Part of a series on Marxism
Theoretical works
The Communist Manifesto Das Kapital The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon On The Jewish Question Grundrisse The German Ideology Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 Theses on Feuerbach
Sociology and anthropology
Alienation · Bourgeoisie Class consciousness Commodity fetishism Communism Cultural hegemony Exploitation · Human nature Ideology · Proletariat Reification · Socialism Relations of production
Economics
Labour power · Law of value Means of production Mode of production Productive forces Surplus labour · Surplus value Transformation problem Wage labour
History
Anarchism and Marxism Capitalist production Class struggle Dictatorship of the proletariat Primitive capital accumulation Proletarian revolution Proletarian internationalism World Revolution
Philosophy
Historical materialism Dialectical materialism Analytical Marxism Marxist autonomism Marxist feminism Marxist humanism Marxist geography Structural Marxism Western Marxism Libertarian Marxism Young Marx
Prominent figures
Karl Marx · Friedrich Engels Karl Kautsky · Georgi Plekhanov Rosa Luxemburg Antonie Pannekoek Vladimir Lenin · Leon Trotsky Georg Lukács · Guy Debord Antonio Gramsci · Karl Korsch Che Guevara · Frankfurt School Jean-Paul Sartre Louis Althusser
Criticism
Criticisms of Marxism
All categorised articles
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Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Manifesto of the Communist Party ( often referred to as The Communist Manifesto, was first published on February 21, 1848, and is The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon was written by Karl Marx between December 1851 and March 1852 and originally published in 1852 in Die Revolution On the Jewish Question is a work by Karl Marx, written in 1843, and first published in Paris in 1844 under the German title The Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie ( German, Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy) is a lengthy Manuscript by the The German Ideology (1845 was a book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels around April or early May 1845. Economic & Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (also referred to as The Paris Manuscripts) are a series of notes written between April and August 1844 The " Theses on Feuerbach " are eleven short philosophical notes written by Karl Marx in 1845. Marx's theory of alienation ( Entfremdung in German) as expressed in the writings of young Karl Marx, refers to the separation of things that naturally Class consciousness, literally is consciousness of one's Social class. In Marxist theory Commodity Fetishism is a state of social relations said to arise in capitalist market based societies in which social relationships Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Cultural hegemony is a Concept coined by Marxist Philosopher Antonio Gramsci. The rate of exploitation is a concept in Marxian Political economy. Marx's theory of human nature occupies an important place in his critique of Capitalism, his conception of Communism, and his ' materialist conception of history An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics The proletariat (from Latin la ''proles'' "offspring" is a term used to identify a lower Social class; a member of such a class is proletarian Reification ( German: Verdinglichung, literally "thing-ification" (from Latin "Res" meaning "thing" or Versachlichung, literally Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Relations of production (German Produktionsverhältnisse) is a concept frequently used by Karl Marx in his theory of Historical materialism and in Note Marxian economics is not restricted to Marxist economics as it includes the economic thought of those inspired by Marx's works who do not identify with Labour power (in German Arbeitskraft, or labour force is a crucial concept used by Karl Marx in his critique of capitalist Political economy The law of value is a concept in Karl Marx 's critique of Political economy. Means Of Production is a compilation of Aim 's early 12" and EP releases recorded between 1995 and 1998 In the writings of Karl Marx and the Marxist theory of Historical materialism, a mode of production (in German Produktionsweise, meaning 'the Productive forces, "productive powers" or "forces of production" German ''Produktivkräfte'' is a central concept in Marxism and Historical materialism Surplus labour is a concept used by Karl Marx in his critique of Political economy. Surplus value is a concept created by Karl Marx in his critique of Political economy, where its ultimate source is unpaid Surplus labor In 20th century discussions of Karl Marx 's Economics the transformation problem is the problem of finding a general rule to transform the "values" of commodities Wage labour is the socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer in which the worker sells their labour under a Contract ( Employment Anarchism and Marxism are related political philosophies which emerged in the nineteenth century In Marxian economic discourse the capitalist mode of production refers to the socio-economic base of capitalist society which began to grow rapidly in Western Europe from the Class struggle is the active expression of Class conflict looked at from any kind of socialist perspective The " dictatorship of the proletariat " or workers' state is a term employed by Marxists that refers to what they see as a temporary state between the Primitive Accumulation of capital is a concept introduced by Karl Marx in part 8 of the first volume of Das Kapital (in German ursprüngliche Akkumulation A proletarian revolution is a social and/or political Revolution in which the Working class attempts to overthrow the Bourgeoisie. International Socialism redirects here For the journal of the same name see International Socialism (journal Proletarian internationalism is a This is about the concept of world revolution in Marxist theory See also Marxian economics, Marxism Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are terms which cover work in Philosophy Historical materialism is the methodological approach to the study of society economics and history which was first articulated by Karl Marx ( 1818 - 1883 Dialectical materialism, according to many followers of Karl Marx 's thinking is the philosophical basis of Marxism. Analytical Marxism refers to a style of thinking about Marxism that was prominent amongst English-speaking philosophers and social scientists during the 1980s Autonomism refers to a set of Left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. Marxist feminism is a sub-type of Feminist theory which focuses on the dismantling of Capitalism as a way to liberate women Marxist humanism is a branch of Marxism that primarily focuses on Marx's earlier writings, especially the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts Marxist geography is a Critical geography which utilises the theories and philosophy of Marxism to examine the spatial relations of Human geography Structural Marxism was an approach to Marxist philosophy based on Structuralism, primarily associated with the work of the French philosopher Louis Althusser Western Marxism is a term used to describe a wide variety of Marxist theoreticians based in Western and Central Europe (and more recently North Libertarian Marxism is a school of Marxism that describes itself as taking a less Authoritarian view of Marxist theory than conventional currents such as Stalinism Young Marx is one half of the concept in Marxology that Karl Marx ’s intellectual development can be broken into two broad categories the other being ‘ Mature Friedrich Engels (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895 was a German social scientist and philosopher, who Karl Kautsky ( October 16 1854 - October 17 1938) was a leading theoretician of Social democracy. Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov (Георгий Валентинович Плеханов ( December 11, 1856 &ndash May 30, 1918; Rosa Luxemburg (Róża Luksemburg 5 March 1870 or 1871 15 January 1919 was a Polish-born Jewish German Marxist theorist, socialist Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij György Lukács (pronounced in IPA dyɶrdyə ˈlukɑtʃ) ( April 13, 1885 – June 4, 1971) was a Hungarian Guy Ernest Debord ( December 28, 1931 - November 30, 1994) was a Marxist theorist French writer Filmmaker, hypergraphist Antonio Gramsci ('ɡramʃi ( January 23, 1891 &ndash April 27, 1937) was an Italian Philosopher, Writer, Karl Korsch ( August 15, 1886 - October 21, 1961) was a German Marxist theorist Ernesto "Che" Guevara (June 14 Following the Cuban revolution,Guevara reviewed The Frankfurt School is a school of neo-Marxist Critical theory, Social research, and Philosophy. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French Louis Pierre Althusser (Pronunciation altuˡseʁ ( October 16, 1918 – October 22, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. Various aspects of Marxist theory have been criticized These criticisms concern both the theory itself and its later interpretations and implementations Friedrich Engels (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895 was a German social scientist and philosopher, who Any political practice or theory that is based on an interpretation of the works of Marx and Engels may be called Marxism. Despite being less important in the 21st century as the 20th, there is still a presence of Marxist approaches in academic fields of research; these include anthropology, media studies, Theatre, history, economics, literary criticism, aesthetics and philosophy. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Media studies is a collection of academic programs regarding the content history meaning and effects of various media. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Literary criticism is the study discussion evaluation and interpretation of Literature. Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language ^[1] The constitution of the Communist Parties and Communist states was grounded in Marxism; the basic difference between Communism in general and Marxism, is that Communism aims at the realization of a "Communist society", while Marxism is a theoretical-practical framework based on the analysis of "the conflicts between the powerful and the subjugated". A Political party described as a communist party includes those that advocate the application of the social principles of Communism through a communist form of Communist state is a term used by many Political scientists to describe a Form of government in which the State operates under a one-party system Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Communist society is the final stage of human history as envisioned by Karl Marx. For a position in the religion-science debate with a similar name see Conflict thesis Conflict theory emphasizes the role that a person's ^[2][3] As a consequence of this, there are many scholars and thinkers who use Marxism as a framework for analysis but do not advocate a communist society.

While there are many theoretical and practical differences among the various forms of Marxism, most forms of Marxism share:

• a belief that capitalism is based on the exploitation^[4] of workers by the owners of capital
• a belief that people's consciousness of the conditions of their lives reflects the dominant ideology which is in turn shaped by material conditions and relations of production
• an understanding of class in terms of differing relations of production, and as a particular position within such relations
• an understanding of material conditions and social relations as historically malleable
• a view of history according to which class struggle, the evolving conflict between classes with opposing interests, structures each historical period and drives historical change
• a belief that this dialectical historical process will ultimately result in a replacement of the current class structure of society with a system that manages society for the good of all, resulting in the dissolution of the class structure and its support (more often than not including the nation state)

The main points of contention among Marxists are the degree to which they are committed to a workers' revolution as the means of achieving human emancipation and enlightenment, and the actual mechanism through which such a revolution might occur and succeed. Surplus value is a concept created by Karl Marx in his critique of Political economy, where its ultimate source is unpaid Surplus labor The term " exploitation " may carry two distinct meanings The act of utilizing something for any purpose Historical materialism is the methodological approach to the study of society economics and history which was first articulated by Karl Marx ( 1818 - 1883 Theory The concept flows from the theory of Commodity fetishism &mdash that people experience social relationships as value relations between things e The dominant ideology, in Marxist or Marxian theory is the set of common values and beliefs shared by most people in a given society framing how the majority Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. Relations of production (German Produktionsverhältnisse) is a concept frequently used by Karl Marx in his theory of Historical materialism and in History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Class struggle is the active expression of Class conflict looked at from any kind of socialist perspective For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively Emancipation is a term used to describe various efforts to obtain Political rights or equality, often for a specifically Disenfranchised group or more Marxism is correctly but not exhaustively described as a variety of Socialism. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Some Marxists, however, argue that no actual state has ever fully realized Marxist principles; other Marxists, such as Autonomists claim Marxist principles cannot be realized in any state construct seen through the 20th Century, and would necessitate a reconceptualization of the notion of state itself. Autonomism refers to a set of Left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. Horizontalidad ( Eng: horizontality or horizontalism) is a theory or system that advocates the creation development and maintenance of social structures

Contents 1 Classical Marxism 1.1 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels 1.2 Early influences 1.3 Main ideas 1.4 Class 1.5 Marx's theory of history 2 Marxist school of thought 2.1 Western Marxism 2.1.1 Structural Marxism 2.1.2 Neo-Marxism 2.1.3 The Frankfurt School 2.1.4 Cultural Marxism 2.1.5 Autonomist Marxism 2.1.6 Analytical Marxism 2.1.7 Marxist humanism 2.1.8 Marxist theology 2.1.9 Key Western Marxists 2.1.9.1 Georg Lukács 2.1.9.2 Karl Korsch 2.1.9.3 Antonio Gramsci 2.1.9.4 Herbert Marcuse 2.1.9.5 Jean-Paul Sartre 2.1.9.6 Louis Althusser 2.1.9.7 E.P. Thompson, Christopher Hill and Eric Hobsbawm 2.2 Post Marxism 2.3 Marxist Feminism 3 Marxism as a political practice 3.1 History 3.2 Social Democracy 3.3 Socialism 3.4 Communism 3.4.1 Marxism-Leninism 3.4.2 Trotskyism 3.4.3 Maoism 3.5 Disputing these claims 4 Criticisms 4.1 Right 4.2 Left 5 Notes 6 References 7 See also 8 External links 8.1 General resources 8.2 Introductory articles 8.3 Marxist websites 8.4 Specific topics 8.5 Critiques of Marxism

