paris World’s Fair of 1855. Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (26 April 1798 &ndash 13 August 1863 was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of COROT ( CO nvection RO tation and planetary T ransits is a space mission led by the French Space Agency (CNES in conjunction with the European For the French Admiral see Admiral Courbet (1828-1885 Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet ( 10 June 1819 &ndash Also exhibited at the exhibition were Degas and Pissarro, both of whom would be future colleagues and mentors. Camille Pissarro ( July 10 1830 &ndash November 13 1903) was a French Impressionist painter. [4]

Even though her family objected to her becoming a professional artist, Cassatt began studying painting at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at the early age of fifteen, and continued her studies during the years of the American Civil War. The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts was founded in 1805 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by painter and scientist Charles Willson Peale, sculptor Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South [5]Part of their concern may have been Cassatt’s exposure to feminist ideas and the bohemian behavior of some of the male students, of which one was Thomas Eakins, later the controversial director of the Academy. Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins ( July 25, 1844 – June 25, 1916) was a realist painter, Photographer, sculptor About 20% of the students were female. Though most were not bent on making a career of art, they viewed art as a valid means of achievement and recognition, and a socially valuable talent. Cassatt, instead, was determined to become a professional artist. [6]

Impatient with the slow pace of instruction and the patronizing attitude of the male students and teachers, she decided to study the old masters on her own. " Old Master " (or " old master " is a term for a European painter of skill who worked before about 1800, or a painting by such She later said, “There was no teaching” at the Academy. Female students could not use live models (until somewhat later) and the principal training was primarily drawing from casts. [7]

Cassatt decided to end her studies (at that time, no degree was granted). She finally overcame her father’s objections and in 1866, she moved to Paris, with her mother and family friends acting as chaperones. [8] Since women could not yet attend the École des Beaux-Arts, she applied to study privately with masters from the school. École des Beaux-Arts ("School of Fine Arts" refers to a number of influential Art schools in France. . [9]Clearly skilled, she was accepted to study with Jean-Léon Gérôme, a highly regarded teacher known for his hyper-realistic technique and his depiction of exotic subjects. Jean-Léon Gérôme ( May 11, 1824 – January 10, 1904) was a French painter and sculptor in the style A few months later Gérôme would also accept Eakins as a student. [10]Cassatt augmented her artistic training with daily copying in the Louvre (she obtained the required permit, which was necessary to control the “copyists”, usually low-paid women, who daily filled the museum to paint copies for sale). The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France The museum also served as a social meeting place for Frenchmen and American female students, who like Cassatt, were not allowed to attend cafes where the avant-garde socialized. In this manner, fellow artist and friend Elizabeth Gardner met and married famed academic painter William Bouguereau. William-Adolphe Bouguereau (November 30 1825 – August 19 1905 was a French academic painter. [11]

Toward the end of 1866, she joined a painting class taught by Charles Chaplin, a noted genre artist. Charles Joshua Chaplin ( 8 June 1825 &ndash 30 January 1891) was a French painter and engraver In 1868, Cassatt also studied with artist Thomas Couture, whose subjects were mostly romantic and urban. Thomas Couture ( December 21, 1815 &ndash March 30, 1879) was an influential French history painter and teacher [12] On trips to the countryside, the students drew from life, particularly the peasants going about their daily activities. In 1868 one of her paintings, A Mandoline Player, was accepted for the first time by the selection jury for the Paris Salon. Events Rodolphe Julian establishes the Académie Julian in Paris The Salon (Salon or rarely Paris Salon (French Salon de Paris) beginning in 1725 was the official Art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts This work is in the Romantic style of Corot and Couture,[13] and is one of only two paintings from the first decade of her career that can be documented today. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot ( July 17, 1796 &ndash February 22, 1875) was a French landscape painter and Printmaker [14]The French art scene was in a process of change, as radical artists such as Courbet and Manet tried to break away from accepted Academic tradition and the Impressionists were in their formative years. For the French Admiral see Admiral Courbet (1828-1885 Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet ( 10 June 1819 &ndash Cassatt’s friend Eliza Haldeman wrote home that artists “are leaving the Academy style and each seeking a new way, consequently just now everything is Chaos”. [15]Cassatt, on the other hand, would continue to work in the traditional manner, submitting works to the Salon for over ten years, with increasing frustration, before striking out with the Impressionists.

