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For other uses, see Martial law (disambiguation). War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Military history is a Humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed conflict in the history of humanity Prehistoric warfare is War conducted in the era before Writing, and before the establishments of large social entities like States Historical warfare sets Ancient warfare is War as conducted from the beginnings of recorded History to the end of the ancient period Medieval Warfare is the warfare of the Middle Ages. In Europe technological cultural and social developments had forced a dramatic transformation in the character Early Modern warfare is associated with the start of the widespread use of Gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons to use the explosive Industrial warfare is a period in the History of warfare ranging roughly from the start of the Industrial Revolution to the beginning of the Information Age Modern warfare, although present in every Historical period of Military history, is generally used to refer to the concepts, methods and Battlespace is a unified strategy to integrate and combine Armed forces for the Military theatre of operations, including air, information Air power redirects here for electrical and mechanical energy supplied by air movement see Wind power Information warfare is the use and management of information in pursuit of a competitive advantage over an opponent Land warfare, sometimes also called ground combat is the term used to describe military operations eventuating in Combat that take place predominantly on the land surface of Naval warfare is Combat in and on Seas Oceans or any other major bodies of water such as large Lakes and wide Rivers History Space warfare is combat that takes place in Outer space, ie outside the Atmosphere. A weapon is a Tool used either in Hunting, or attack or defence in Combat for the purpose of subduing enemy personnel or to destroy enemy weapons Armoured warfare or tank warfare is the use of Armoured fighting vehicles in Modern warfare. Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. Electronic warfare ( EW) is the use of the Electromagnetic spectrum to effectively deny the use of this medium by an adversary while optimizing its use by friendly The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. The US Department of Defense defines psychological warfare ( PSYWAR) as" The planned use of Propaganda and other Psychological actions Military tactics ( Greek: Taktikē, the art of organizing an army are the techniques for using weapons or military units in combination for engaging and defeating This article is about the military strategy For the Israeli-Egyptian conflict see War of Attrition, for the game theoretical model see War of attrition (game Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Maneuver warfare, also spelled manoeuvre warfare, is the term used by military theorists for a concept of Warfare that advocates attempting to Total war is a conflict of unlimited scope in which a Belligerent engages in a total mobilization of all available resources at his disposal Trench warfare is a form of warfare where both combatants have fortified positions and fighting lines are static Military strategy is a National defence policy implemented by Military organisations to pursue desired strategic goals Derived from the Greek Economic warfare is the term for economic policies followed as a part of Military operations during Wartime The purpose of economic warfare is to capture Grand strategy is military Strategy at the level of movement and use of an entire Nation state or Empire 's resources A military organization is a way of structuring the armed forces of a State as a need to offer Military capability required by the National defence policy A military organization is a way of structuring the armed forces of a State as a need to offer Military capability required by the National defence policy Military rank is a system of hierarchical relationships in Armed forces or civil institutions organized along military lines A military organization is a way of structuring the armed forces of a State as a need to offer Military capability required by the National defence policy Military Logistics is the art and science of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of military forces This article lists military technology items devices and methods Materiel (from the French "matériel" for equipment or hardware related to the word Material) is a term used in English to refer to the Military supply chain management is a cross-functional approach to procuring, producing and delivering products and services The broad This is an index to articles listing Battles. List of battles (alphabetical gives a global list See also Military History Antiquity Albania Agron ( 250 BC - 230 BC) The first king to unite the Illyrian This is a list of missions operations and projects Missions in support of other missions are not listed independently A Siege is a prolonged Military Assault and Blockade on a City or Fortress with the intent of conquering by force or Attrition See also List of military writers. Friedrich von Bernhardi Ivan Bloch John Boyd, inventor of the OODA Loop This is a listing of lists of Wars, sorted by country date region and type of conflict This article lists and summarizes War crimes committed since the Hague Convention of 1907. There is a bewildering array of Weapons far more than would be useful in list form This is a list of military writers, alphabetical by last name

Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect when the military takes control of the normal administration of justice.