Classical Marxism

Main article: Classical Marxism

Classical Marxism refers to the body of theory directly expounded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Classical Marxism refers to the social theory expounded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, as contrasted with later developments in Marxism. Friedrich Engels (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895 was a German social scientist and philosopher, who The term "Classical Marxism" is often used to distinguish between "Marxism" as it is broadly understood and "what Marx believed", which is not necessarily the same thing. For example, shortly before he died in 1883, Marx wrote a letter to the French workers' leader Jules Guesde and to his own son-in-law Paul Lafargue, both of whom claimed to represent Marxist principles, in which he accused them of "revolutionary phrase-mongering" and of denying the value of reformist struggles. Jules Basile Guesde ( November 11, 1845 - July 28, 1922) was a French Socialist journalist and politician Paul Lafargue ( June 16, 1842 – November 26, 1911) was a French revolutionary Marxist socialist journalist ^[5] Paraphrasing Marx: "If that is Marxism, then I am not a Marxist". As the American Marx scholar Hal Draper remarked, "there are few thinkers in modern history whose thought has been so badly misrepresented, by Marxists and anti-Marxists alike. Hal Draper (1914-1990 was a Third Camp American Socialist activist Marxist and Author, perhaps best known for his role in the Berkeley California "

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Main articles: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818, Trier, then part of Prussian Rhineland – March 14, 1883, London) was an immensely influential German philosopher, political economist, and socialist revolutionary. Friedrich Engels (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895 was a German social scientist and philosopher, who Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Trier (Trèves Luxembourgish: Tréier; Augusta Treverorum is a City in Germany on the banks of the Moselle River. The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and from 1871 was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising The Rhine Province (Rheinprovinz also known as Rhenish Prussia ( Rheinpreußen) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Political economy originally was the term for studying production buying and selling and their relations with law custom and government Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution A revolutionary when used as a noun is a person who either actively engages in some kind of Revolution, or advocates the revolution with recognition from some government or Marx addressed a wide variety of issues, including alienation and exploitation of the worker, the capitalist mode of production, and historical materialism. Marx's theory of alienation ( Entfremdung in German) as expressed in the writings of young Karl Marx, refers to the separation of things that naturally Historical materialism is the methodological approach to the study of society economics and history which was first articulated by Karl Marx ( 1818 - 1883 He is most famous, however, for his analysis of history in terms of class struggles, as summed up in the opening line of the introduction to the Communist Manifesto: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. " The influence of his ideas, already popular during his life, was greatly broadened by the victory of the Russian Bolsheviks in the October Revolution of 1917. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution Indeed, there are few parts of the world which were not significantly touched by Marxian ideas in the course of the 20th century.

Friedrich Engels (November 28, 1820, Wuppertal – August 5, 1895, London) was a 19th century German political philosopher. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year ||-||} Wuppertal (ˈvʊpɐtaːl is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Political philosophy is the study of questions about the City, Government, Politics, Liberty, Justice, Property, Rights He developed communist theory alongside Marx. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based

The two first met in person in September 1844. They discovered that they had similar views on philosophy and on capitalism and decided to work together, producing a number of works including Die heilige Familie (The Holy Family). Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where The Holy Family was a book written by Marx & Engels in November 1844 After the French authorities deported Marx from France in January 1845, Engels and Marx decided to move to Belgium, which then permitted greater freedom of expression than other countries in Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation. Engels and Marx returned to Brussels in January 1846, where they set up the Communist Correspondence Committee. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is

In 1847 Engels and Marx began writing a pamphlet together, based on Engels' The Principles of Communism. They completed the 12,000-word pamphlet in six weeks, writing it in such a manner as to make communism understandable to a wide audience, and published it as The Communist Manifesto in February 1848. Manifesto of the Communist Party ( often referred to as The Communist Manifesto, was first published on February 21, 1848, and is In March, Belgium expelled both Engels and Marx. They moved to Cologne, where they began to publish a radical newspaper, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. The Neue Rheinische Zeitung ("New Rhenish Newspaper" was a German (specifically Rhenish from the Rhineland) daily Newspaper, published By 1849, both Engels and Marx had to leave Germany and moved to London. The Prussian authorities applied pressure on the British government to expel the two men, but Prime Minister Lord John Russell refused. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom John Russell 1st Earl Russell, KG, GCMG, PC (18 August 1792 &ndash 28 May 1878 known as Lord John Russell before 1861 was an English With only the money that Engels could raise, the Marx family lived in extreme poverty.

After Marx's death in 1883, Engels devoted much of the rest of his life to editing and translating Marx's writings. Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific He also contributed significantly to feminist theory and Marxist feminism in Origins of the Family, Private Property, and the State, conceiving, for instance, the concept of monogamous marriage as having arisen because of the domination of men over women. Feminist theory is the extension of Feminism into theoretical or philosophical, ground Marxist feminism is a sub-type of Feminist theory which focuses on the dismantling of Capitalism as a way to liberate women The Origin of the Family Private Property and the State in the light of the researches of Lewis H Monogamy is the custom or condition of having only one mate in a Relationship, thus forming a Couple. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** In this sense, he ties communist theory to the family, arguing that men have dominated women just as the capitalist class has dominated workers. Engels died in London in 1895.

Early influences

Main article: Influences on Karl Marx

Classical Marxism was influenced by a number of different thinkers. Influences on Karl Marx are commonly referred to as deriving from three sources German Idealist philosophy, French Socialism, and English & Scottish These thinkers can be divided roughly into 3 groups:

• German Philosophers including: Immanuel Kant, Georg Hegel, Ludwig Feuerbach
• English and Scottish Political Economists including: Adam Smith & David Ricardo
• French Social Theorists including: Jean-Jacques Rousseau; Charles Fourier; Henri de Saint-Simon; Pierre-Joseph Proudhon; Flora Tristan; Louis Blanc

Other influences include:

• Antique materialism, e. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach ( July 28, 1804 &ndash September 13, 1872) was a German Philosopher and Anthropologist Adam Smith ( baptised 16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of Political economy. David Ricardo (18 April 1772 &ndash 11 September 1823 was an English political economist, often credited with systematizing economics and was one of the most influential François Marie Charles Fourier ( April 7, 1772 - October 10, 1837) was a French Utopian Claude Henri de Rouvroy comte de Saint-Simon, often referred to as Henri de Saint-Simon ( October 17, 1760 &ndash May 19, 1825) was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (ˈpruːd ɒn in British English, dɔ̃ in French) ( 15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was Flora Tristan (April 7 1803 in Paris, France – November 14 1844 in Bordeaux, France) was a socialist writer and activist Louis Jean Joseph Charles Blanc ( October 29, 1811 &ndash December 6, 1882) was a French Politician and Historian g. Epicurus, Lucretius
• Giambattista Vico
• Lewis Morgan

Main ideas

The main ideas to come out of Marx and Engels' collective works include:

• Exploitation: Marx refers to the exploitation of an entire segment or class of society by another. Titus Lucretius Carus (ca 99 BC- ca 55 BC was a Roman Poet and Philosopher. Giambattista Vico, Giambattista Vigo or Giovanni Battista Vico ( June 23, 1668 – January 23, 1744) was an Italian Lewis Henry Morgan ( November 21, 1818 &ndash December 17, 1881) was an American Ethnologist, Anthropologist and The term " exploitation " may carry two distinct meanings The act of utilizing something for any purpose He sees it as being an inherent feature and key element of capitalism and free markets. A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers The profit gained by the capitalist is the difference between the value of the product made by the worker and the actual wage that the worker receives; in other words, capitalism functions on the basis of paying workers less than the full value of their labor, in order to enable the capitalist class to turn a profit. This profit is not however moderated in terms of risk vs. return.
• Alienation: Marx refers to the alienation of people from aspects of their "human nature" ("Gattungswesen", usually translated as 'species-essence' or 'species-being'). Marx's theory of alienation ( Entfremdung in German) as expressed in the writings of young Karl Marx, refers to the separation of things that naturally He believes that alienation is a systematic result of capitalism. Under capitalism, the fruits of production belong to the employers, who expropriate the surplus created by others and in so doing generate alienated labour. ^[6] Alienation describes objective features of a person's situation in capitalism - it isn't necessary for them to believe or feel that they are alienated.
• Base and superstructure: Marx and Engels use the “base-structure” metaphor to explain the idea that the totality of relations among people with regard to “the social production of their existence” forms the economic basis, on which arises a superstructure of political and legal institutions. To the base corresponds the social consciousness which includes religious, philosophical, and other main ideas. The base conditions both, the superstructure and the social consciousness. A conflict between the development of material productive forces and the relations of production causes social revolutions, and the resulting change in the economic basis will sooner or later lead to the transformation of the superstructure. ^[7] For Marx, though, this relationship is not a one way process - it is reflexive; the base determines the superstructure in the first instance and remains the foundation of a form of social organization which then can act again upon both parts of the base-structure metaphor. The relationship between superstructure and base is considered to be a dialectical one, not a distinction between actual entities "in the world".
• Class consciousness: Class consciousness refers to the awareness, both of itself and of the social world around it, that a social class possess, and its capacity to act in its own rational interests based on this awareness. Class consciousness, literally is consciousness of one's Social class. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. Thus class consciousness must be attained before the class may mount a successful revolution. Other methods of revolutionary action have been developed however, such as vanguardism. In the context of Revolutionary struggle vanguardism is a strategy whereby an organization (usually a Vanguard party) attempts to place itself at the center of the
• Ideology: Without offering a general definition for ideology^[8], Marx on several instances has used the term to designate the production of images of social reality. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics According to Engels, “ideology is a process accomplished by the so-called thinker consciously, it is true, but with a false consciousness. The real motive forces impelling him remain unknown to him; otherwise it simply would not be an ideological process. Hence he imagines false or seeming motive forces”. ^[9] Because the ruling class controls the society's means of production, the superstructure of society, as well as its ruling ideas, will be determined according to what is in the ruling class's best interests. As Marx said famously in The German Ideology, “the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i. e. the class which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling intellectual force”. ^[10] Therefore the ideology of a society is of enormous importance since it confuses the alienated groups and can create false consciousness such as commodity fetishism (perceiving labor as capital ~ a degradation of human life). Theory The concept flows from the theory of Commodity fetishism &mdash that people experience social relationships as value relations between things e
• Historical materialism: Historical materialism was first articulated by Marx, although he himself never used the term. Historical materialism is the methodological approach to the study of society economics and history which was first articulated by Karl Marx ( 1818 - 1883 It looks for the causes of developments and changes in human societies in the way in which humans collectively make the means to life, thus giving an emphasis, through economic analysis, to everything that co-exists with the economic base of society (e. g. social classes, political structures, ideologies).
• Political economy: The term "political economy" originally meant the study of the conditions under which production was organized in the nation-states of the new-born capitalist system. Political economy originally was the term for studying production buying and selling and their relations with law custom and government Political economy, then, studies the mechanism of human activity in organizing material, and the mechanism of distributing the surplus or deficit that is the result of that activity. Political economy studies the means of production, specifically capital, and how this manifests itself in economic activity.

Class

Marx believed that the identity of a social class is derived from its relationship to the means of production (as opposed to the notion that class is determined by wealth alone, i. e. , lower class, middle class, upper class).

Marx describes several social classes in capitalist societies, including primarily:

• The proletariat: "those individuals who sell their labour power, (and therefore add value to the products), and who, in the capitalist mode of production, do not own the means of production". Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. The proletariat (from Latin la ''proles'' "offspring" is a term used to identify a lower Social class; a member of such a class is proletarian Labour power (in German Arbeitskraft, or labour force is a crucial concept used by Karl Marx in his critique of capitalist Political economy According to Marx, the capitalist mode of production establishes the conditions that enable the bourgeoisie to exploit the proletariat due to the fact that the worker's labour power generates a surplus value greater than the worker's wages, a concept known as consumer surplus to modern economists. The term " exploitation " may carry two distinct meanings The act of utilizing something for any purpose Surplus value is a concept created by Karl Marx in his critique of Political economy, where its ultimate source is unpaid Surplus labor A wage is a compensation workers receive in exchange for their labor. The term surplus is used in Economics for several related quantities
• The bourgeoisie: those who "own the means of production" and buy labour power from the proletariat, thus exploiting the proletariat. The term " exploitation " may carry two distinct meanings The act of utilizing something for any purpose The bourgeoisie may be further subdivided into the very wealthy bourgeoisie and the petit bourgeoisie.
  • The petit bourgeoisie are those who employ labour, but may also work themselves. Petit-bourgeoisie (or petty bourgeois through Folk etymology) is a French term that originally referred to the members of the lower middle social-classes These may be small proprietors, land-holding peasants, or trade workers. Marx predicted that the petit bourgeoisie would eventually be destroyed by the constant reinvention of the means of production and the result of this would be the forced movement of the vast majority of the petit bourgeoisie to the proletariat.

