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For other uses, see Mary Campbell (disambiguation). Mary Campbell may refer to Mary Campbell (1747&ndash1801 American colonial settler Mary Katherine Campbell (1907&ndash1990 winner of
Memorial to Mary Campbell, placed just outside Mary Campbell Cave.
Memorial to Mary Campbell, placed just outside Mary Campbell Cave. Mary Campbell Cave, also known as Old Maid's Kitchen is a small secondary cliff cavity Cave in Cuyahoga Falls Ohio.

Mary Campbell was an American colonial settler, taken captive as a child by Native Americans during the French and Indian War, and believed to have been the first white child to travel to the Western Reserve. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established permanent residence there often to colonize the area For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. The French and Indian War (1754&ndash1763 was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School.

Contents

Biography

Campbell was born in 1747 or 1748. [1] Her family identified themselves as of Scottish-Irish descent, however it is unknown whether her parents emigrated before or after her birth. Accordingly, her place of birth was either Northern Ireland or America.

On May 21, 1758,[1] at the age of ten, Campbell was abducted from a place in or near the town of Penn's Creek, probably the town of that name situated in Cumberland (now Snyder) County, Pennsylvania. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 1758 ( MDCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Her captors were a band of Lenape, an American Indian group also called the Delaware. The shannon (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans were in the 17th century organized bands of Native American peoples with shared cultural and linguistic [1] It is widely believed that during her captivity she stayed in the household of, or with the tribe of, a principal chief of the Lenape called Netawatwees, also known by his English name, Newcomer. Netawatwees (1678-1776 was a Delaware chief of the Turtle subtribe [2][3] According to local tradition, this Native American group brought her to a cliff cavity now known as Mary Campbell Cave near the Cuyahoga River in present-day Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Mary Campbell Cave, also known as Old Maid's Kitchen is a small secondary cliff cavity Cave in Cuyahoga Falls Ohio. The Cuyahoga River (ˌkaɪəˈhɔgə or kuy-a-HO-ga) is located in Northeast Ohio in the United States. Cuyahoga Falls is a city in Summit County, Ohio, United States. [4] After a reportedly brief residence in the cave, she is said to have moved to a nearby Lenape village,[4] which may have been along the southern bank of the Cuyahoga River not far from the cave, or else on the flat ground directly above the cave.

Several lines of family tradition, however, say that Mary lived with the Lenape in a place called Newcomerstown which is further south in eastern Ohio. This tradition tends to confirm Mary Campbell's association with Netawatwees, since Newcomerstown was named after its founder Netawatwees (Newcomer). If, as this suggests, Mary's association with the group headed by Netawatwees is accepted, then both the local tradition of Mary Campbell's stay near Cuyahoga Falls as well as the family traditions which place her in Newcomerstown are probably correct. What is historically known of Netawatwees indicates that he established his people near Cuyahoga Falls from late in 1758 or early 1759. This would correspond with a period early in Mary Campbell's captivity, since she was abducted in May of 1758. [1] It is also known that he later moved with his group to eastern Ohio and there founded Newcomerstown. [5]

Some writers have suggested that Campbell may have been adopted by Netawatwees. [6][7] The adoption into an Indian family, of captives taken in raids, was common practice among the Native Americans of that time period, and Mary Campbell most probably was adopted into a Lenape family according to this custom. Nevertheless, although it seems certain she was a member of the tribal group which followed and moved with Netawatwees, it cannot be definitely established that she was adopted into his own household.

Mary Campbell's return to her family in Pennsylvania came about by means of British military pressure on the American Indians of southern Ohio brought to bear especially by troops under Colonel Henry Bouquet. Henry Bouquet (1719 &ndash September 2, 1765) was a prominent British Army officer in the French and Indian War and Pontiac's War On August 5 and 6, 1763, Bouquet's forces prevailed against Native American irregulars in the Battle of Bushy Run, a key battle that turned the tide of Pontiac's Rebellion. Year 1763 ( MDCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Battle of Bushy Run which happened during Pontiac's Rebellion was fought between a British relief column under the command of Colonel Henry Bouquet and a Pontiac's Rebellion was a war launched in 1763 by North American Indians who were dissatisfied with British policies in the Great Lakes region after While armed conflict became rare after the battle, no formal peace had been made. Starting from Fort Niagara on August 6, 1764, Colonel John Bradstreet and 1,200 of his soldiers moved through northern Ohio on their way to Fort Detroit. Major General John Bradstreet ( December 21 1714 – September 25, 1774) was a British Army officer during the French and Indian War Bradstreet concluded a peace treaty with a number of tribes on August 12, which would have prohibited an expedition by Bouquet to the south. General Thomas Gage rejected Bradstreet's treaty on the grounds that the Colonel had exceeded his authority in making it. Thomas Gage (1719 April 2, 1787) was a British general and commander in chief of the North American forces from 1763 to 1775 during the early days of the