Martial law is sometimes imposed during wars or occupations in the absence of any other civil government. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Occupied territories is a Term of art in International law. In accordance with Article 42 of the Laws and Customs of War on Land (Fourth Hague Convention October Examples of this form of military rule include Germany and Japan after World War II or the American South during the early stages of Reconstruction. In addition it is used by governments to enforce their rule, for example after a coup d'état (Thailand 2006), when threatened by popular protests (Tiananmen Square protests of 1989), or to crack down on the opposition (Poland 1981). The 2006 Thailand coup d'état took place on Tuesday 19 September, 2006, when the Royal Thai Army staged a Coup d'état against the elected government The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 culminating in the Tiananmen Square Massacre (referred to in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident, to avoid confusion with two Martial law in Poland (Stan wojenny w Polsce refers to the period of time from December 13, 1981 to July 22, 1983 Martial law can also be declared in cases of major natural disasters, however most countries use a different legal construct like "state of emergency". A natural disaster is the consequence of a Natural hazard (eg A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies

In many countries martial law imposes particular rules, one of which is curfew. A curfew can be one of the following An order by a Government for certain persons to return home daily before a certain time Often, under this system, the administration of justice is left to a military tribunal, called a court-martial. JUSTICE is a Human rights and law reform organisation based in the United Kingdom. Tribunal is a generic term for any body acting judicially whether or not it is called a tribunal in its title A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a Military court. These military courts can determine Punishments for members of the Military subject The suspension of the writ of habeas corpus is likely to occur. Habeas corpus (ˈheɪbiəs ˈkɔɹpəs ( Latin: command that you have the body is the name of a legal action or Writ, through which a person can seek relief

Contents

Martial law in other countries

Australia

Martial law was first used in Australia from midnight Sunday 4 March, 1804 during the Castle Hill convict rebellion, also known as the second Battle of Vinegar Hill, a reference to the Irish engagement of 1798 in which many of the convicts had previously been involved. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth See also 1803 in Australia, other events of 1804, 1805 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. The Castle Hill Rebellion of 4 March, 1804, also called the Irish Rebellion, was a large scale rebellion by Irish convicts against The Battle of Vinegar Hill was an engagement on 21 June 1798 between forces of the British Crown and United Irishmen when over 10000 British soldiers launched The militia were called out under the auspices of posse comitatus to assist in suppressing the rebelling convicts. Posse comitatus refers to the Common law authority wielded by the County Sheriff to conscript any able-bodied male eighteen or older to assist Martial law was then lifted.

Canada

Though the Canadian government has never actually imposed martial law, it has come close through a piece of legislation known as the War Measures Act. The War Measures Act (enacted in August 1914 replaced by the Emergencies Act in 1988 was a Canadian Statute that allowed the government to assume sweeping This act was invoked three times, in both world wars due to riots over conscription (the Conscription Crisis of 1917 and Conscription Crisis of 1944) and in the October Crisis of 1970, which resulted in 1628 raids and 200 subsequent arrests. The Conscription Crisis of 1917 was a political and military crisis in Canada during World War I. The Conscription Crisis of 1944 was a political and military crisis following the introduction of forced military service in Canada during World War II The October Crisis was a series of dramatic events triggered by two terrorist Kidnappings of government officials by members of the The War Measures Act technically does not invoke martial law, as the military does not take over the administration of justice. A better comparison would be to declaring a State of Emergency. A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies Indeed, the War Measures Act was later replaced by the Emergencies Act in 1988. The Emergencies Act is an Act of the Parliament of Canada to authorize the taking of special temporary measures to ensure Safety and Security

Prior to Confederation, martial law was proclaimed and applied on the territory that would later become the Province of Quebec during the American invasion in 1775-1776, and on the territory of Lower Canada during the insurrections of 1837-1838. Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed beginning 1 July 1867 from the On December 5, following the events of November 1837, martial law was proclaimed in the district of Montreal by the Parliament of Lower Canada. It remained in force until April 27, 1838. Martial law was proclaimed a second time on November 4, 1838 and was applied until August 24, 1839. [1][2]

People's Republic of China (Mainland China)