Marx also identified various other classes such as:

• The lumpenproletariat: criminals, vagabonds, beggars, etc. Lumpenproletariat (a German word meaning "raggedy proletariat" is a term first defined by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in People that have no stake in the economic system and will sell themselves to the highest bidder.
• The landlords: a class of people that were historically important, of which some still retain some of their wealth and power. Landlord is the owner of a House, Apartment, Condominium, or Real estate which is rented or Leased to an individual or business
• The peasantry and farmers: this class he saw as disorganized and incapable of carrying out change. A peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground A farmer is a person who raises living organisms for food or raw materials He also believed that this class would disappear, with most becoming proletariat but some becoming landowners.

Marx's theory of history

Main article: Marx's theory of history

The Marxist theory of historical materialism understands society as fundamentally determined by the material conditions at any given time - this means the relationships which people enter into with one another in order to fulfill their basic needs, for instance to feed and clothe themselves and their families. Historical materialism is the methodological approach to the study of society economics and history which was first articulated by Karl Marx ( 1818 - 1883 ^[11]. In general Marx and Engels identified five (and one transitional) successive stages of the development of these material conditions in Western Europe. ^[12]

1. Primitive Communism: as seen in cooperative tribal societies. Primitive communism is A term usually associated with Karl Marx, but most fully elaborated by Friedrich Engels (in The Origin of the Family 1884 and referring
2. Slave Society: which develops when the tribe becomes a city-state. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Aristocracy is born.
3. Feudalism: aristocracy is the ruling class. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed Merchants develop into capitalists.
4. Capitalism: capitalists are the ruling class, who create and employ the true working class.
5. Socialism ("Dictatorship of the proletariat"): workers gain class consciousness, overthrow the capitalists and take control over the state. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution The " dictatorship of the proletariat " or workers' state is a term employed by Marxists that refers to what they see as a temporary state between the A proletarian revolution is a social and/or political Revolution in which the Working class attempts to overthrow the Bourgeoisie. The term socialist state (or socialist republic, or workers' state) can carry one of several different (but related meanings In strictly speaking any
6. Communism: a classless and stateless society. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based

Marxist school of thought

Western Marxism

Main article: Western Marxism

Western Marxism is a term used to describe a wide variety of Marxist theoreticians based in Western and Central Europe (and more recently North America), in contrast with philosophy in the Soviet Union, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or the People's Republic of China. Western Marxism is a term used to describe a wide variety of Marxist theoreticians based in Western and Central Europe (and more recently North See also Marxian economics, Marxism Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are terms which cover work in Philosophy Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Philosophical research in the Soviet Union was officially confined to Marxist-Leninist thinking which theoretically was the basis of objective and ultimate philosophical The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES

Structural Marxism

Main article: Structural Marxism

Structural Marxism is an approach to Marxism based on structuralism, primarily associated with the work of the French theorist Louis Althusser and his students. Structural Marxism was an approach to Marxist philosophy based on Structuralism, primarily associated with the work of the French philosopher Louis Althusser For the use of structuralism in biology see Structuralism (biology Structuralism is an approach to the human sciences that attempts to analyze Louis Pierre Althusser (Pronunciation altuˡseʁ ( October 16, 1918 – October 22, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. It was influential in France during the late 1960s and 1970s, and also came to influence philosophers, political theorists and sociologists outside of France during the 1970s.

Neo-Marxism

Main article: Neo-Marxism

Neo-Marxism is a school of Marxism that began in the 20th century and hearkened back to the early writings of Marx, before the influence of Engels, which focused on dialectical idealism rather than dialectical materialism. Neo-Marxism is a loose term for various Twentieth-century approaches that amend or extend Marxism and Marxist theory, usually by incorporating elements Friedrich Engels (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895 was a German social scientist and philosopher, who Dialectical materialism, according to many followers of Karl Marx 's thinking is the philosophical basis of Marxism. It thus rejected economic determinism being instead far more libertarian. Libertarian socialism is a group of political philosophies that aim to create a society without political economic or social hierarchies – a society in which all violent Neo-Marxism adds Max Weber's broader understanding of social inequality, such as status and power, to orthodox Marxist thought. Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (maks 'veːbɐ (21 April 1864 &ndash 14 June 1920 was a German political economist and sociologist who was considered Social inequality refers to a lack of Social equality, where individuals in a society do not have equal Social status. In Sociology or Anthropology, social status is the honor or prestige attached to one's position in Society (one's Social position) Power is a measure of a person's ability to control the environment around them including the behavior of other people

The Frankfurt School

Main article: Frankfurt School

The Frankfurt School is a school of neo-Marxist social theory, social research, and philosophy. The Frankfurt School is a school of neo-Marxist Critical theory, Social research, and Philosophy. Neo-Marxism is a loose term for various Twentieth-century approaches that amend or extend Marxism and Marxist theory, usually by incorporating elements Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Social research refers to Research conducted by Social scientists (primarily within Sociology and Social psychology) but also within other disciplines Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language The grouping emerged at the Institute for Social Research (Institut für Sozialforschung) of the University of Frankfurt am Main in Germany. The Institute for Social Research ( German: Institut für Sozialforschung) is a research organization covering topics such as Sociology The Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (also known as Frankfurt University) was founded in 1914 as a Citizens' University which means that while it was The term "Frankfurt School" is an informal term used to designate the thinkers affiliated with the Institute for Social Research or influenced by them: it is not the title of any institution, and the main thinkers of the Frankfurt School did not use the term to describe themselves.

The Frankfurt School gathered together dissident Marxists, severe critics of capitalism who believed that some of Marx's alleged followers had come to parrot a narrow selection of Marx's ideas, usually in defense of orthodox Communist or Social-Democratic parties. A Political party described as a communist party includes those that advocate the application of the social principles of Communism through a communist form of Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Influenced especially by the failure of working-class revolutions in Western Europe after World War I and by the rise of Nazism in an economically, technologically, and culturally advanced nation (Germany), they took up the task of choosing what parts of Marx's thought might serve to clarify social conditions which Marx himself had never seen. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German They drew on other schools of thought to fill in Marx's perceived omissions.

Max Weber exerted a major influence, as did Sigmund Freud (as in Herbert Marcuse's Freudo-Marxist synthesis in the 1954 work Eros and Civilization). Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (maks 'veːbɐ (21 April 1864 &ndash 14 June 1920 was a German political economist and sociologist who was considered Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Herbert Marcuse ( July 19, 1898 &ndash July 29, 1979) was a German philosopher and sociologist, and a member of Freudo-Marxism is a loose designation of several twentieth-century Critical theory schools of thought that sought to synthesize the Philosophy and Political economy Their emphasis on the "critical" component of theory was derived significantly from their attempt to overcome the limits of positivism, crude materialism, and phenomenology by returning to Kant's critical philosophy and its successors in German idealism, principally Hegel's philosophy, with its emphasis on negation and contradiction as inherent properties of reality. Positivism is the Philosophy that the only authentic knowledge is knowledge that is based on actual sense experience The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Attributed to Immanuel Kant, the critical philosophy movement sees the primary task of Philosophy as Criticism rather than justification of knowledge criticism In Western civilization, Idealism is the philosophy which maintains that the Ultimate nature of reality is ideal or based upon ideas values essences The so-called In Logic and Mathematics, negation or not is an operation on Logical values for example the logical value of a Proposition In Classical logic, a contradiction consists of a logical incompatibility between two or more Propositions It occurs when the propositions taken together yield Reality, in everyday usage means "the state of things as they actually exist"

Cultural Marxism

Main article: Cultural Marxism

Cultural Marxism is a form of Marxism that adds an analysis of the role of the media, art, theatre, film and other cultural institutions in a society, often with an added emphasis on race and gender in addition to class. Cultural Marxism is a form of Marxism that adds an analysis of the role of the media art theatre film and other cultural institutions in a society As a form of political analysis, Cultural Marxism gained strength in the 1920s, and was the model used by the Frankfurt School; and later by another group of intellectuals at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies in Birmingham, England. The Frankfurt School is a school of neo-Marxist Critical theory, Social research, and Philosophy.

Autonomist Marxism

Main article: Autonomism

Autonomism is a term applied to a variety of social movements around the world, which the ability to organize in autonomous and horizontal networks, as opposed to hierarchical structures such as unions or parties. Autonomism refers to a set of Left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. Autonomism refers to a set of Left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. Autonomist Marxists, including Harry Cleaver, broaden the definition of the working-class to include salaried and unpaid labor, such as skilled professions and housework; it focuses on the working class in advanced capitalist states as the primary force of change in the construct of capital. Harry Cleaver is Associate Professor in the Department of Economics at the University of Texas at Austin where he teaches Marxism and Marxist economics. Modern autonomist theorists such as Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt argue that network power constructs are the most effective methods of organization against the neoliberal regime of accumulation, and predict a massive shift in the dynamics of capital into a 21st Century Empire. Antonio ("Toni" Negri (born August 1, 1933) is an Italian Marxist political philosopher. Michael Hardt (born 1960 is an American literary theorist and political philosopher based at Duke University. Empire is a text written by Marxist philosophers Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt.

Analytical Marxism

Main article: Analytical Marxism

Analytical Marxism refers to a style of thinking about Marxism that was prominent amongst English-speaking philosophers and social scientists during the 1980s. Analytical Marxism refers to a style of thinking about Marxism that was prominent amongst English-speaking philosophers and social scientists during the 1980s It was mainly associated with the September Group of academics, so called because they have biennial meetings in varying locations every other September to discuss common interests. Analytical Marxism refers to a style of thinking about Marxism that was prominent amongst English-speaking philosophers and social scientists during the 1980s The group also dubbed itself "Non-Bullshit Marxism" (Cohen 2000a). It was characterized, in the words of David Miller, by "clear and rigorous thinking about questions that are usually blanketed by ideological fog". David Miller (born 8 March 1946) is a British Political theorist. (Miller 1996)

Marxist humanism

Main article: Marxist humanism

Marxist humanism is a branch of Marxism that primarily focuses on Marx's earlier writings, especially the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 in which Marx develops his theory of alienation, as opposed to his later works, which are considered to be concerned more with his structural conception of capitalist society. Marxist humanism is a branch of Marxism that primarily focuses on Marx's earlier writings, especially the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts Young Marx is one half of the concept in Marxology that Karl Marx ’s intellectual development can be broken into two broad categories the other being ‘ Mature Economic & Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (also referred to as The Paris Manuscripts) are a series of notes written between April and August 1844 Marx's theory of alienation ( Entfremdung in German) as expressed in the writings of young Karl Marx, refers to the separation of things that naturally Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where It was opposed by Louis Althusser's "antihumanism", who qualified it as a revisionist movement. Louis Pierre Althusser (Pronunciation altuˡseʁ ( October 16, 1918 – October 22, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. Antihumanism is a term applied to a number of thinkers critical of values and beliefs originating in the Enlightenment. The term "revisionism" is also used to refer to other concepts

Marxist humanists contend that ‘Marxism’ developed lopsided because Marx’s early works were unknown until after the orthodox ideas were in vogue — the Manuscripts of 1844 were published only in 1932 — and it is necessary to understand Marx’s philosophical foundations to understand his latter works properly.