The Boating Party by Mary Cassatt, 1893–94, oil on canvas, 35 1/2 x 46 in., National Gallery of Art, Washington
The Boating Party by Mary Cassatt, 1893–94, oil on canvas, 35 1/2 x 46 in. , National Gallery of Art, Washington

Returning to the United States in the late summer of 1870—as the Franco-Prussian War was starting—Cassatt lived with her family in Altoona. This article is about the National Gallery of the United States for other National Galleries see National Gallery. The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 Her father continued to resist her chosen vocation, and paid for her basic needs, but not her art supplies. [16] She placed two of her paintings in a New York gallery and found many admirers but no purchasers. She was also dismayed at the lack of paintings to study while staying at her summer residence. Cassatt even considered giving up art, as she was determined to make an independent living. She wrote in a letter of July, 1871, "I have given up my studio & torn up my father's portrait, & have not touched a brush for six weeks nor ever will again until I see some prospect of getting back to Europe. Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common I am very anxious to go out west next fall & get some employment, but I have not yet decided where. " [17] She traveled to Chicago to try her luck but lost some of her early paintings in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. The Great Chicago Fire was a Conflagration that burned from Sunday October 8 to early Tuesday October 10 1871 killing hundreds and destroying about four square miles in [18]Shortly afterward, her work attracted the attention of the Archbishop of Pittsburgh, who commissioned her to paint two copies of paintings by Correggio in Parma, Italy, advancing her enough money to cover her travel expenses and part of her stay. In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated Bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and others this means that they lead Parma is a City in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna near Modena famous for its Architecture and the fine countryside around it Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest In her excitement she wrote, “O how wild I am to get to work, my fingers farely itch & my eyes water to see a fine picture again”. [19]With Emily Sartain, a fellow artist from a well-regarded artistic family from Philadelphia, Cassatt set out for Europe again.

Tea by Mary Cassatt, 1880, oil on canvas, 25 1/2 x 36 1/4 in., Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Tea by Mary Cassatt, 1880, oil on canvas, 25 1/2 x 36 1/4 in. , Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Impressionism

Within months of her return to Europe in the autumn of 1871, Cassatt’s prospects had brightened. The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, is one of the largest museums in the United States attracting over one million visitors a year Her painting Two Women Throwing Flowers During Carnival was well received in the Salon of 1872, and was purchased. She attracted much favorable notice in Parma and was supported and encouraged by the art community there, “All Parma is talking of Miss Cassatt and her picture, and everyone is anxious to know her”. [20]

After completing her commission for the archbishop, Cassatt traveled to Madrid and Seville, where she painted a group of paintings of Spanish subjects, including Spanish Dancer Wearing a Lace Mantilla (1873, in the National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution). Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. The Smithsonian American Art Museum is a Museum in Washington D The Smithsonian Institution (smɪθsoʊnɪən is an educational and research institute and associated Museum complex administered and funded by the Government of In 1874, she made the decision to take up residence in France. She was joined by her sister Lydia who shared an apartment with her. Cassatt continued to express criticism of the politics of the Salon and the conventional taste that prevailed there. She was blunt in her comments, as reported by Sartain, “she is entirely too slashing, snubs all modern art, disdains the Salon pictures of Cabanel, Bonnat, all the names we are used to revere”. Alexandre Cabanel ( 28 September 1823 &ndash 23 January 1889) was a French painter. [21]Cassatt saw that works by female artists were often dismissed with contempt unless the artist had a friend or protector on the jury, and she would not flirt with jurors to curry favor. [22] Her cynicism grew when one of the two pictures she submitted in 1875 was refused by the jury, only to be accepted the following year after she darkened the background. She had quarrels with Sartain, who thought Cassatt too outspoken and self-centered, and eventually they parted. Out of her distress and self-criticism, Cassatt decided that she needed to move away from genre paintings and onto more fashionable subjects, in order to attract portrait commissions from American socialites abroad, but that attempt bore little fruit at first. [23]