The constitution of the People's Republic of China grants the President of the People's Republic of China the power to declare martial law in pursuance of a decision of the National People's Congress to declare martial law. A similar term is "National Congress" which is a less common translation of People's Political Consultative Conference. In Tibet, martial law was declared twice, after 1959 Tibetan uprising and after 1989 Tibetan uprising. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European The 1959 Tibetan uprising, or 1959 Tibetan Rebellion began on 10 March 1959, when an anti-Chinese and anti-Communist revolt erupted in Lhasa [3], [4] In 1989, President Yang Shangkun unilaterally invoked the martial law clause to allow the military to stage a crackdown on Tiananmen Square protesters. Yang Shangkun ( Simplified Chinese: 杨尚昆 Pinyin: Yáng Shàngkūn 5 July 1907&ndash14 September 1998 was President of the People's Republic of China The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 culminating in the Tiananmen Square Massacre (referred to in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident, to avoid confusion with two The legality of this action, in the absence of a previous decision by the NPC, has been questioned, and in 2004 the clause was finally weakened into a provision that allowed the government to simply declare a State of Emergency. A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies Martial law was declared in November 2004 to quell ethnic clashes in Langchenggang, Henan province. Henan ( is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country

Egypt

In Egypt, a State of Emergency has been imposed almost continuously since 1967. A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies Due to the assassination of President Anwar el-Sadat in 1981, martial law was declared. Egypt has been under martial law ever since - the Parliament has renewed the emergency laws every three years since they were imposed. The legislation was last extended in 2003 and was due to expire at the end of May 2006; plans were in place to replace them with new anti-terrorism laws but after the Dahab bombings in April martial law was renewed for another two years. The Dahab bombings of 24 April 2006 were three bomb attacks on the Egyptian resort city of Dahab. [2] [3]

Martial law allows the government to detain anyone deemed to be threatening state security for renewable 45-day periods without court orders and also give military courts the power to try civilians.

Public demonstrations are banned under the legislation.

India

Martial law in India is different from rest of the world. According to the Indian Constitution, during peacetime, governmental and the people's interests are under the control of the Prime Minister, Parliament, and the Supreme Court, but all armed forces (except police, which are under the control of the Home Ministry) are under the direct control of the Department of Defense and the President (who also controls the national guard and paramilitary forces). In case of a non-environmental crisis, all armed forces, national guard, and paramilitary forces, along with the Department of Defense, come under the strict orders of the President; while police, home ministry, justice department, and government comes under strict control of the Prime Minister (without any intervention by Parliament and the Supreme Court). In such a crisis, solving an issue/problem, stabilizing the nation, and defense are considered higher priorities than the people's interest.

In case of an environmental crisis, the Indian government declares states of emergency, in which the emergency relief forces of the Indian Armed Forces, the National Guard, and the police come under the strict control of the President of India.

So far, Indian government declared State of Emergency in the following times:-

  1. 1919 - After General Reginald Dyer fires upon a crowd of protesters, where 379 are killed, Martial Law is declared throughout Punjab.
  2. 1975 - Indira Gandhi declares state of emergency.
  3. 1984 December - Gas leak at Union Carbide pesticides plant in Bhopal. Thousands are killed immediately, many more subsequently die or are left disabled.
  4. 1999 October - Cyclone devastates eastern state of Orissa, leaving at least 10,000 dead.
  5. 2001 January - Massive earthquakes hit the western state of Gujarat, leaving at least 30,000 dead.
  6. 2004 December - Thousands are killed when tidal waves, caused by a powerful undersea earthquake off the Indonesian coast, devastate coastal communities in the south and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
  7. 2005 July - More than 1,000 people are killed in floods and landslides caused by monsoon rains in Mumbai (Bombay) and Maharashtra region.
  8. 2005 8 October - An earthquake, with its epicenter in Pakistani-administered Kashmir, kills more than 1,000 people in Indian-administered Kashmir.

NOTE:- Indian government declares state of emergency during any crisis that is administered as terrorist activity.