Marxist theology

Main article: Black liberation theology

Although Marx was intensely critical of institutionalized religion including Christianity, some Christians accepted the basic premises of Marxism and re-interpreted their faith from this perspective. This theology maintains that African Americans must be liberated from multiple forms of bondage — social political economic and religious Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings ^[13] Some of the resulting examples are liberation theology and black liberation theology. Liberation theology is a school of Theology within Christianity, particularly in the Roman Catholic This theology maintains that African Americans must be liberated from multiple forms of bondage — social political economic and religious Pope Benedict XVI strongly opposed radical liberation theology while he was still a cardinal, with the Vatican twice condemning acceptance of Marxism and violence. Black liberation theologian James Cone wrote in his book For My People that "for analyzing the structure of capitalism. James Cone may refer to James Hal Cone (theologian born 1938 James Cone (Texas politician Marxism as a tool of social analysis can disclose the gap between appearance and reality, and thereby help Christians to see how things really are. "^[14]

Key Western Marxists

Georg Lukács

Georg Lukács (April 13, 1885 – June 4, 1971) was a Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic in the tradition of Western Marxism. György Lukács (pronounced in IPA dyɶrdyə ˈlukɑtʃ) ( April 13, 1885 – June 4, 1971) was a Hungarian Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Literary criticism is the study discussion evaluation and interpretation of Literature. Western Marxism is a term used to describe a wide variety of Marxist theoreticians based in Western and Central Europe (and more recently North His main work History and Class Consciousness (written between 1919 and 1922 and first published in 1923), initiated the current of thought that came to be known as Western Marxism. The book is notable for contributing to debates concerning Marxism and its relation to sociology, politics and philosophy, and for reconstructing Marx's theory of alienation before many of the works of the Young Marx had been published. Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Marx's theory of alienation ( Entfremdung in German) as expressed in the writings of young Karl Marx, refers to the separation of things that naturally Young Marx is one half of the concept in Marxology that Karl Marx ’s intellectual development can be broken into two broad categories the other being ‘ Mature Lukács's work elaborates and expands upon Marxist theories such as ideology, false consciousness, reification and class consciousness. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Theory The concept flows from the theory of Commodity fetishism &mdash that people experience social relationships as value relations between things e Reification ( German: Verdinglichung, literally "thing-ification" (from Latin "Res" meaning "thing" or Versachlichung, literally Class consciousness, literally is consciousness of one's Social class.

Karl Korsch

Karl Korsch (August 15, 1886 - October 21, 1961) was born in Tostedt, near Hamburg, to the family of a middle-ranking bank official. Karl Korsch ( August 15, 1886 - October 21, 1961) was a German Marxist theorist Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany

In his later work, he rejected orthodox (classical) Marxism as historically outmoded, wanting to adapt Marxism to a new historical situation. He wrote in his Ten Theses (1950) that "the first step in re-establishing a revolutionary theory and practice consists in breaking with that Marxism which claims to monopolize revolutionary initiative as well as theoretical and practical direction" and that "today, all attempts to re-establish the Marxist doctrine as a whole in its original function as a theory of the working classes social revolution are reactionary utopias. "^[15]

Korsch was especially concerned that Marxist theory was losing its precision and validity - in the words of the day, becoming "vulgarized" - within the upper echelons of the various socialist organizations. His masterwork, Marxism and Philosophy is an attempt to re-establish the historic character of Marxism as the heir to Hegel.

Antonio Gramsci

Antonio Gramsci (January 22, 1891 – April 27, 1937) was an Italian writer, politician and political theorist. Antonio Gramsci ('ɡramʃi ( January 23, 1891 &ndash April 27, 1937) was an Italian Philosopher, Writer, Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person This is a list of political philosophers, including some who may be better known for their work in other areas of philosophy He was a founding member and onetime leader of the Communist Party of Italy. The Communist Party of Italy (Partito Comunista d’Italia was an Italian Political party which existed from 1921 to 1926 Gramsci can be seen as one of the most important Marxist thinkers of the twentieth century, and in particular a key thinker in the development of Western Marxism. Western Marxism is a term used to describe a wide variety of Marxist theoreticians based in Western and Central Europe (and more recently North He wrote more than 30 notebooks and 3000 pages of history and analysis during his imprisonment. These writings, known as the Prison Notebooks, contain Gramsci's tracing of Italian history and nationalism, as well as some ideas in Marxist theory, critical theory and educational theory associated with his name, such as:

• Cultural hegemony as a means of maintaining the state in a capitalist society. Italy, united in 1861, has significantly contributed to the cultural and social development of the entire Mediterranean area The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation See also Marxian economics, Marxism Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are terms which cover work in Philosophy In the Humanities and Social sciences, critical theory is the examination and critique of Society and Literature, drawing from knowledge across Cultural hegemony is a Concept coined by Marxist Philosopher Antonio Gramsci. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where
• The need for popular workers' education to encourage development of intellectuals from the working class. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types
• The distinction between political society (the police, the army, legal system, etc. ) which dominates directly and coercively, and civil society (the family, the education system, trade unions, etc. Civil society is composed of the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning Society as opposed to the force-backed ) where leadership is constituted through ideology or by means of consent.
• 'Absolute historicism'. Historicism refers to philosophical theories that include one or both of two claims that there is an organic succession of developments a notion also
• The critique of economic determinism. Economic determinism is the Theory which attributes primacy to the Economic structure over politics in the development of human history.
• The critique of philosophical materialism. The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism.

Herbert Marcuse

Herbert Marcuse (July 19, 1898 – July 29, 1979) was a prominent German-American philosopher and sociologist of Jewish descent, and a member of the Frankfurt School. Herbert Marcuse ( July 19, 1898 &ndash July 29, 1979) was a German philosopher and sociologist, and a member of Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as Epithet The term hyphenated American is an Epithet common 1890-1920 used to disparage Americans who were of foreign birth or origin and who displayed an allegiance Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Frankfurt School is a school of neo-Marxist Critical theory, Social research, and Philosophy.

Marcuse's critiques of capitalist society (especially his 1955 synthesis of Marx and Freud, Eros and Civilization, and his 1964 book One-Dimensional Man) resonated with the concerns of the leftist student movement in the 1960s. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Eros and Civilization is one of Herbert Marcuse 's best known works One-Dimensional Man is a work by Herbert Marcuse, first published in 1964. Because of his willingness to speak at student protests, Marcuse soon became known as "the father of the New Left," a term he disliked and rejected. The New Left were the Left-wing movements in different countries in the 1960s and 1970s that unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism instead adopted a

Jean-Paul Sartre

Jean-Paul Sartre (June 21, 1905 – April 15, 1980) was already a key and influential philosopher and playwright for his early writings on individualistic existentialism. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence In his later career, he attempted to reconcile the existential philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard with Marxist philosophy and Hegelian dialectics in his work Critique of Dialectical Reason. Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (ˈsœːɐn ˈkʰiɐ̯kəˌɡ̊ɒˀ in Danish Anglicized as;) See also Marxian economics, Marxism Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are terms which cover work in Philosophy Critique of Dialectical Reason, originally Critique de la raison dialectique ( 1960) was the last of Sartre 's major philosophical ^[16]

Sartre was also involved in Marxist politics and was impressed upon visiting Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara, calling him "not only an intellectual but also the most complete human being of our age". Ernesto "Che" Guevara (June 14 Following the Cuban revolution,Guevara reviewed ^[17]

However, in time Satre became disillusioned with marxism and ceased to share its ideology ^[18]

Louis Althusser

Louis Althusser (October 16, 1918 - October 23, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. Louis Pierre Althusser (Pronunciation altuˡseʁ ( October 16, 1918 – October 22, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) See also Marxian economics, Marxism Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are terms which cover work in Philosophy His arguments were a response to multiple threats to the ideological foundations of orthodox Communism. These included both the influence of empiricism which was beginning to influence Marxist sociology and economics, and growing interest in humanistic and democratic socialist orientations which were beginning to cause division in the European Communist Parties. In Philosophy, empiricism is a theory of Knowledge which asserts that knowledge arises from Experience. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Althusser is commonly referred to as a Structural Marxist, although his relationship to other schools of French structuralism is not a simple affiliation. Structural Marxism was an approach to Marxist philosophy based on Structuralism, primarily associated with the work of the French philosopher Louis Althusser For the use of structuralism in biology see Structuralism (biology Structuralism is an approach to the human sciences that attempts to analyze

His essay Marxism and Humanism is a strong statement of anti-humanism in Marxist theory, condemning ideas like "human potential" and "species-being," which are often put forth by Marxists, as outgrowths of a bourgeois ideology of "humanity. Marxist humanism is a branch of Marxism that primarily focuses on Marx's earlier writings, especially the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts " His essay Contradiction and Overdetermination borrows the concept of overdetermination from psychoanalysis, in order to replace the idea of "contradiction" with a more complex model of multiple causality in political situations (an idea closely related to Antonio Gramsci's concept of hegemony). Overdetermination, the idea that a single observed effect is determined by multiple causes at once (any one of which alone might be enough to account for the effect was originally Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior Causality (but not causation) denotes a necessary relationship between one event (called cause and another event (called effect) which is the direct consequence Antonio Gramsci ('ɡramʃi ( January 23, 1891 &ndash April 27, 1937) was an Italian Philosopher, Writer, Hegemony (hɨˈdʒɛməni (Amer /hɨˈɡɛməni/ (Brit (ἡγεμονία hēgemonía) is a concept that has been used to describe and explain the dominance of one social

Althusser is also widely known as a theorist of ideology, and his best-known essay is Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes Toward an Investigation. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics ^[19] The essay establishes the concept of ideology, also based on Gramsci's theory of hegemony. Antonio Gramsci ('ɡramʃi ( January 23, 1891 &ndash April 27, 1937) was an Italian Philosopher, Writer, Hegemony (hɨˈdʒɛməni (Amer /hɨˈɡɛməni/ (Brit (ἡγεμονία hēgemonía) is a concept that has been used to describe and explain the dominance of one social Whereas hegemony is ultimately determined entirely by political forces, ideology draws on Freud's and Lacan's concepts of the unconscious and mirror-phase respectively, and describes the structures and systems that allow us to meaningfully have a concept of the self. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Jacques-Marie-Émile Lacan (French ʒak lakɑ̃ ( April 13, 1901 &ndash September 9, 1981) was a French Psychoanalyst

E. P. Thompson, Christopher Hill and Eric Hobsbawm

British Marxism deviated sharply from French (especially Althusserian) Marxism and, like the Frankfurt School, developed an attention to cultural experience and an emphasis on human agency while growing increasingly distant from determinist views of materialism. A circle of historians inside the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) formed the Communist Party Historians Group in 1946. They shared a common interest in 'history from below' and class structure in early capitalist society. Important members of the group included E.P. Thompson, Eric Hobsbawm, Christopher Hill and Raphael Samuel. Edward Palmer Thompson ( February 3, 1924, Oxford &ndash August 28, 1993, Worcester) was an English historian Christopher Hill may refer to several different people Christopher Hill, an English bishop Christopher J Raphael Samuel ( September 26, 1934, London - December 9, 1996, London was a Marxist historian

While some members of the group (most notably E. P. Thompson) left the CPGB after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, the common points of British Marxist historiography continued in their works. They placed a great emphasis on the subjective determination of history. E. P. Thompson famously engaged Althusser in The Poverty of Theory, arguing that Althusser's theory overdetermined history, and left no space for historical revolt by the oppressed.

Post Marxism

Main article: Post-Marxism

Post-Marxism represents the theoretical work of philosophers and social theorists who have built their theories upon those of Marx and Marxists but exceeded the limits of those theories in ways that puts them outside of Marxism. Post-Marxism has two related but different uses Post-marxism can be used to refer to the situation in Eastern Europe and the ex-Soviet republics after the fall of the Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Social theory is an essential tool used by scholars in the analysis of society through the use of theoretical frameworks social structures and phenomena are analyzed and placed in context It begins with the basic tenets of Marxism but moves away from the Mode of Production as the starting point for analysis and includes factors other than class, such as gender, ethnicity etc, and a reflexive relationship between the base and superstructure.

Marxism remains a powerful theory in some unexpected and relatively obscure places, and is not always properly labeled as "Marxism. " For example, many Mexican and some American archaeologists still cling to a Marxist model to explain the Classic Maya Collapse (c. 900 A. D. ) - without mentioning Marxism by name.

Marxist Feminism

Main article: Marxist feminism

Marxist feminism is a sub-type of feminist theory which focuses on the dismantling of capitalism as a way to liberate women. Marxist feminism is a sub-type of Feminist theory which focuses on the dismantling of Capitalism as a way to liberate women Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Marxist feminism states that private property, which gives rise to economic inequality, dependence, political confusion and ultimately unhealthy social relations between men and women, is the root of women's oppression.