In 1877, both her entries were rejected, and for the first time in seven years she had no works in the Salon. [24] At this low point in her career she was invited by Edgar Degas to show her works with the Impressionists, a group that had begun their own series of independent exhibitions in 1874 with much attendant notoriety. Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s The Impressionists (also known as the “Independents” or “Intransigents”) had no formal manifesto and varied considerably in subject matter and technique. They tended to prefer open air painting and the application of vibrant color in separate strokes with little pre-mixing, which allows the eye to merge the results in an “impressionistic” manner. The Impressionists had been receiving the wrath of the critics for several years. Henry Bacon, a friend of the Cassatts, thought that the Impressionists were so radical that they were “afflicted with some hitherto unknown disease of the eye”. [25]They already had one female member, artist Berthe Morisot, who became Cassatt’s friend and colleague. Berthe Morisot ( January 14, 1841 &ndash March 2, 1895) was a painter and a member of the circle of painters in Paris

Degas, Portrait of Miss Cassatt, Seated, Holding Cards, c. 1876-1878, oil on canvas
Degas, Portrait of Miss Cassatt, Seated, Holding Cards, c. 1876-1878, oil on canvas

Cassatt admired Degas, whose pastels had made a powerful impression on her when she encountered them in an art dealer's window in 1875. Pastel is an Art medium in the form of a stick consisting of pure powdered Pigment and a binder "I used to go and flatten my nose against that window and absorb all I could of his art," she later recalled. "It changed my life. I saw art then as I wanted to see it. "[26] She accepted Degas' invitation with enthusiasm, and began preparing paintings for the next Impressionist show, planned for 1878, which (after a postponement because of the World’s Fair) took place on April 10, 1879. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common She felt comfortable with the Impressionists and joined their cause enthusiastically, “we are carrying on a despairing fight & need all our forces”. [27]Unable to attend cafes with them without attracting unfavorable attention, she met with them privately and at exhibitions. She now hoped for commercial success selling paintings to the sophisticated Parisians who preferred the avant-garde. Her style had gained a new spontaneity during the intervening two years. Previously a studio-bound artist, she had adopted the practice of carrying a sketchbook with her to record the scenes she saw, out-of-doors and at the theater. [28]

Summertime, c. 1894, oil on canvas
Summertime, c. 1894, oil on canvas

In 1877, Cassatt was joined in Paris by her father and mother, who returned with her sister Lydia. Mary valued their companionship, as neither she nor Lydia had married. Mary had decided early in life that marriage would be incompatible with her career. Lydia, who was frequently painted by her sister, suffered from recurrent bouts of illness, and her death in 1882 left Cassatt temporarily unable to work. Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [29]

Cassatt’s father insisted that her studio and supplies be covered by her sales, which were still meager. Afraid of having to paint “potboilers” (sentimental themes for quick money) to make ends meet, Cassatt applied herself to produce some quality paintings for the next Impressionist exhibition. Three of her most accomplished works from 1878 were Portrait of the Artist (self-portrait), Little Girl in a Blue Armchair, and Reading Le Figaro (portrait of her mother).

Degas had considerable influence on Cassatt. She became extremely proficient in the use of pastels, eventually creating many of her most important works in this medium. Pastel is an Art medium in the form of a stick consisting of pure powdered Pigment and a binder Degas also introduced her to copper engraving, of which he was a recognized master, which strengthened her control of line and overall draftsmanship. She became the subject in his series of etchings recording their trips to the Louvre. They worked side-by-side for awhile, and she gained considerably from his technique and knowledge. She had strong feelings for him but learned not to expect too much from his fickle and temperamental nature. The sophisticated and well-dressed Degas, then forty-five, was a welcome dinner guest at the Cassatt residence. [30]

The Impressionist exhibit of 1879 was the most successful to date, actually making a profit for each member and saving the group from the “profound desolation” which had reigned “in the Impressionist camp”. The success came despite the absence of Renoir, Sisley, Manet and Cezanne, who were attempting once again to gain recognition at the Salon. Pierre-Auguste Renoir ( February 25, 1841 &ndash December 3, 1919) was a French Artist who was a leading painter in Through the efforts of Gustave Caillebotte, who organized and underwrote the show, the group made a profit and sold many works, although the criticism continued as harsh as ever. Gustave Caillebotte ( August 19, 1848 &ndash February 21, 1894) was a French painter, member and patron of the group The Revue des Deux Mondes wrote, “M. Degas and Mlle. Cassatt are, nevertheless, the only artists who distinguish themselves…and who offer some attraction and some excuse in the pretentious show of window dressing and infantile daubing”. [31]