  1. 2003 August - At least 50 people are killed in two simultaneous bomb blasts in Bombay. Also, bombs kill 62 people in Delhi.
  2. 2006 14 people are killed by bomb blasts in the Hindu pilgrimage city of Varanasi.
  3. 2006 May - Suspected Islamic militants kill 35 Hindus in the worst attacks in Indian-administered Kashmir for several months.
  4. 2006 11 July - More than 180 people are killed in bomb attacks on rush-hour trains in Mumbai. Investigators blame Islamic militants based in Pakistan.
  5. 2006 8 September - Explosions outside a mosque in the western town of Malegaon kill at least 31 people.
  6. 2007 18 February - 68 passengers, most of them Pakistanis, are killed by bomb blasts and a blaze on a train traveling from New Delhi to the Pakistani city of Lahore.

For further reading please browse through BBC Archives in South Asia section, relating to India. [5]

Israel

Military administrative government was in effect from 1949 to 1966 over some geographical areas of Israel, which had large Arab populations, primarily the Negev, Galilee, and the Triangle. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Negev (נֶגֶב Tiberian vocalization: Néḡeḇ) is the Desert region of southern Israel. "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, The Triangle (המשולש HaMeshulash; المـُثـَلـَّث al-Muthalath) formerly referred to as the Little triangle, is a concentration of The residents of these areas were subject to a number of controlling measures that amounted to martial law. [6][7] Permits from the military governor had to be procured to travel more than a given distance from their registered place of residence and curfew, administrative detentions, and expulsions were common. A curfew can be one of the following An order by a Government for certain persons to return home daily before a certain time Administrative detention - Is an arrest without trial usually for security reasons [6] Though the military administration was officially for geographical areas, and not people, its restrictions were seldom enforced on the Jewish residents of these areas. In the 1950s, martial law ceased to be in effect for those Arab citizens living in predominantly-Jewish cities, but remained in place in all Arab localities within Israel until 1966. Arab citizens of Israel refers to Arabs or Arabic -speaking people who are Citizens of Israel who are not Jewish. [6]

During the 2006 Lebanon war, martial law was declared by Defense Minister Amir Peretz over the North of the country. Background See also Israel-Lebanon conflict The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO had engaged in cross-border attacks from Southern Lebanon Amir Peretz (עמיר פרץ عمير بيريتز born 9 March, 1952) is an Israeli politician and member of the Knesset. The Israel Defense Forces were granted the authority to issue instructions to civilians, and close down offices, schools, camps and factories in cities considered under threat of attack, as well as to impose curfews on cities in the North. The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF) (צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit [8] Instructions of the Home Front Command are obligatory under martial law, rather than merely recommendatory. [8] The order signed by Peretz was in effect for 48 hours. [8] It was extended by the Cabinet and the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee over the war's duration.

Pakistan

Martial law has been declared in Pakistan three times, though two times enforced under the name of "state of emergency", by Musharraf, as constitution was suspended. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and In the first instance President Iskander Mirza abrogated the Constitution in 1958 and declared Martial Law over the country. Major-General Sahibzada Sayyid Iskander Ali Mirza, CIE, OBE ( Urdu: اسکندر مرزا) (13 November 1899 The second instance was when General Yahya Khan declared martial law in March, 1969 after Mirza's successor, General Ayub Khan handed over power to him. Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan ( February 4 1917 &ndash August 10 1980) was the President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971 following the resignation Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan ( Urdu / Pashto: محمد ايوب خان GCMG, MBE, HJ, NPk, ( May 14 the 3rd by Gen Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Another debatable instance was when General Pervez Musharraf declared two times in the country "State of Emergency" once to topple Nawaz Sharif and other under thr self-created grounds i. General (ret Pervez Musharraf ( (born 11 August 1943 NI(M, HI(M, TBt, is the former Military dictator and President of e. mounting militant attacks and "interference by members of the judiciary". See 2007 Pakistani state of emergency for more information. A 2007 Pakistani state of emergency was declared by Pervez Musharraf on November 3, 2007 and lasted until December 15, 2007,during