According to Marxist theory, in capitalist societies the individual is shaped by class relations; that is, people's capacities, needs and interests are seen to be determined by the mode of production that characterises the society they inhabit. See also Marxian economics, Marxism Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are terms which cover work in Philosophy Marxist feminists see gender inequality as determined ultimately by the capitalist mode of production. Gender oppression is class oppression and women's subordination is seen as a form of class oppression which is maintained (like racism) because it serves the interests of capital and the ruling class. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that The term ruling class refers to the Social class of a given society that decides upon and sets that society's political policy Marxist feminists have extended traditional Marxist analysis by looking at domestic labour as well as wage work in order to support their position.

Marxism as a political practice

Socialism  v • d • e  Currents African socialism Arab socialism Communism DeLeonism Democratic socialism Eco-Socialism Guild socialism Libertarian socialism Market socialism Revolutionary socialism Social anarchism Social democracy Socialist market economy Utopian socialism Religious socialism Buddhist socialism Christian socialism Islamic socialism Key Issues Criticisms of socialism History of socialism Socialist economics Socialist state Types of socialism People and organizations List of socialists International Workingmen's Association Second International Third International Fourth International Socialist International WFDY IUSY Related subjects Anarchism Autogestion Class struggle Democracy Dictatorship of the proletariat Egalitarianism Equality of outcome Impossibilism Internationalism Marxism Proletarian revolution Socialism in one country Trade union Utilitarianism

Since Marx's death in 1883, various groups around the world have appealed to Marxism as the theoretical basis for their politics and policies, which have often proved to be dramatically different and conflicting. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution African socialism is a belief in sharing economic resources in a "traditional" African way as distinct from classical Socialism. Arab Socialism (الاشتراكية العربية al-ishtirākīya al-‘arabīya) is a political ideology based on an amalgamation of Pan-Arabism and Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based De Leonism, occasionally known as Marxism-Deleonism, is a form of Marxism developed by Daniel De Leon. Democratic socialism is a description used by various socialist movements tendencies and organizations to emphasize the democratic character of their political orientation Eco-socialism, Green socialism or Socialist ecology is an Ideology merging aspects of Marxism, Socialism, Green politics Guild socialism is a political movement advocating workers' control of industry through the medium of trade-related Guilds. Libertarian socialism is a group of political philosophies that aim to create a society without political economic or social hierarchies – a society in which all violent Market socialism is a term used to denote two different Economic system (s based in Socialism which operate according to Market principles The term revolutionary socialism refers to Socialist tendencies that advocate the need for fundamental social change through Revolution, as a strategy to achieve a Social anarchism, socialist anarchism, anarcho-socialism, anarchist socialism or Communitarian anarchism,(sometimes used interchangeably with Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left A socialist market economy is an economic form that is practiced in the People's Republic of China, where it is called Socialism with Chinese characteristics Utopian socialism is a term used to define the first currents of modern socialist thought Religious socialism is a Term used to describe forms of Socialism that are based on Religious values. Buddhist socialism is a Political ideology which advocates Socialism based on the principles of Buddhism. Christian socialism generally refers to those on the Christian left whose politics are both Christian and Socialist and who see these two philosophies as Islamic socialism is a term coined by various Muslim leaders to meet the demand for a more spiritual form of Socialism. Criticisms of Socialism range from disagreements over the efficiency of socialist economic and political models to condemnation of states described by themselves The history of socialism, sometimes termed 'modern socialism' finds its origins in the French Revolution of 1789 and the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution Socialist economics is a broad and sometimes controversial term The term socialist state (or socialist republic, or workers' state) can carry one of several different (but related meanings In strictly speaking any Since the 18th century Socialist ideas have developed and separated into many different types of socialism. The following is a list of self-identified Socialists divided by geographical location The International Workingmen's Association (IWA, sometimes called the First International, was an international socialist organization which aimed at uniting a variety The Second International (1889-1916 was an organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on July 14, 1889. The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow The Fourth International ( FI) is a communist international organisation working in opposition to both Capitalism and Stalinism. Socialist International is a worldwide organization of socialist ( social democratic and labour) political parties The World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY is a left-wing youth organization recognized by the United Nations as an international youth Non-governmental organization The International Union of Socialist Youth (IUSY encompasses socialist, Social democratic and Labour Party youth organizations from more than 100 states Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Worker self-management (or autogestion) is a form of workplace decision-making in which the workers themselves agree on choices (for issues like customer care general production Class struggle is the active expression of Class conflict looked at from any kind of socialist perspective Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system The " dictatorship of the proletariat " or workers' state is a term employed by Marxists that refers to what they see as a temporary state between the Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals and have Equality of outcome or equality of condition is a form of Egalitarianism which seeks to reduce or eliminate differences in material condition between individuals or Impossibilism is an interpretation of Marxism. It emphasizes the limited value of reforms in overturning capitalism and insists on revolutionary political action as the only For the Marxist concept of internationalism see Proletarian internationalism. A proletarian revolution is a social and/or political Revolution in which the Working class attempts to overthrow the Bourgeoisie. Socialism in One Country was a thesis developed by Nikolai Bukharin in 1925 and adopted as state policy by Joseph Stalin. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall Utility, that is its contribution to happiness One of the first major political splits occurred between the advocates of 'reformism', who argued that the transition to socialism could occur within existing bourgeois parliamentarian frameworks, and communists, who argued that the transition to a socialist society required a revolution and the dissolution of the capitalist state. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The 'reformist' tendency, later known as social democracy, came to be dominant in most of the parties affiliated to the Second International and these parties supported their own governments in the First World War. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left The Second International (1889-1916 was an organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on July 14, 1889. This issue caused the communists to break away, forming their own parties which became members of the Third International. The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow

The following countries had governments at some point in the twentieth century who at least nominally adhered to Marxism: Albania, Afghanistan, Angola, Benin, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Republic of Congo, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Ethiopia, Grenada, Hungary, Laos, Moldova, Mongolia, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, North Korea, Poland, Romania, Russia, the USSR and its republics, South Yemen, Yugoslavia, Venezuela, Vietnam. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central Benin (bə'nɪn officially the Republic of Benin, and also known as Benin Republic, is a country in Western Africa. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Republic of the Congo (République du Congo Kongo: Repubilika ya Kongo; Lingala: Republiki ya Kongó) also known as Congo-Brazzaville The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Grenada (grɪˈneɪdə is an Island nation that includes the southern Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Republics of the Soviet Union were according to the Article 76 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution, Sovereign Soviet Socialist states that had united with other The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, Democratic Yemen, South Yemen or Yemen (Aden was a Socialist republic in present-day southern and See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially In addition, the Indian states of Kerala and West Bengal have had Marxist governments. Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; West Bengal ( Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchim Bônggo poʃtʃim bɔŋgo is a state in eastern India. Some of these governments such as in Venezuela, Nicaragua, Chile, Moldova and parts of India have been democratic in nature and maintained regular multiparty elections, while most governments claiming to be Marxist in nature have established one-party governments. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A multi-party system is a system in which three or more political parties have the capacity to gain control of government separately or in coalition

Marxist political parties and movements have significantly declined since the fall of the Soviet Union, with some exceptions, perhaps most notably Nepal. Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia.

History

The 1917 October Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin, was the first large scale attempt to put Marxist ideas about a workers' state into practice. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution The new government faced counter-revolution, civil war and foreign intervention. Many, both inside and outside the revolution, worried that the revolution came too early in Russia's economic development. Consequently, the major Socialist Party in the UK decried the revolution as anti-Marxist within twenty-four hours, according to Jonathan Wolff. Jonathan Wolff (born 1959 is a Professor and Head of Department specialising in Political philosophy at University College London, in England Lenin consistently explained "this elementary truth of marxism, that the victory of socialism requires the joint efforts of workers in a number of advanced countries" (Lenin, Sochineniya (Works), 5th ed Vol XLIV p418. ) It could not be developed in Russia in isolation, he argued, but needed to be spread internationally. The 1917 October Revolution did help inspire a revolutionary wave over the years that followed, with the development of Communist Parties worldwide, but without success in the vital advanced capitalist countries of Western Europe. Socialist revolution in Germany and other western countries failed, leaving the Soviet Union on its own. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 An intense period of debate and stopgap solutions ensued, war communism and the New Economic Policy (NEP). War communism (or military communism) (Военный коммунизм 1918 - 1921 is the term created by western historians referring to the economic and political system For the Malaysian New Economic Policy see Malaysian New Economic Policy. Lenin died and Joseph Stalin gradually assumed control, eliminating rivals and consolidating power as the Soviet Union faced the events of the 1930s and its global crisis-tendencies. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Amidst the geopolitical threats which defined the period and included the probability of invasion, he instituted a ruthless program of industrialisation which, while successful, was executed at great cost in human suffering, including millions of deaths, along with long-term environmental devastation. is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one

Modern followers of Leon Trotsky maintain that as predicted by Lenin, Trotsky, and others already in the 1920s, Stalin's "socialism in one country" was unable to maintain itself, and according to some Marxist critics, the USSR ceased to show the characteristics of a socialist state long before its formal dissolution. Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

In the 1920s the economic calculation debate between Austrian Economists and Marxist economists took place. The economic calculation problem is a criticism of Socialist economics. The Austrian School, also known as the “ Vienna School ” or the “ Psychological School ” is a heterodox school of economics that advocates The Austrians claimed that Marxism is flawed because prices could not be set to recognize opportunity costs of factors of production, and so socialism could not make rational decisions. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution

Following World War II, Marxist ideology, often with Soviet military backing, spawned a rise in revolutionary communist parties all over the world. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Some of these parties were eventually able to gain power, and establish their own version of a Marxist state. Such nations included the People's Republic of China, Vietnam, Romania, East Germany, Albania, Cambodia, Ethiopia, South Yemen, Yugoslavia, Cuba, and others. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, Democratic Yemen, South Yemen or Yemen (Aden was a Socialist republic in present-day southern and See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la In some cases, these nations did not get along. The most notable examples were rifts that occurred between the Soviet Union and China, as well as Soviet Union and Yugoslavia (in 1948), whose leaders disagreed on certain elements of Marxism and how it should be implemented into society.

Many of these self-proclaimed Marxist nations (often styled People's Republics) eventually became authoritarian states, with stagnating economies. People's Republic (rarely Popular Republic) is a title that is often used by Marxist-Leninist Governments to describe their State. This caused some debate about whether marxism was doomed in practise or these nations were in fact not led by "true Marxists". Critics of Marxism speculated that perhaps Marxist ideology itself was to blame for the nations' various problems. Followers of the currents within Marxism which opposed Stalin, principally cohered around Leon Trotsky, tended to locate the failure at the level of the failure of world revolution: for communism to have succeeded, they argue, it needed to encompass all the international trading relationships that capitalism had previously developed. Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij This is about the concept of world revolution in Marxist theory

The Chinese experience seems to be unique. Rather than falling under a single family's self-serving and dynastic interpretation of Marxism as happened in North Korea and before 1989 in Eastern Europe, the Chinese government - after the end of the struggles over the Mao legacy in 1980 and the ascent of Deng Xiaoping - seems to have solved the succession crises that have plagued self-proclaimed Leninist governments since the death of Lenin himself. Key to this success is another Leninism which is a NEP (New Economic Policy) writ very large; Lenin's own NEP of the 1920s was the "permission" given to markets including speculation to operate by the Party which retained final control. For the Malaysian New Economic Policy see Malaysian New Economic Policy. The Russian experience in Perestroika was that markets under socialism were so opaque as to be both inefficient and corrupt but especially after China's application to join the WTO this does not seem to apply universally. (Перестройка) is the Russian term (now used in English for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev

The death of "Marxism" in China has been prematurely announced but since the Hong Kong handover in 1997, the Beijing leadership has clearly retained final say over both commercial and political affairs. Questions remain however as to whether the Chinese Party has opened its markets to such a degree as to be no longer classified as a true Marxist party. A sort of tacit consent, and a desire in China's case to escape the chaos of pre-1949 memory, probably plays a role.