Cassatt displayed eleven works, including La Loge. Although critics claimed that Cassatt’s colors were too bright and that her portraits were too accurate to be flattering to the subjects, her work was not savaged as was Monet's, whose circumstances were the most desperate of all the Impressionists at that time. Claude Monet ( French klod mɔnɛ also known as Oscar-Claude Monet or Claude Oscar Monet (14 November 1840 &ndash 5 December 1926 was a founder She used her share of the profits to purchase a work by Degas and one by Monet. [32]She exhibited in the Impressionist Exhibitions that followed in 1880 and 1881, and she remained an active member of the Impressionist circle until 1886. In 1886, Cassatt provided two paintings for the first Impressionist exhibition in the United States, organized by art dealer Paul Durand-Ruel. Paul Durand-Ruel (1831 &ndash 1922 was a French Art dealer who is associated with the Impressionists. Her friend Louisine Elder married Harry Havemeyer in 1883, and with Cassatt as advisor, the couple began collecting the Impressionists on a grand scale. Louisine Waldron Elder Havemeyer ( July 28 1855 &ndash January 6 1929) was an Art collector, Feminist, and Philanthropist Henry Osborne Havemeyer (1847 - 1907 was an American entrepreneur who founded the American Sugar Refining Company in 1891 Much of their vast collection is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, [33] She also made several portraits of family members during that period, of which Portrait of Alexander Cassatt and His Son Robert Kelso (1885) is one of her best regarded. Cassatt’s style then evolved, and she moved away from Impressionism to a simpler, more straightforward approach. She began to exhibit her works in New York galleries as well. After 1886, Cassatt no longer identified herself with any art movement and experimented with a variety of techniques.

Later life

Cassatt's popular reputation is based on an extensive series of rigorously drawn, tenderly observed, yet largely unsentimental paintings and prints on the theme of the mother and child. The earliest dated work on this subject is the drypoint Gardner Held by His Mother (an impression inscribed "Jan/88" is in the New York Public Library),[34] although she had painted a few earlier works on the theme. Drypoint is a Printmaking technique of the intaglio family in which an image is incised into a plate (or "matrix" with a hard-pointed "needle" The New York Public Library ( NYPL) is one of the leading public libraries of the world and is one of America's most significant Research libraries. Some of these works depict her own relatives, friends, or clients, although in her later years she generally used professional models in compositions that are often reminiscent of Italian Renaissance depictions of the Madonna and Child. The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th After 1900, she concentrated almost exclusively on mother-and-child subjects. [35]

In 1891, she exhibited a series of highly original colored drypoint and aquatint prints, including Woman Bathing and The Coiffure, inspired by the Japanese masters shown in Paris the year before. Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Drypoint is a Printmaking technique of the intaglio family in which an image is incised into a plate (or "matrix" with a hard-pointed "needle" Aquatint is an intaglio Printmaking technique a variant of Etching. (See Japonism) Cassatt was attracted to the simplicity and clarity of Japanese design, and the skillful use of blocks of color. Japonism, or Japonisme, the original French term which is also used in English is a term for the influence of the arts of Japan on those of the In her intrepretation, she used primarily light, delicate pastel colors and avoided black (a “forbidden” color among the Impressionists). A. Breeskin, of the Smithsonian Institution, notes that these colored prints, “now stand as her most original contribution… adding a new chapter to the history of graphic arts…technically, as color prints, they have never been surpassed”. [36]

The Child's Bath (The Bath) by Mary Cassatt, 1893, oil on canvas, Art Institute of Chicago
The Child's Bath (The Bath) by Mary Cassatt, 1893, oil on canvas, Art Institute of Chicago