After several tumultuous years, which witnessed the secession of East Pakistan, politician Zulfikar Ali Bhutto took over in 1971 as the first civilian martial law administrator in recent history, imposing selective martial law in areas hostile to his rule, such as the country's largest province, Balochistan. East Pakistan ( Bengali: পূর্ব পাকিস্তান Purbo Pakistan, Urdu: مشرقی پاکستان Mashriqi Pakistan) was Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ( Urdu: ur '''ذوالفقار علی بھٹو''' Sindhi: ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو, zʊlfɪqɑːɾ ɑli bɦʊʈːoː Balochistan, or Baluchistan, Pashto, ( Balochi, Hazara, Brahui, Sindhi, Urdu: بلوچستان Following widespread civil disorder, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq overthrew Bhutto and imposed martial law in its totality on July 5, 1977 in a bloodless coup d'etat. Civil disorder, also known as civil unrest, is a broad term that is typically used by law enforcement to describe one or more forms of disturbance caused by a group of people General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ( Arabic: محمد ضياء الحق) (b Unstable areas were brought under control through indirect military action, such as Balochistan under Martial Law Governor, General Rahimuddin Khan. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units General Rahimuddin Khan ( رحیم الدین خان; born 21 July, 1926) was the Governor of Balochistan, the largest Province Civilian government resumed in 1988 following General Zia's death in an aircraft crash. An aviation accident is defined in the International Civil Aviation Organization Annex 13

On October 12, 1999, the government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was dissolved, and the Army took control once more. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif also known as Nawaz Sharif ( Urdu:) (born December 25, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan But no Martial Law was imposed. General Pervez Musharraf took the title of Chief Executive until the President Rafiq Tarar resigned and General Musharraf became President. General (ret Pervez Musharraf ( (born 11 August 1943 NI(M, HI(M, TBt, is the former Military dictator and President of A chief executive officer ( CEO) or chief executive is typically the highest-ranking corporate officer ( executive) or administrator The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Muhammad Rafiq Tarar ( Urdu: محمد رفیق تارڑ) (b November 2, 1929) was President of Pakistan from January 1, The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Elections were held in October 2002 and Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali became Prime Minister. Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali ( Urdu / Baloch: میر ظفراللہ خان جمالی) (born January 1, 1944) is a former Prime Minister The Prime Minister of Pakistan, in Urdu وزیر اعظم Wazir-e- Azam meaning "Grand Minister", is the Head of Government Jamili premiership was followed by Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain and Shaukat Aziz. Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain ( Urdu: چودھری شجاعت حسین) (born January 27, 1946) is a politician from Pakistan who was the Shaukat Aziz ( Urdu: شوکت عزیز) (born March 6, 1949 in Karachi, Pakistan) was the Prime Minister of Pakistan While the government was supposed to be run by the elected Prime Minister, there was a common understanding that important decisions were made by the President General Parvez Musharraf. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. General (ret Pervez Musharraf ( (born 11 August 1943 NI(M, HI(M, TBt, is the former Military dictator and President of

On November 03, 2007, President General Pervez Musharraf declared the state emergency in the country which is claimed to be equivalent to the state of Martial Law as the constitution of Pakistan of 1973, was suspended, and the Chief Justices of the Supreme Court were fired. General (ret Pervez Musharraf ( (born 11 August 1943 NI(M, HI(M, TBt, is the former Military dictator and President of

On November 12, 2007, President General Pervez Musharraf issued some amendments in the Military Act, which gave the Armed forces some additional powers. General (ret Pervez Musharraf ( (born 11 August 1943 NI(M, HI(M, TBt, is the former Military dictator and President of

Philippines

President Jose P. Laurel of the wartime Second Republic (puppet-government under Japan) placed the Philippines under martial law in 1944 through Proclamation No. José Paciano Laurel y García ( March 9, 1891 &ndash November 6, 1959) was the president of the Japanese-Sponsored Republic of the Philippines 29, dated September 21. Martial law came into effect on September 22, 1944 at 9am. Proclamation No. 30 was issued the next day, declaring the existence of a state of war between the Philippines and the US and Great Britain. This took effect on September 23, 1944 at 10am.