In 1991 the Soviet Union collapsed and the new Russian state ceased to identify itself with Marxism. Other nations around the world followed suit. Since then, radical Marxism or Communism has generally ceased to be a prominent political force in global politics, and has largely been replaced by more moderate versions of democratic socialism—or, more commonly, by neoliberal capitalism. Originally coined by its critics and opponents " neoliberalism " is a label referring to the recent reemergence of Economic liberalism or Classical liberalism Marxism has also had to engage with the rise in the Environmental movement. The environmental movement, a term that includes the conservation and green movements is a diverse scientific social and Political movement for A merging of Marxism, socialism, ecology and environmentalism has been achieved, and is often referred to as Eco-socialism. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. Eco-socialism, Green socialism or Socialist ecology is an Ideology merging aspects of Marxism, Socialism, Green politics

Social Democracy

Social democracy is a political ideology that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th century. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Many parties in the second half of the 19th century described themselves as social democratic, such as the British Social Democratic Federation, and the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. The Social Democratic Federation (SDF was established as Britain's first organised socialist Political party by H The Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, or RSDLP ( Росси́йская Социа́л-Демократи́ческая Рабо́чая In most cases these were revolutionary socialist or Marxist groups, who were not only seeking to introduce socialism, but also democracy in un-democratic countries.

The modern social democratic current came into being through a break within the socialist movement in the early 20th century, between two groups holding different views on the ideas of Karl Marx. Many related movements, including pacifism, anarchism, and syndicalism, arose at the same time (often by splitting from the main socialist movement, but also by emerging of new theories. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Syndicalism is a type of movement which aims to degrade capitalist societies through action by the Working class on the industrial front ) and had various quite different objections to Marxism. The social democrats, who were the majority of socialists at this time, did not reject Marxism (and in fact claimed to uphold it), but wanted to reform it in certain ways and tone down their criticism of capitalism. They argued that socialism should be achieved through evolution rather than revolution. Such views were strongly opposed by the revolutionary socialists, who argued that any attempt to reform capitalism was doomed to fail, because the reformers would be gradually corrupted and eventually turn into capitalists themselves.

Despite their differences, the reformist and revolutionary branches of socialism remained united until the outbreak of World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The war proved to be the final straw that pushed the tensions between them to breaking point. The reformist socialists supported their respective national governments in the war, a fact that was seen by the revolutionary socialists as outright treason against the working class (Since it betrayed the principle that the workers "have no nation", and the fact that usually the lowest classes are the ones sent into the war to fight, and die, putting the cause at the side). Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types Bitter arguments ensued within socialist parties, as for example between Eduard Bernstein (reformist socialist) and Rosa Luxemburg (revolutionary socialist) within the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). Eduard Bernstein ( January 6 1850 December 18 1932) was a German social democratic theoretician and Rosa Luxemburg (Róża Luksemburg 5 March 1870 or 1871 15 January 1919 was a Polish-born Jewish German Marxist theorist, socialist Eventually, after the Russian Revolution of 1917, most of the world's socialist parties fractured. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them The reformist socialists kept the name "Social democrats", while the revolutionary socialists began calling themselves "Communists", and soon formed the modern Communist movement. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based (See also Comintern)

Since the 1920s, doctrinal differences have been constantly growing between social democrats and Communists (who themselves are not unified on the way to achieve socialism), and Social Democracy is mostly used as a specifically Central European label for Labour Parties since then, especially in Germany and the Netherlands and especially since the 1959 Godesberg Program of the German SPD that rejected the praxis of class struggle altogether. The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow The Godesberg Program (Godesberger Programm was the party program outline of the political course of Germany 's social-democratic party the SPD.

Socialism

Main article: Socialism

Although there are still many Marxist revolutionary social movements and political parties around the world, since the collapse of the Soviet Union and its satellite states, very few countries have governments which describe themselves as Marxist. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of Individuals and/or Organizations focused on specific A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985 Although socialistic parties are in power in some Western nations, they long ago distanced themselves from their direct link to Marx and his ideas.

As of 2007, Laos, Vietnam, Cuba, and the People's Republic of China - and to a certain extent Venezuela had governments in power which describe themselves as socialist in the Marxist sense. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution However, the private sector comprised more than 50% of the mainland Chinese economy by this time and the Vietnamese government had also partially liberalised its economy. In Economics, the private sector is that part of the economy which is both run for private Profit and is not controlled by the State. Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction The Laotian and Cuban states maintained strong control over the means of production.

Alexander Lukashenko president of Belarus, has been quoted as saying that his agrarian policy could be termed as Communist. Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko (Аляксандр Рыгоравіч Лукашэнка Aljaksandar Ryhoravič Lukašenka/Alyaksandar Ryhoravich Lukashenka; Александр Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east He has also frequently referred to the economy as being 'market socialism'. Market socialism is a term used to denote two different Economic system (s based in Socialism which operate according to Market principles Lukashenko is also an unapologetic admirer of the Soviet Union.

North Korea is another contemporary socialist state, though the official ideology of the Korean Workers' Party (originally led by Kim Il-sung and currently chaired by his son, Kim Jong-il), Juche, does not follow doctrinaire Marxism-Leninism as had been espoused by the leadership of the Soviet Union. North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, The Workers' Party of Korea (WPK is the ruling party of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK commonly known as North Korea Kim Il-sung ( 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was the leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea from its founding in early Kim Jong-il (also written as Kim Jong Il) (born 16 February 1941 Vyatskoye, Soviet Union; official biographies state 16 February 1942 Baekdu The Juche Idea (주체사상 Juche Sasang) is the official state Ideology of North Korea and the Political system based on it Marxism-Leninism is a Communist ideological stream that emerged as the mainstream tendency amongst the Communist parties in the 1920s as it was adopted

Libya is often thought of as a socialist state; it maintained ties with the Soviet Union and other Eastern bloc and Communist states during the Cold War. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi, the leader of Libya, describes the state's official ideology as Islamic socialism, and has labeled it a third way between capitalism and communism. Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi 1 (معمر القذافي) (born 7 June 1942) also known as Colonel Gaddafi Islamic socialism is a term coined by various Muslim leaders to meet the demand for a more spiritual form of Socialism.

In the United Kingdom, the governing Labour Party used to describe itself as a socialist political party and is a member of the socialist organisation, Socialist International. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Socialist International is a worldwide organization of socialist ( social democratic and labour) political parties The Party was set up by trade unionists, revolutionary and reformist socialists such as the Social Democratic Federation and the socialist Fabian Society. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming A revolutionary when used as a noun is a person who either actively engages in some kind of Revolution, or advocates the revolution with recognition from some government or The Social Democratic Federation (SDF was established as Britain's first organised socialist Political party by H The Fabian Society is a British Intellectual Socialist movement whose purpose is to advance the principles of Social democracy via Gradualist

Communism

Communism  v • d • e  Basic concepts Marxist philosophy Class struggle Proletarian internationalism Communist party Ideologies Marxism Leninism Trotskyism Maoism Juche Left communism Council communism Anarchist communism Religious communism Eurocommunism National communism Communist internationals Communist League First International Second International Comintern Fourth International Prominent communists Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Vladimir Lenin Rosa Luxemburg Joseph Stalin Leon Trotsky Mao Zedong Related subjects Anarchism Anti-capitalism Anti-communism Communist state Communist symbolism Criticisms of communism Democratic centralism Dictatorship of the proletariat History of communism Left-wing politics Luxemburgism New Class New Left Post-Communism Primitive communism Socialism Stalinism Socialist economics Titoism Soviet Union Communism Portal

Main article: Communist state

A number of states have declared an allegiance to the principles of Marxism and have been ruled by self-described Communist Parties, either as a single-party state or a single list, which includes formally several parties, as was the case in the German Democratic Republic. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based See also Marxian economics, Marxism Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are terms which cover work in Philosophy Class struggle is the active expression of Class conflict looked at from any kind of socialist perspective International Socialism redirects here For the journal of the same name see International Socialism (journal Proletarian internationalism is a A Political party described as a communist party includes those that advocate the application of the social principles of Communism through a communist form of Leninism refers to various related political and economic theories elaborated by Bolshevik revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin. Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. Maoism, variably and officially known as Mao Zedong Thought ( is a variant of Marxism derived from the teachings of the late Chinese leader The Juche Idea (주체사상 Juche Sasang) is the official state Ideology of North Korea and the Political system based on it Left communism is the range of communist viewpoints held by the Communist Left, which opposes the political ideas of the Bolsheviks Council communism is a Far-left movement originating in Germany and the Netherlands in the 1920s Religious communism is a form of Communism centered on religious principles Eurocommunism was a new trend in the 1970s and 1980s within various Western European communist parties to develop a theory and practice of social transformation that National Communism, is an Islamic form of Communism which had a strong Nationalist element The Communist League was the first Marxist international organisation The Second International (1889-1916 was an organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on July 14, 1889. The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow The Fourth International ( FI) is a communist international organisation working in opposition to both Capitalism and Stalinism. Friedrich Engels (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895 was a German social scientist and philosopher, who Rosa Luxemburg (Róża Luksemburg 5 March 1870 or 1871 15 January 1919 was a Polish-born Jewish German Marxist theorist, socialist Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Anti-capitalism describes a wide variety of movements ideas and attitudes which oppose Capitalism. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and Communist state is a term used by many Political scientists to describe a Form of government in which the State operates under a one-party system Communist symbolism consists of a series of Symbols that represent (either literally or figuratively a variety of themes associated with communism Criticisms of Communism can be divided in two broad categories Those concerning themselves with the practical aspects of 20th century Communist state and those concerning Democratic centralism is the name given to the principles of internal organization used by Leninist political parties and the term is sometimes used as a synonym for any Leninist The " dictatorship of the proletariat " or workers' state is a term employed by Marxists that refers to what they see as a temporary state between the This article intentionally focuses only on the history of communism as a self-contained self-aware political movement Luxemburgism (also written Luxembourgism) is a specific revolutionary theory within Communism, based on the writings of Rosa Luxemburg. The New Class is a term to describe the privileged Ruling class of Bureaucrats and Communist party functionaries which typically arises in a Stalinist The New Left were the Left-wing movements in different countries in the 1960s and 1970s that unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism instead adopted a Post-Communism is a name sometimes given to the period of political and economic Transition in former Communist states located in parts of Europe and Primitive communism is A term usually associated with Karl Marx, but most fully elaborated by Friedrich Engels (in The Origin of the Family 1884 and referring Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Stalinism is the political regime named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929–1953 Socialist economics is a broad and sometimes controversial term Titoism is an adaptation of communist ideology named after Josip Broz Tito, leader of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, primarily used to describe The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Communist state is a term used by many Political scientists to describe a Form of government in which the State operates under a one-party system A single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a type of Party system Government in which a single Political party The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state Due to the dominance of the Communist Party in their governments, these states are often called "communist states" by Western political scientists. However, they have described themselves as "socialist", reserving the term "communism" for a future classless society, in which the state would no longer be necessary (on this understanding of communism, "communist state" would be an oxymoron) — for instance, the USSR was the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Marxists contend that, historically, there has never been any communist country.