On October 1, 1764, Bouquet held meetings with Shawnee and Delaware leaders at Fort Pitt. The Indians tried to convince Bouquet that their numbers were great, and that he should not move into their territory because his army could not survive. Apparently the Indians were bluffing, because within a day or two, they had agreed to give up their white captives to Bouquet and his forces.

On October 3, Bouquet and 1,500 soldiers departed Fort Pitt, arriving at a place called Tuscarawas on October 13. The next day, Bouquet met with leaders of Native American groups including those of the Delaware. The meetings lasted until October 20, when Bouquet issued an ultimatum and demanded the return of captives. Captives were turned over to Bouquet's forces at different times during and after these proceedings,[8] among those returned was Mary Campbell.

Campbell's name is included in a list of 60 former captives who were transferred by Captain Lewis Durry to Captain Charles Lewis for transportation to Fort Pitt. [2] The list was made out on November 15, 1764, at a "Camp at Muskingum", presumably in present-day southeastern Ohio. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Year 1764 ( MDCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a [2] Campbell would have been 16 or 17 years of age at this time, having spent about six-and-a-half years with the Lenape. The captives arrived at Fort Pitt on November 28, 1764. [2]

Family tradition amongst some of Campbell's descendants indicates that she was sad to be separated from the Lenape. [4][9][10] Although it is estimated that approximately half of the captives turned over to Bouquet attempted to return to their Native captors, a development which reportedly puzzled both the army and the communities to which the captives were being returned, it is not known whether Campbell was one of them.

In October of 1764, the Pennsylvania Gazette carried an advertisement placed by Mary Campbell's family, which read in part:

“ . . . Mary Campbell, then in her 10th year, red haired, and much freckled. Her Father hearing that she is now at Albany, and being unable to go so far, begs that she may, by all good People, be helped on her way to him as he and her aged mother, are very desirous of seeing her. "[1] ”

This is the only known contemporary physical description of Campbell. It is not known which of several places called Albany are referred to. Sources give the date of this advertisement as October 11, 1764. If that is accurate, it is possible that Mary Campbell was in Albany, Ohio at the time; alternatively, it could refer to one of several places called Albany in Pennsylvania. The advertisement definitely implies that Mary Campbell had been turned over to Bouquet's forces before the date of its publication. A historical account of Bouquet's expedition lends credence to such a scenario by saying that Bouquet's November 15 report included persons returned from captivity up to that date. [8] It is widely reported within the oral family traditions that one of Mary's brothers was with Bouquet's forces when she was returned. If this is true, it would explain how Mary Campbell's father knew of her whereabouts upon placing the advertisement with the Pennsylvania Gazette.

Campbell married Joseph Willford in 1770 in Mt. Year 1770 ( MDCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Friday Pleasant Township. Some sources place this in what was then York, but is now Adams County, Pennsylvania. Adams County is a County located in the US state of Pennsylvania. [11]. The same sources have Mary and Joseph Willford continuing in York/Adams County from 1770 until they moved to Washington (now Greene) County, Pennsylvania. But tax rolls from Lack Township, situated in the Tuscarora Valley, Cumberland (now Juniata) County strongly suggest that both Joseph Willford and Mary Campbell were present in this township from 1766 until at least 1782. [12] A possible candidate for the place of their marriage is a town a few miles southeast of Mifflinburg and adjacent to Lack Township which was later (from 1847) known as Mount Pleasant. Some time during or after 1782 they moved to Bald Ridge Farm, Dunkard Township,[11] in present day Greene County, Pennsylvania. Year 1782 ( MDCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Greene County is a County located in the US state of Pennsylvania and is part of the Pittsburgh DMA. Mary gave birth to five sons, Samuel, Daniel, William, Dougal, and Joseph, and two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret. [11][9][10] She died in 1801, probably in Greene County, and was buried there. [11][9][10]