The 1890s were Cassatt's busiest and most creative time. The Child's Bath (or The Bath) is an 1893 Oil painting by American artist Mary Cassatt. The Art Institute of Chicago is one of America's premier Fine art museums The 1890s were sometimes referred to as the " Mauve Decade" because William Henry Perkin 's aniline dye allowed the widespread use of that She had matured considerably and became more diplomatic and less blunt in her opinions. She also became a role model for young American artists who sought her advice. Among them was Lucy A. Bacon, whom Cassatt introduced to Camille Pissarro. Lucy Angeline Bacon ( July 30 1857 &ndash October 17 1932) was a Californian artist who studied in Paris under the famous Camille Pissarro ( July 10 1830 &ndash November 13 1903) was a French Impressionist painter. Though the Impressionist group disbanded, Cassatt still had contact with some of the members, including Renoir, Monet, and Pissarro. Pierre-Auguste Renoir ( February 25, 1841 &ndash December 3, 1919) was a French Artist who was a leading painter in Claude Monet ( French klod mɔnɛ also known as Oscar-Claude Monet or Claude Oscar Monet (14 November 1840 &ndash 5 December 1926 was a founder Camille Pissarro ( July 10 1830 &ndash November 13 1903) was a French Impressionist painter. [37] As the new century arrived, she served as an advisor to several major art collectors and stipulated that they eventually donate their purchases to American art museums. Although instrumental in advising the American collectors, recognition of her art came more slowly in the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Even among her family members back in America, she received little recognition and was totally overshadowed by her famous brother. [38]

Mary Cassatt's brother, Alexander Cassatt, (president of the Pennsylvania Railroad from 1899 until his death) died in 1906. Alexander J Cassatt ( December 8 1839 &ndash December 28 1906) was the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad from June 9 The Pennsylvania Railroad was an American Railroad, founded in 1846 Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting She was shaken, as they had been close, but she continued to be very productive in the years leading up to 1910. [39] An increasing sentimentality is apparent in her work of the 1900s; her work was popular with the public and the critics, but she was no longer breaking new ground, and her Impressionist colleagues who once provided stimulation and criticism were dying off. She was hostile to such new developments in art as post-Impressionism, Fauvism and Cubism. Post-Impressionism is the term coined by the British artist and Art critic Roger Fry in 1910 to describe the development of French art since Manet. Les Fauves ( French for The Wild Beasts) were a short-lived and loose grouping of early Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European [40]

A trip to Egypt in 1910 impressed Cassatt with the beauty of its ancient art, but was followed by a crisis of creativity; not only had the trip exhausted her, but she declared herself "crushed by the strength of this Art", saying, "I fought against it but it conquered, it is surely the greatest Art the past has left us . This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting . . how are my feeble hands to ever paint the effect on me. "[41] Diagnosed with diabetes, rheumatism, neuralgia, and cataracts in 1911, she did not slow down, but after 1914 she was forced to stop painting as she became almost blind. Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Rheumatism or Rheumatic disorder is a non-specific term for medical problems affecting the Heart, Bones Joints Kidney, Skin Neuralgia is a painful disorder of the Nerves. Under the general heading of neuralgia are Trigeminal neuralgia (TN Atypical trigeminal neuralgia (ATN A cataract is a clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the Eye or in its envelope varying in degree from slight to complete opacity Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Nonetheless, she took up the cause of women's suffrage, and in 1915, she showed eighteen works in an exhibition supporting the movement. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

In recognition of her contributions to the arts, France awarded her the Légion d'honneur in 1904. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on

She died on June 14, 1926 at Château de Beaufresne, near Paris, and was buried in the family vault at Mesnil-Théribus, France. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

As of 2005, her paintings have sold for as much as $2. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 87 million.

Gallery

After the Bullfight, 1873, Art Institute of Chicago

Little Girl in a Blue Armchair, 1878, National Gallery of Art

At the Opera, 1879, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

A Corner of the Loge (also known as In the Box, 1879, Privately held

Mother Combing her Child's Hair, 1879, Brooklyn Museum

Elsie in a Blue Chair, 1880,

Lydia at the Theatre, 1880, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art

Lilacs in a Window, 1880, Metropolitan Museum of Art

Lydia at the Tapestry Loom, 1881, Flint Institute of the Arts

The Loge, 1882, National Gallery of Art

Woman in Black, 1882, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Children on the Beach, 1884, National Gallery of Art