Communist governments have historically been characterized by state ownership of productive resources in a planned economy and sweeping campaigns of economic restructuring such as nationalization of industry and land reform (often focusing on collective farming or state farms. A planned economy or directed economy is an Economic system in which the Government or Workers' councils manages the Economy. Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act of taking an industry or assets into the Public ownership of a national government Land reforms (also Agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning is an often- controversial alteration in the societal arrangements whereby government Collective farming is an organization of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise ) While they promote collective ownership of the means of production, Communist governments have been characterized by a strong state apparatus in which decisions are made by the ruling Communist Party. Ownership is the state or fact of exclusive rights and control over Property, which may be an object, land/real estate, Intellectual property Dissident 'authentic' communists have characterized the Soviet model as state socialism or state capitalism. State Socialism is a term introduced to describe the type of government in countries ruled by communist parties such as the former USSR, which are generally known as Communist State capitalism, in its classic meaning is a private capitalist economy under State control

Marxism-Leninism

Main articles: Marxism-Leninism and Leninism

Marxism-Leninism, strictly speaking, refers to the version of Marxism developed by Vladimir Lenin known as Leninism. Marxism-Leninism is a Communist ideological stream that emerged as the mainstream tendency amongst the Communist parties in the 1920s as it was adopted Leninism refers to various related political and economic theories elaborated by Bolshevik revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin. Leninism refers to various related political and economic theories elaborated by Bolshevik revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin. However, in various contexts, different (and sometimes opposing) political groups have used the term "Marxism-Leninism" to describe the ideologies that they claimed to be upholding. The core ideological features of Marxism-Leninism are those of Marxism and Leninism, that is to say, belief in the necessity of a violent overthrow of capitalism through communist revolution, to be followed by a dictatorship of the proletariat as the first stage of moving towards communism, and the need for a vanguard party to lead the proletariat in this effort. A communist revolution is a Proletarian revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace Capitalism with Communism, typically The " dictatorship of the proletariat " or workers' state is a term employed by Marxists that refers to what they see as a temporary state between the Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based A vanguard party is a Political party at the forefront of a mass action movement or revolution The proletariat (from Latin la ''proles'' "offspring" is a term used to identify a lower Social class; a member of such a class is proletarian It involves subscribing to the teachings and legacy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (Marxism), and that of Lenin, as carried forward by Joseph Stalin. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Those who view themselves as Marxist-Leninists, however, vary with regards to the leaders and thinkers that they choose to uphold as progressive (and to what extent). Maoists tend to downplay the importance of all other thinkers in favour of Mao Zedong, whereas Hoxhaites repudiate Mao. Maoism, variably and officially known as Mao Zedong Thought ( is a variant of Marxism derived from the teachings of the late Chinese leader Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led (ɛnˈvɛɾ ˈhɔdʒa 16 October 1908 11 April 1985 was the leader of the People's Republic of Albania from the end of World War II until his death in 1985 as the

Leninism holds that capitalism can only be overthrown by revolutionary means; that is, any attempts to reform capitalism from within, such as Fabianism and non-revolutionary forms of democratic socialism, are doomed to fail. The Fabian Society is a British Intellectual Socialist movement whose purpose is to advance the principles of Social democracy via Gradualist Democratic socialism is a description used by various socialist movements tendencies and organizations to emphasize the democratic character of their political orientation The first goal of a Leninist party is to educate the proletariat, so as to remove the various modes of false consciousness the bourgeois have instilled in them in order to make them more docile and easier to exploit economically, such as religion and nationalism. Theory The concept flows from the theory of Commodity fetishism &mdash that people experience social relationships as value relations between things e A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Once the proletariat has gained class consciousness the party will coordinate the proletariat's total might to overthrow the existing government, thus the proletariat will seize all political and economic power. Class consciousness, literally is consciousness of one's Social class. Lastly the proletariat (thanks to their education by the party) will implement a dictatorship of the proletariat which would bring upon them socialism, the lower phase of communism. The " dictatorship of the proletariat " or workers' state is a term employed by Marxists that refers to what they see as a temporary state between the After this, the party would essentially dissolve as the entire proletariat is elevated to the level of revolutionaries.

The dictatorship of the proletariat refers to the absolute power of the working class. It is governed by a system of proletarian direct democracy, in which workers hold political power through local councils known as soviets. Direct Democracy is a movement within the British Conservative Party dedicated to localism and Constitutional reform as a means of reviving public For the Soviet republics of the Soviet Union see Republics of the Soviet Union. A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia.

Trotskyism

Main article: Trotskyism

Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij Trotsky considered himself a Bolshevik-Leninist, arguing for the establishment of a vanguard party. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Leninism refers to various related political and economic theories elaborated by Bolshevik revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin. A vanguard party is a Political party at the forefront of a mass action movement or revolution He considered himself an advocate of orthodox Marxism. His politics differed sharply from those of Stalin or Mao, most importantly in declaring the need for an international "permanent revolution". Stalinism is the political regime named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929–1953 Maoism, variably and officially known as Mao Zedong Thought ( is a variant of Marxism derived from the teachings of the late Chinese leader This article is about the theory See Permanent Revolution (group for the group of the same name and Permanent Revolution (album for the Catch 22 Numerous groups around the world continue to describe themselves as Trotskyist and see themselves as standing in this tradition, although they have diverse interpretations of the conclusions to be drawn from this.

Trotsky advocated proletarian revolution as set out in his theory of "permanent revolution", and he argued that in countries where the bourgeois-democratic revolution had not triumphed already (in other words, in places that had not yet implemented a capitalist democracy, such as Russia before 1917), it was necessary that the proletariat make it permanent by carrying out the tasks of the social revolution (the "socialist" or "communist" revolution) at the same time, in an uninterrupted process. A proletarian revolution is a social and/or political Revolution in which the Working class attempts to overthrow the Bourgeoisie. This article is about the theory See Permanent Revolution (group for the group of the same name and Permanent Revolution (album for the Catch 22 Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Trotsky believed that a new socialist state would not be able to hold out against the pressures of a hostile capitalist world unless socialist revolutions quickly took hold in other countries as well, especially in the industrial powers with a developed proletariat.

On the political spectrum of Marxism, Trotskyists are considered to be on the left. A political spectrum (plural Spectra) is a way of modeling different political positions by placing them upon one or more geometric axes They fervently support democracy, oppose political deals with the imperialist powers, and advocate a spreading of the revolution until it becomes global.

Trotsky developed the theory that the Russian workers' state had become a "bureaucratically degenerated workers' state". In Trotskyist political theory the term degenerated workers' state has been used since the 1930s to describe the state of the Soviet Union after Stalin 's Capitalist rule had not been restored, and nationalized industry and economic planning, instituted under Lenin, were still in effect. However, the state was controlled by a bureaucratic caste with interests hostile to those of the working class. Trotsky defended the Soviet Union against attack from imperialist powers and against internal counter-revolution, but called for a political revolution within the USSR to restore socialist democracy. A counter-revolutionary is anyone who opposes a Revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it in full or in part A political revolution, in the Trotskyist theory is an upheaval in which the government is replaced or the form of government altered but in which property relations are predominantly He argued that if the working class did not take power away from the Stalinist bureaucracy, the bureaucracy would restore capitalism in order to enrich itself. In the view of many Trotskyists, this is exactly what has happened since the beginning of Glasnost and Perestroika in the USSR. (Гла́сность)is literally defined as publicity and sometimes figuratively interpreted as "tipping a vase to let someone see into the vase but not the bottom of the vase" (Перестройка) is the Russian term (now used in English for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev Some argue that the adoption of market socialism by the People's Republic of China has also led to capitalist counter-revolution. Market socialism is a term used to denote two different Economic system (s based in Socialism which operate according to Market principles Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES

Maoism

Main article: Maoism

Maoism or Mao Zedong Thought (Chinese: 毛泽东思想, pinyin: Máo Zédōng Sīxiǎng), is a variant of Marxism-Leninism derived from the teachings of the Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong (Wade-Giles transliteration: "Mao Tse-tung"). Maoism, variably and officially known as Mao Zedong Thought ( is a variant of Marxism derived from the teachings of the late Chinese leader Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Marxism-Leninism is a Communist ideological stream that emerged as the mainstream tendency amongst the Communist parties in the 1920s as it was adopted Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin

The term "Mao Zedong Thought" has always been the preferred term by the Communist Party of China, and the word "Maoism" has never been used in its English-language publications except pejoratively. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Words and phrases are pejorative if they imply disapproval or contempt Likewise, Maoist groups outside China have usually called themselves Marxist-Leninist rather than Maoist, a reflection of Mao's view that he did not change, but only developed, Marxism-Leninism. However, some Maoist groups, believing Mao's theories to have been sufficiently substantial additions to the basics of the Marxist canon, call themselves "Marxist-Leninist-Maoist" (MLM) or simply "Maoist". Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

In the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong Thought is part of the official doctrine of the Communist Party of China, but since the 1978 beginning of Deng Xiaoping's market economy-oriented reforms, the concept of "socialism with Chinese characteristics" has come to the forefront of Chinese politics, Chinese economic reform has taken hold, and the official definition and role of Mao's original ideology in the PRC has been radically altered and reduced (see History of China). Deng Xiaoping ( 22 August 1904 19 February 1997) was a prominent Chinese Revolutionary, Politician, Pragmatist and Reformer A market economy is a realized Social system based on the Division of labour in which the prices of Goods and Services are determined in a This article is about the term itself and its relationships For its implementation and effects see Economy of the People's Republic of China and Chinese economic The Chinese economic reform ( refers to the program of economic reforms called " Socialism with Chinese characteristics " in the People's Republic of An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era

Unlike the earlier forms of Marxism-Leninism in which the urban proletariat was seen as the main source of revolution, and the countryside was largely ignored, Mao believed that peasantry could be the main force behind a revolution, led by the proletariat and a vanguard Communist party. The proletariat (from Latin la ''proles'' "offspring" is a term used to identify a lower Social class; a member of such a class is proletarian The model for this was of course the Chinese communist rural Protracted People's War of the 1920s and 1930s, which eventually brought the Communist Party of China to power. Furthermore, unlike other forms of Marxism-Leninism in which large-scale industrial development was seen as a positive force, Maoism made all-round rural development the priority. Mao felt that this strategy made sense during the early stages of socialism in a country in which most of the people were peasants. Unlike most other political ideologies, including other socialist and Marxist ones, Maoism contains an integral military doctrine and explicitly connects its political ideology with military strategy. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Military strategy is a National defence policy implemented by Military organisations to pursue desired strategic goals Derived from the Greek In Maoist thought, "political power grows from the barrel of the gun" (a famous quote by Mao), and the peasantry can be mobilized to undertake a "people's war" of armed struggle involving guerrilla warfare in three stages. A peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground People's War ( Chinese language: 人民战争 also called protracted people's war, is a military-political strategy invented by Mao Zedong. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc

Disputing these claims

Many academics dispute the claim that the above political movements are Marxist. Communist governments have historically been characterized by state ownership of productive resources in a planned economy and sweeping campaigns of economic restructuring such as nationalization of industry and land reform (often focusing on collective farming or state farms. A planned economy or directed economy is an Economic system in which the Government or Workers' councils manages the Economy. Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act of taking an industry or assets into the Public ownership of a national government Land reforms (also Agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning is an often- controversial alteration in the societal arrangements whereby government Collective farming is an organization of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise ) While they promote collective ownership of the means of production, Communist governments have been characterized by a strong state apparatus in which decisions are made by the ruling Communist Party. Ownership is the state or fact of exclusive rights and control over Property, which may be an object, land/real estate, Intellectual property Dissident communists have characterized the Soviet model as state socialism or state capitalism. State Socialism is a term introduced to describe the type of government in countries ruled by communist parties such as the former USSR, which are generally known as Communist State capitalism, in its classic meaning is a private capitalist economy under State control Further, critics have often claimed that a Stalinist or Maoist system of government creates a new ruling class, usually called the nomenklatura. The New Class is a term to describe the privileged Ruling class of Bureaucrats and Communist party functionaries which typically arises in a Stalinist The nomenklatura were a small elite subset of the general population in the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries who held various key administrative positions

Marx defined "communism" as a classless, egalitarian and stateless society. To Marx, the notion of a communist state would have seemed oxymoronical, as he defined communism as the phase reached when class society and the state had already been abolished. Once the initial stage of socialism had been established, society would develop new social relations over the course of several generations, reaching the what Marx called the higher phase of communism when bourgeois relations had been abandoned. Such a development has yet to occur in any historical self-claimed socialist state.

Some argue that socialist states have contained two new distinct classes: those who are in government and therefore have power, and those who are not in government and do not have power. Sometimes, this is taken to be a different form of capitalism, in which the government, as owner of the means of production, takes on the role formerly played by the bourgeois class; this arrangement is refered to as "State capitalism". State capitalism, in its classic meaning is a private capitalist economy under State control These statist regimes have generally followed a command economy model without making a transition to this hypothetical final stage. A planned economy or directed economy is an Economic system in which the Government or Workers' councils manages the Economy.

Criticisms

For more details on this topic, see Criticisms of Marxism. Various aspects of Marxist theory have been criticized These criticisms concern both the theory itself and its later interpretations and implementations

Criticisms of Marxism are many and varied. They concern both the theory itself, and its later interpretations and implementations.

Right

The Labour theory of value is no longer accepted by modern economists, with the ideas of marginal utility being used instead. In Economics, the marginal utility of a good or of a service is the Utility of the specific use to which an agent would put a given increase

Prominent economist Milton Friedman is of the opinion that free markets are the best and most efficient way of running the economy for the benefit of all. Milton Friedman (July 31 1912 November 16 2006 was an American Nobel Laureate Economist and Public intellectual. A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers ^[20] Marx and Engels never dedicated much work to show how exactly a communist economy would function, leaving socialism a 'negative ideology- having removed the price system, but with nothing to take its place. '

In the economic calculation debate between Austrian Economists and Marxist economists, the Austrians claimed that Marxism is flawed because prices could not be set to recognize opportunity costs of factors of production, and so socialism could not make rational decisions. The economic calculation problem is a criticism of Socialist economics. The Austrian School, also known as the “ Vienna School ” or the “ Psychological School ” is a heterodox school of economics that advocates Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution

Individualists disagree with the basic approach of marxism, that of viewing all people as controlled by 'vast socio-economic forces', and instead focus on the importance of free individuals.