The Philippines was under martial law again from 1972 to 1981 under the authoritarian rule of Ferdinand Marcos. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralín Marcos ( September 11, 1917 &ndash September 28, 1989) was President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986 Martial law was declared to suppress increasing civil strife and the threat of communist takeover following a series of bombings in Manila. The declaration of martial law was initially well-received by some segment of the people but became unpopular as excesses and human rights abuses by the military emerged. Torture was used in extracting information from their enemies. Proclamation No. 1081 (Proclaiming a State of Martial Law in the Philippines) was signed on September 21, 1972 and came into force on September 22 - interestingly enough exactly 28 years after President Jose P. Laurel's similar proclamations. José Paciano Laurel y García ( March 9, 1891 &ndash November 6, 1959) was the president of the Japanese-Sponsored Republic of the Philippines

There were rumours that President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was planning to impose martial law to put an end to military coup plotters and general civilian dissatisfaction and criticism of the legitimacy of her presidency due to dubious election results. Maria Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (born Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal on April 5 1947 is a Filipina Politician. Instead, however, a "State of National Emergency" was imposed to crush a coup plot and tackle protesters which lasted from February 24, 2006 until March 3 of the same year.

Poland

Main article: Martial law in Poland

Martial law was introduced in Poland by the Communist government on December 13, 1981 to prevent democratic movements from gaining popularity and political power in the country, and to reduce the risk of Soviet intervention. Martial law in Poland (Stan wojenny w Polsce refers to the period of time from December 13, 1981 to July 22, 1983 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

Switzerland

There are no provisions for martial law as such in Switzerland. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Under the Army Law of 1995 [4], the Army can be called upon by cantonal (state) authorities for assistance (Assistenzdienst). The military of Switzerland, officially known as the Swiss Armed Forces, is a unique institution somewhere between a Militia and a regular army. The 26 cantons of Switzerland are the states of the Federal state of Switzerland. This regularly happens in the case of natural disasters or special protection requirements (e. g. , for the World Economic Forum in Davos). The World Economic Forum (WEF is a Geneva -based Non-profit foundation best known for its Annual Meeting in Davos, Switzerland Davos ( Romansh: Tavau, Italian: Tavate is a municipality in the district of Prättigau/Davos in the canton of This assistance generally requires parliamentary authorization, though, and takes place in the regular legal framework and under the civilian leadership of the cantonal authorities. On the other hand, the federal authorities are authorized to use the Army to enforce law and order when the Cantons no longer can or want to do so (Ordnungsdienst). This power largely fell into disuse after World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including See [5].

Republic of China (Taiwan)

After the Kuomintang (KMT) regime of the Republic of China (ROC) retreated from mainland China to Taiwan, the distinction of having the longest period of martial law in modern history was imposed on Taiwan and the other islands administered by the Republic of China. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. This is a list of Islands under the Republic of China administration (islands claimed but not administered by the ROC are not included on this list In the aftermath of the 2-28 Incident of 1947, martial law was declared in 1948, and the perceived need to suppress Communist and pro-democracy activities on the island meant that the martial law was not lifted until 1987. The 228 Incident ( Pe{{unicode|̍}}h-ōe-jī: Jī-jī-pat sū-kiāⁿ also known as the 228 Massacre ( was an anti-government Anti-Chinese uprising

Thailand

In Thailand many coups have taken place since the 1930s, but many have failed. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj In January of 2004, the former Prime Minister of Thailand, Thaksin Shinawatra, declared a state of martial law in the provinces of Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat in response to the growing South Thailand insurgency. (ทักษิณ ชินวัตร IPA tɕʰinnawát Chinese: 丘[[wikt 達|達]] 新, Qiū Dáxīn nicknamed by the media as แม้ว Pattani ( Thai ปัตตานี is one of the southern provinces ( changwat) of Thailand. Yala (ยะลา is the southernmost province ( changwat) of Thailand. Narathiwat (นราธิวาส is one of the southern provinces ( changwat) of Thailand. The South Thailand insurgency is a Separatist campaign by Islamist terrorists which is taking place in the predominantly Malay Pattani region, made up of the On September 19, 2006, Thailand's Army declared martial law following a bloodless military coup in the Thai capital of Bangkok, declared while The Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra was in New York to address the United Nations General Assembly. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Bangkok, known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (krūŋtʰêːp máhǎːnákʰɔn) or Krung Thep ( for short is the Capital, largest (ทักษิณ ชินวัตร IPA tɕʰinnawát Chinese: 丘[[wikt 達|達]] 新, Qiū Dáxīn nicknamed by the media as แม้ว New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members General Sonthi Boonyaratglin took the control of the Government, and soon after handed the premiership to Ex-Army Chief General Surayud. General (Ret Sonthi Boonyaratglin (สนธิ บุญยรัตกลิน) (b General (ret Surayud Chulanont (สุรยุทธ์ จุลานนท์ RTGS: Surayut Chulanon Nickname Big Add) was the Prime Minister of Thailand Sonthi himself is Chief of the Administrative Reform Council. The President of the Council for National Security in Thailand is the head of the Council for National Security.