Lady at the Tea Table, c. The Art Institute of Chicago is one of America's premier Fine art museums This article is about the National Gallery of the United States for other National Galleries see National Gallery. The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, is one of the largest museums in the United States attracting over one million visitors a year The Brooklyn Museum, located at 200 Eastern Parkway, in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, is the second-largest Art museum in The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art is an art museum in Kansas City, Missouri. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, This article is about the National Gallery of the United States for other National Galleries see National Gallery. The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, is one of the largest museums in the United States attracting over one million visitors a year This article is about the National Gallery of the United States for other National Galleries see National Gallery. 1884, Metropolitan Museum of Art

Girl Arranging her Hair, 1886, National Gallery of Art

At the Window, 1889, Louvre

Maternité, 1890,

The Lamp, c. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, This article is about the National Gallery of the United States for other National Galleries see National Gallery. The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France 1891 National Gallery of Art

Nurse Reading to a Little Girl, 1895, Metropolitan Museum of Art

Maternal Kiss, 1896, Philadelphia Museum of Art

Sara Holding a Cat, 1908,

Notes

  1. ^ Nancy Mowll Mathews, Mary Cassatt: A Life, Villard Books, New York, 1994, p. This article is about the National Gallery of the United States for other National Galleries see National Gallery. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, The Philadelphia Museum of Art, located at the west end of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Philadelphia 's Fairmount Park, was established in 1876 5, ISBN 0-394-58497-X.
  2. ^ Perlman, Bennard B. , Robert Henri: His Life and Art, page 1. Dover, 1991.
  3. ^ Mathews, 1994, p. 11
  4. ^ Robin McKown, The World of Mary Cassatt, Thomas Y. Crowell Co. , New York, 1972, pp. 10-12, ISBN 0-690-90274-3
  5. ^ Mathews, 1994, p. 26
  6. ^ Mathews, 1994, p. 18
  7. ^ McKown, 1974, p. 16
  8. ^ Mathews, 1994, p. 29
  9. ^ Mathews, 1994, p. 31
  10. ^ Mathews, 1994, p. 31
  11. ^ Mathews, 1994, p. 32
  12. ^ Mathews, 1994, p. 54
  13. ^ Mathews, 1998, p. 47
  14. ^ Mathews, 1998, p. 54
  15. ^ Mathews, 1994, p. 32
  16. ^ Mathews, 1998, p. 75
  17. ^ Mathews, 1994, p. 74
  18. ^ McKown, 1974, p. 36
  19. ^ Mathews, 1994, p. 76
  20. ^ Mathews, 1994, p. 79
  21. ^ Mathews, 1994, p. 87
  22. ^ Mathews, 1998, pp. 104-105
  23. ^ Mathews, 1994, p. 96
  24. ^ Mathews, 1998, p. 100
  25. ^ Mathews, 1994, p. 107
  26. ^ Mathews, 1998, p. 114
  27. ^ Mathews, 1994, p. 118
  28. ^ Mathews, 1994, p. 125.
  29. ^ Mathews, 1998, p. 163
  30. ^ McKown, 1974, pp. 63-64
  31. ^ McKown, 1974, p. 73
  32. ^ McKown, 1974, pp. 72-73
  33. ^ Mathews, 1994, p. 167
  34. ^ Mathews, 1998, p. 182 and note, p. 346
  35. ^ National Museum of American Art, 1985, p. 106
  36. ^ McKown, 1974, pp. 124-126.
  37. ^ McKown, 1974, p. 155.
  38. ^ McKown, 1974, p. 182.
  39. ^ Mathews, 1998, p. 281
  40. ^ Mathews, 1998, p. 284
  41. ^ Mathews, 1998, p. 291

Sources

See also

External links

This section of List of Liberty ships is a sortable list of Liberty ships, Cargo ships built in the United States during World War II, with names World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including History and service In 1936 the American Merchant Marine Act was passed to subsidize the annual construction of 50 commercial merchant vessels to be used in wartime by See also Western art, History of painting, Western art history, History of art, Art history, Painting, Outline of painting The history of Painting reaches back in time to artifacts from pre-historic humans and spans all cultures
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