Left

Criticisms of Marxism have come from the political Left as well as the political Right. Democratic socialists and social democrats reject the idea that socialism can be accomplished only through class conflict and violent revolution. Democratic socialism is a description used by various socialist movements tendencies and organizations to emphasize the democratic character of their political orientation Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Class conflict, also class war or class warfare, is both the friction that accompanies social relationships between members or groups of different Many Anarchists reject the need for a transitory state phase and Anarcho-capitalists reject socialism entirely. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i The " dictatorship of the proletariat " or workers' state is a term employed by Marxists that refers to what they see as a temporary state between the Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination Most thinkers on the left have rejected the fundamentals of Marxist theory, such as historical materialism and the labour theory of value, and gone on to criticize capitalism - and advocate socialism - using other arguments. Historical materialism is the methodological approach to the study of society economics and history which was first articulated by Karl Marx ( 1818 - 1883 The labor theories of value (LTV are theories in Economics according to which the values of Commodities are related to the labor needed to Some contemporary supporters of Marxism argue that many aspects of Marxist thought are viable, but that the corpus also fails to deal effectively with certain aspects of economic, political or social theory.

Notes

1. ^ See e. g. Manuel Alvarado, Robin Gutch and Tana Wollen, Learning the Media: Introduction to Media Teaching, Palgrave Macmillan, 1987.
2. ^ Dahrendorf (1959)
3. ^ Rummel (1977), Chap. 5 Marxism, Class Conflict, and the Conflict Helix
4. ^ http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/lebowitz250408.html Capitalist Workday, Socialist Workday
5. ^ See in particular MIA introduction at "The Programme of the Parti Ouvrier"
6. ^ A Dictionary of Sociology, Article: Alienation
7. ^ See Marx: A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859), Preface, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1977, with some notes by R. Rojas, and Engels: Anti-Dühring (1877), Introduction General
8. ^ Joseph McCarney: Ideology and False Consciousness, April 2005
9. ^ Engels: Letter to Franz Mehring, (London July 14, 1893), transl. Herrn Eugen Dührings Umwälzung der Wissenschaft, commonly known as Anti-Dühring, is a book written in German by Friedrich Engels, published Franz Erdmann Mehring (27 February 1846 in Schlawe, Pomerania – 29 January 1919 in Berlin) was a German Publicist, Politician by Donna Torr, in Marx and Engels Correspondence, International Publishers 1968
10. ^ Karl Marx, The German Ideology, [1]
11. ^ See in particular Marx and Engels, The German Ideology
12. ^ Marx makes no claim to have produced a master key to history. Historical materialism is not "an historico-philosophic theory of the marche generale imposed by fate upon every people, whatever the historic circumstances in which it finds itself". (Marx, Karl, Letter to editor of the Russian paper Otetchestvennye Zapiskym, 1877) His ideas, he explains, are based on a concrete study of the actual conditions that pertained in Europe.
13. ^ The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology
14. ^ [2] Marxist Roots of Black Liberation Theology
15. ^ Karl Korsch (1950) Ten Theses on Marxism Today
16. ^ [plato. stanford. edu/entries/sartre/ Jean-Paul Sartre on Stanford Encyclopedia. ]
17. ^ Anderson, Jon. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life. 1997 p. 468
18. ^ Watch Human, All Too Human -1- Jean-Paul Sartre Online Free
19. ^ Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes Toward an Investigation is available in several English volumes including Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays
20. ^ Free to Choose, Milton Friedman

References

• Avineri, Shlomo (1968). Shlomo Avineri (born in Bielsko, Poland 1933 is an Israeli Political scientist. The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx. Cambridge University Press.  

• Dahrendorf, Ralf (1959). Ralf Gustav Dahrendorf Baron Dahrendorf, KBE (born May 1, 1929) is a German-British Sociologist, Philosopher, Political scientist Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society.   Stanford: Stanford University Press.

• Kolakowski, Leszek. Leszek Kołakowski (born 23 October, 1927 in Radom, Poland) is a distinguished Polish Philosopher and historian of Main Currents in Marxism.  

• Parkes, Henry Bamford (1939). Henry Bamford Parkes (born in 1904 in Sheffield England) was an author and professor of history at New York University. Marxism: An Autopsy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.  

• Rummel, R.J. (1977) Conflict In Perspective Chap. Rudolph Joseph Rummel (born October 21, 1932) is Professor emeritus of Political science at the University of Hawaii. 5 Marxism, Class Conflict, and the Conflict Helix

• Screpanti, E; S. Zamagna (1993). An Outline of the History of Economic Thought.  

• Sowell, Thomas (1985). Thomas Sowell (born June 30, 1930) is an American Economist, social commentator and author of dozens of books Marxism: Philosophy and Economics. New York: William Morrow, 281 p. ISBN 0-688-06426-4.  

• McLellan, David (2007). David McLellan (born 1940 is a British scholar of Marx and Marxism. Marxism After Marx. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.  

See also

External links

General resources

• Reason in Revolt: Marxism and Modern Science By Alan Woods and Ted Grant
• In Defense of Marxism
• Marxists Internet Archive
• Marxmail.org
• A Marxism FAQ - under construction
• Libertarian Communist Library Marxism archive
• The Last Superpower - discussion on Marxism
• Marxism Page
• Marxist.net Marxist Resources from the Committee for a Workers' International
• Marxism FAQ
• Marx Myths & Legends
• Extensive bibliography
• London Philosophy Study Guide on Marxism (offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject)

Introductory articles

• Introductory article by Michael A. Lebowitz
• History of Economic Thought: Marxian School
• Modern Variants of Marxian political economy

Marxist websites

• League for the Fifth International Website the League for the Fifth International
• GegenStandpunkt journal of Marxist political economy
• In Defence of Marxism website of the International Marxist Tendency
• MRZine a project of the Monthly Review Foundation
• Pathfinder Press online Marxist bookstore
• Rethinking Marxism a journal of economics, society, and culture
• Socialist Project issues, events, theory, and debate
• Solidarity Economy Marxist theory, analysis, and debate

Specific topics

• Debating Marxism Michael Albert (ParEcon) vs. Analytical Marxism refers to a style of thinking about Marxism that was prominent amongst English-speaking philosophers and social scientists during the 1980s Anarchism and Marxism are related political philosophies which emerged in the nineteenth century In the Marxist-Leninist movement an anti-revisionist is one who favors the line of theory and practice associated with Marx - Engels - Lenin Austromarxism was a Marxist theoretical current led by Victor Adler, Otto Bauer, Karl Renner and Max Adler, members of the Social Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Criticisms of Communism can be divided in two broad categories Those concerning themselves with the practical aspects of 20th century Communist state and those concerning Various aspects of Marxist theory have been criticized These criticisms concern both the theory itself and its later interpretations and implementations Cultural Marxism is a form of Marxism that adds an analysis of the role of the media art theatre film and other cultural institutions in a society Dialectical materialism, according to many followers of Karl Marx 's thinking is the philosophical basis of Marxism. The " dictatorship of the proletariat " or workers' state is a term employed by Marxists that refers to what they see as a temporary state between the Historical materialism is the methodological approach to the study of society economics and history which was first articulated by Karl Marx ( 1818 - 1883 Marx's theory of alienation ( Entfremdung in German) as expressed in the writings of young Karl Marx, refers to the separation of things that naturally Note Marxian economics is not restricted to Marxist economics as it includes the economic thought of those inspired by Marx's works who do not identify with Marxist film theory is one of the oldest forms of Film theory. Marxist or historical materialist historiography is a school of Historiography influenced by Marxism. Marxist humanism is a branch of Marxism that primarily focuses on Marx's earlier writings, especially the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts Marxist literary criticism is a loose term describing Literary criticism informed by the philosophy or the politics of Marxism. See also Marxian economics, Marxism Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are terms which cover work in Philosophy There is no specific "Marxist philosophy of nature", as Karl Marx didn't conceive of Nature as separate from Society The term "revisionism" is also used to refer to other concepts Neo-Marxism is a loose term for various Twentieth-century approaches that amend or extend Marxism and Marxist theory, usually by incorporating elements Post-Marxism has two related but different uses Post-marxism can be used to refer to the situation in Eastern Europe and the ex-Soviet republics after the fall of the Western Marxism is a term used to describe a wide variety of Marxist theoreticians based in Western and Central Europe (and more recently North Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Antagonistic contradiction ( Chinese language: 矛盾 Pinyin: Máo dùn is the impossibility of compromise between different social classes. Crisis theory is a debate within the Marxian theory of Political economy. In the Humanities and Social sciences, critical theory is the examination and critique of Society and Literature, drawing from knowledge across Communist state is a term used by many Political scientists to describe a Form of government in which the State operates under a one-party system A Political party described as a communist party includes those that advocate the application of the social principles of Communism through a communist form of Communitarianism, as a group of related but distinct philosophies began in the late 20th century opposing in its opinion exalted forms of Individualism while advocating phenomena Council communism is a Far-left movement originating in Germany and the Netherlands in the 1920s Eco-socialism, Green socialism or Socialist ecology is an Ideology merging aspects of Marxism, Socialism, Green politics Economic determinism is the Theory which attributes primacy to the Economic structure over politics in the development of human history. Historicism refers to philosophical theories that include one or both of two claims that there is an organic succession of developments a notion also The labor theories of value (LTV are theories in Economics according to which the values of Commodities are related to the labor needed to Legal naturalism is a term coined by Olufemi Taiwo to describe a current in the social philosophy of Karl Marx which can be interpreted as one of Natural Law Lewis Henry Morgan ( November 21, 1818 &ndash December 17, 1881) was an American Ethnologist, Anthropologist and Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Liberation theology is a school of Theology within Christianity, particularly in the Roman Catholic Luxemburgism (also written Luxembourgism) is a specific revolutionary theory within Communism, based on the writings of Rosa Luxemburg. The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism. Political economy originally was the term for studying production buying and selling and their relations with law custom and government Political philosophy is the study of questions about the City, Government, Politics, Liberty, Justice, Property, Rights Rethinking Marxism is a Marxist quarterly journal of economics culture and society Social conflict theory is a Marxist -based Social theory which argues that individuals and groups ( Social classes within society have differing Sociocultural evolution(ism is an umbrella term for theories of cultural evolution and Social evolution, describing how Cultures and societies Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution The Committee for a Workers' International (CWI is an international association of Trotskyist parties Alan Maass (Marxism)
• Marx on India and the Colonial Question from the Anti-Caste Information Page

Critiques of Marxism

• Main Currents of Marxism. Volume I: The Founders, Volume II: The Golden Age, Volume III: The Breakdown critique by Leszek Kołakowski
• The Open Society and Its Enemies. Volume II: The High Tide of Prophecy (Hegel, Marx and the Aftermath) critique by Karl Popper
• "Madisonian Democracy and Marxist Analysis: Ryder on the Constitution" by Sterling Harwood (in Christopher B. Leszek Kołakowski (born 23 October, 1927 in Radom, Poland) is a distinguished Polish Philosopher and historian of Sir Karl Raimund Popper ( July 28 1902  &ndash September 17 1994) was an Austrian and British Philosopher and a professor Gray, ed. , Philosophical Essays on the United States Constitution: A Collection of Bicentennial Essays Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1989)
• Liberalism, Marxism and The State, by Ralph Raico
• Karl Marx and the Close of His System, by Eugen von Bohm-Bawerk
• A Farewell to Marx: An Outline and Appraisal of His Theories, by David Conway
• Marx Lite, by Thomas J. DiLorenzo
• Marxist Dreams and Soviet Realities, by Ralph Raico
• Marxism, by David L. Prychitko
• Marxism As Pseudo-science, by Ernest Van Den Haag
• Lecture XXXV "A Philosophy of Life" includes a critique by Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded

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