FR Yugoslavia

During the Yugoslav Wars in 1991, it was declared "State of Direct War Treat". The Yugoslav Wars were a series of violent conflicts in the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY that took place between 1991 and Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Although forces from whole SFRY were included in this conflict, martial law was never announced, but after secession, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina declared Martial law. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan In March 23, 1999, "State of Direct War Treat" was declared in Yugoslavia, following possibility of NATO air-strikes. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian The North Atlantic Treaty Day after, when strikes had begun, Martial law has been declared, and it had duration until June 15, that year, although strikes ended on June 10, following Kumanovo agreement. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem

United States of America

See also: Suspension clause

The martial law concept in the U. S. is closely tied with the right of habeas corpus, which is in essence the right to a hearing on lawful imprisonment, or more broadly, the supervision of law enforcement by the judiciary. Habeas corpus (ˈheɪbiəs ˈkɔɹpəs ( Latin: command that you have the body is the name of a legal action or Writ, through which a person can seek relief The ability to suspend habeas corpus is often equated with martial law. Article 1, Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution states, "The privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion, the public Safety may require it. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. "

In United States law, martial law is limited by several court decisions that were handed down between the American Civil War and World War II. The law of the United States was originally largely derived from the Common law system of English law, which was in force at the time of the Revolutionary Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In 1878, Congress passed the Posse Comitatus Act, which forbids military involvement in domestic law enforcement without congressional approval. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The Posse Comitatus Act is a United States federal law ( passed on June 16, 1878 after the end of Reconstruction. The Military Commissions Act of 2006 possibly rescinds these limits by suspending habeas corpus, but the law is not clear on whether it applies to U. The United States Military Commissions Act of 2006, also known as HR-6166 was an Act of Congress signed by President George W S. Citizens. Since, USNORTHCOM [6] has increased its direct involvement with civilian administration. United States Northern Command ( USNORTHCOM, or informally just NORTHCOM) is a Unified Combatant Command of the United States military.

ex parte Milligan

On September 15, 1863, Lincoln imposed Congressionally-authorized martial law. The authorizing act allowed the President to suspend habeas corpus throughout the entire United States. Lincoln imposed the suspension on "prisoners of war, spies, or aiders and abettors of the enemy," as well as on other classes of people, such as draft dodgers. The President's proclamation was challenged in ex parte Milligan (71 US 2 [1866]). The Supreme Court ruled that Lincoln's imposition of martial law (by way of suspension of habeas corpus) was unconstitutional.

Despite the recent laws passed, a test of the president's power to declare martial law without the consent of congress would likely run afoul of the Constitution which has exclusive power to suspend Habeas Corpus.