Cultural significance

Mary Campbell is widely known of in Northeast Ohio and parts of Pennsylvania, and is spoken of as an example of courage and fortitude. [6][4][13] The story is also cited as evidence that popular stereotypes of Native American brutality are not justified. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States [4][13] Most long-time residents of that area know the basics of her story, which is frequently told to children,[14] and the general facts of her experience are taught in local schools. [15]

Mary Campbell's local popularity has led to a number of books, including Song of Courage, Song of Freedom: The Story of the Child, Mary Campbell, Held Captive in Ohio by the Delaware Indians from 1759-1764 by Marilyn Seguin, and The Beaded Moccasins : The Story of Mary Campbell by Lynda Durrant. Lynda Durrant (born December 17 1954 is the author of several children's books including The Beaded Moccasins The Story of Mary Campbell (1998 Turtle Both are fictional books about Mary Campbell and her circumstances. It is possible that fictional material from these books has led to the introduction of false details in contemporary sources of information on Mary Campbell.

Other information from individual family traditions

Although there are some biographical facts about Mary Campbell which are solidly documented, most of the details of her life, including incidents about her capture and adoption by the Lenape tribe, have come down to the present day through oral family traditions and written records of those traditions. Although the following contain examples of conflicting information some of which must obviously be incorrect, we may safely assume that some true information is preserved in the individual family traditions. A stemmatic analysis of this, and other, traditional material, by catalogueing different lines of familial descent and their accompanying traditions could possibly bring to light or clarify many incidents in Mary Campbell's life which are now unknown or not well understood by interested researchers.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Pennsylvania Gazette, October 1764
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Bouquet Papers, British Museum, p. 317-318
  3. ^ Clinton A. Weslager, The Delaware Indians: a History (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990) p. 243.
  4. ^ a b c d e Karl H. Grismer, Akron and Summit County History, Higginson Book Co, 1994. ASIN: B0006P5YLE
  5. ^ Clinton A. Weslager, The Delaware Indians: a History (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1972) p. 243.
  6. ^ a b Peter Peterson Cherry, The Portage Path, Western Reserve Co, 1911, ASIN: B00085IORI
  7. ^ ; Marilyn Seguin, Song of Courage, Song of Freedom (Boston: Braden Books, 1993).
  8. ^ a b "Colonel Henry Bouquet's Ohio Expedition in 1764," by Paul K. Adams, in An Illustrated History of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, ed. William Henry Engle, (Harrisburg, 1876), pp. 139-147
  9. ^ a b c Adell Carr Smith's research summary
  10. ^ a b c Rebecca Xavier's research summary
  11. ^ a b c d e William Willford. Genealogy and History of the Willford Family in America. Canton Minnesota: 1916
  12. ^ F. Ellis and A. N. Hungerford eds. , History of that part of the Susquehanna and Juniata valleys, embraced in the counties of Mifflin, Juniata, Perry, Union and Snyder, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. . . (Philadelphia: Everts, Peck & Richards, 1886), pp. 727-733, provided at http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~milliken/alguss/lack.html as of 12/1/2007; Pennsylvania Archives, Third Series, ed. William Henry Egle (Harrisburg: Wm. Stanley Ray, State Printer, 1897), pp. 112-114, 185-188, 321-324, 448-451, 593-597, 728-731
  13. ^ a b Report to the Cuyahoga Falls Chapter, D. A. R. , June 1934, by Mrs. J. B. McPherson entitled "Mary Campbell - The First White Child on the Western Reserve"
  14. ^ Metroparks brochure, no author, dated 1978
  15. ^ Summit County Historical Society information sheet, ca. 1981 (no author)
  16. ^ a b The Mary Cambell Memorial, a plaque laid by the Mary Campbell Society, Children of the American Revolution of Cuyahoga Falls, in 1934
  17. ^ A See family history

Notes on references

Other sources

Other potential sources of information, not utilized for this article but cited by sources consulted or containing potentially useful information:


Persondata
NAME Campbell, Mary
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Willford, Mary Campbell
SHORT DESCRIPTION child captive of Lenape Indians
DATE OF BIRTH 1748
PLACE OF BIRTH
DATE OF DEATH 1801
PLACE OF DEATH
The shannon (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans were in the 17th century organized bands of Native American peoples with shared cultural and linguistic
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