The National Guard is an exception, since unless federalized, they are under the control of state governors. For the National Guard of a State and other countries' National Guard see National Guard. [7]. This has now changed. Public Law 109-364, or the "John Warner Defense Authorization Act of 2007" (H. HR 5122, also known as the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 was a bill passed in the United States Congress on R. 5122), was signed by President Bush on October 17, 2006, and allows the President to declare a "public emergency" and station troops anywhere in America and take control of state-based National Guard units without the consent of the governor or local authorities. Title V, Subtitle B, Part II, Section 525(a) of the JWDAA of 2007 reads "The [military] Secretary [of the Army, Navy or Air Force] concerned may order a member of a reserve component under the Secretary's jurisdiction to active duty. . . The training or duty ordered to be performed. . . may include. . . support of operations or missions undertaken by the member's unit at the request of the President or Secretary of Defense. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U " [9] The President vetoed the Defense Authorization Act of 2008 on December 27, 2007. A provision in the 2008 defense authorization bill would have repealed this section of PL 109-364. [10]

New Orleans, Louisiana in the War of 1812

During the War of 1812, U. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies S. General Andrew Jackson imposed martial law in New Orleans, Louisiana after capturing the encampment of New Orleans from the British in the Battle of New Orleans. Andrew Jackson (March 15 1767 June 8 1845 was the seventh President of the United States (1829&ndash1837 New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815, and was the final major battle of the War of 1812.

The Territory of Hawaii

During World War II (1939 to 1945) what is now the State of Hawaii was held under martial law from 1941 to 1945. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the

Hurricane Katrina

Contrary to many media reports at the time, martial law was not declared in New Orleans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, because no such term exists in Louisiana state law. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States Law in the State of Louisiana is based in part on civil law. Louisiana is the only U However, a State of Emergency was declared, which does give unique powers to the state government similar to those of martial law. A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies On the evening of August 31, 2005, New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin nominally declared "martial law" and said that officers don't have to worry about civil rights and Miranda rights in stopping the looters. Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Clarence Ray Nagin Jr (ˈneɪgɨn (born June 11, 1956) is the Mayor of New Orleans. In the United States, the Miranda warning is a Warning given by Police to criminal Suspects in police custody or in a custodial situation before [11] Federal troops were a common sight in New Orleans after Katrina. At one point, as many as 15,000 federal troops and National Guardsmen patrolled the city. Additionally it has been reported that armed contractors from Blackwater USA assisted in policing the city. Blackwater Worldwide, formerly Blackwater USA, is a Private military company founded in 1997 by Erik Prince and Al Clark [12]

See also "What Is Martial Law? And is New Orleans under it?" by the Slate Explainer. Slate is an English-language online current affairs and culture Magazine created in 1996 by former New Republic editor Michael

See also

References

  1. ^ Françoise Dubuc, La Loi martiale telle qu'imposée au Québec en 1837 et en 1838, in Les Patriotes de 1837@1838, May 20, 2000
  2. ^ Chronology of the October Crisis, 1970, and its Aftermath - Quebec History
  3. ^ [1]
  4. ^ Tibet, Proving Truth From Facts
  5. ^ BBC News
  6. ^ a b c Valerie Féron (2001). Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union Military law is a distinct legal system to which members of Armed forces are subject A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies Martial law in Poland (Stan wojenny w Polsce refers to the period of time from December 13, 1981 to July 22, 1983 The office of the Chief martial law administrator was a senior government post created in countries such as Pakistan, Bangladesh and Indonesia that gave The DEFense readiness CONdition ( DEFCON) is a measure of the activation and readiness level of the United States Armed Forces. Palestine(s): Les déchirures. Paris, Editions du Felin. ISBN 2866453913.  
  7. ^ Bassma Kodmani-Darwish (1997). La Diaspora Palestinienne. ISBN 2130484867.  
  8. ^ a b c Yaakov Katz and Amir Mizroch (15 July 2006). Martial Law Declared in the North.
  9. ^ Remarks Of Sen. Patrick Leahy, National Defense Authorization Act For Fiscal Year 2007
  10. ^ CQ Today - Hill Reverses Course on Martial Law
  11. ^ Thompson, Irwin; AP contributions. "Nagin declares Martial Law to crack down on looters", WWLTV, 2005-08-31. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned  
  12. ^ Blackwater: Shadow Army by Jeremy Scahill

External links

Jeremy Scahill is an American investigative journalist with expertise on a number of global issues most notably the recent rise of private military companies (

Dictionary

martial law

-noun

  1. Rules by military authorities, especially when imposed on a civilian population in time of war or other crisis, or in an occupied territory
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