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For other uses, see Martial arts (disambiguation).
A block print from the Wu Pei Chih ("Bubishi" in Japanese), an 18th or 19th century text which describes techniques found in Chinese martial arts (mostly addressing Fujian White Crane Gong-fu).
A block print from the Wu Pei Chih ("Bubishi" in Japanese), an 18th or 19th century text which describes techniques found in Chinese martial arts (mostly addressing Fujian White Crane Gong-fu). Bubishi is the Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese Wu Bei Ji, "Account of Military Arts and Science" Kung fu and wushu are popular terms that have become synonymous with Chinese Martial arts. The legend of the White Crane The Fāng family lived in Fujian, a province of China, in a place where there were many cranes Qīniáng's father

Martial arts are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for combat. The ComBat was an Aluminium Cricket bat and the subject of an incident that occurred at the WACA cricket ground in Perth in December 1979. While they maybe studied for various reasons, martial arts share a single objective: to defeat a person physically or to defend oneself from physical threat. In addition, some martial arts are linked to spiritual or religious beliefs/philosophies such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Daoism or Shinto, Confucianism, and even Islam (by Chinese Muslims) while others have their own spiritual or non-spiritual code of honour. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions is the native religion of Japan and was once its State religion. Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Many arts are also practised competitively most commonly as combat sports, but may also be in the form of dance. A combat sport (also known as a combative sport) is a competitive Contact sport where two combatants fight against each other using certain rules of engagement typically

In popular culture, the term "Martial Arts" often specifically refers to the combat systems that originated in Asian cultures. The culture of Asia is the artificial aggregate of the Cultural heritage of many nationalities, societies, Religions and Ethnic groups However, the term actually refers to any sort of codified combat systems, regardless of origin. Europe is home to many extensive systems of martial arts, both living traditions (e. g. stick and sword fencing and Savate, a French kicking style developed by sailors and street fighters) and older systems collectively referred to as Historical European martial arts that existed until modern times and are now being reconstructed by several organizations. Fencing is the art of armed Combat involving Cutting, Stabbing, or slapping bludgeoning Weapons directly manipulated by hand Savate (pronounced savat also known as boxe française, French boxing, French Kickboxing or French Footfighting This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. In Martial arts, Combat sports or Violence, a kick is a strike using the Foot, leg, or Knee (also known as a knee HEMA redirects here See HEMA (disambiguation for other uses Historical European Martial arts are Martial arts of European origin In the Americas, Native Americans have a tradition of open-handed martial arts, which includes wrestling, and Hawaiians have historically practiced arts featuring small and large joint manipulation. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. "Kanaka" redirects here For the Tamil actress see Kanaka (actress. A mix of origins occur in the athletic movements of Capoeira, a practice that was created in Brazil by slaves and was based on skills brought with them from Africa. Capoeira (kapuˈejɾɐ is a brazilian art form that ritualizes movement from Martial arts, Games, and Dance. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld

While each style has unique facets that make it different from other martial arts, a common characteristic is the systemization of fighting techniques. Methods of training vary and may include sparring or forms (kata), which are sets or routines of techniques that are performed alone, or sometimes with a partner, and which are especially common in the Asian and Asian-derived martial arts,[1]. For other uses see Kata (disambiguation. is a Japanese word describing detailed choreographed patterns of movements practiced either solo or

The word 'martial' derives from the name of Mars, the Roman god of war. Mars was the Roman Warrior god, the son of Juno and Jupiter, husband of Bellona, and the lover of Venus. The term 'Martial Arts' literally means arts of war. This term comes from 15th century Europeans who were referring to their own fighting arts that are today known as Historical European martial arts. HEMA redirects here See HEMA (disambiguation for other uses Historical European Martial arts are Martial arts of European origin A practitioner of martial arts is referred to as a martial artist.

Contents

Variation and scope

Martial arts vary widely, and may focus on a specific area or combination of areas, but they can be broadly grouped into focusing on strikes, grappling, or weapons training. A strike is an attack with an inanimate object such as a Weapon, or with a part of the human body intended to cause an effect upon an opponent or to simply cause harm to Grappling refers to the gripping handling and controlling of an opponent without the use of striking, typically through the application of various Grappling holds Below is a list of examples that make extensive use of one these areas; it is not an exhaustive list of all arts covering the area, nor are these necessarily the only areas covered by the art but are the focus or best known part as examples of the area:

Some arts have a very specific focus while others, such as Mixed martial arts, are more syncretic.
Some arts have a very specific focus while others, such as Mixed martial arts, are more syncretic. Mixed martial arts (MMA is a full contact Combat sport that allows a wide variety of fighting techniques from a mixture of Martial arts traditions and Syncretism consists of the attempt to reconcile disparate or contradictory beliefs often while melding practices of various schools of thought

Striking

Grappling

Weaponry

Many martial arts, especially those from Asia, also teach side disciplines which pertain to medicinal practices. An elbow strike (commonly referred to as simply an " elbow " is a strike with the point of the elbow the part of the forearm nearest to the elbow or A knee strike (commonly referred to simply as a knee) is a strike with the Knee, either with the Kneecap or the surrounding area Open-hand strikes include various techniques used in the Martial arts to attack or defend without curling the hand into a fist Muay Thai ( IPA: /muɑɪtʰɑɪ/ muāitʰāi มวยไทย lit ( or is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Islands from indigenous fighting methods and Chinese Kenpō. Shaolin Kung Fu refers to a collection of Chinese martial arts that claim affiliation with the Shaolin Monastery. Grappling refers to the gripping handling and controlling of an opponent without the use of striking, typically through the application of various Grappling holds A throw (in Japanese martial arts referred to as nage-waza, 投げ技 "throwing technique" is a Martial arts term for a Grappling Glíma is the Icelandic national style of amateur Folk wrestling. meaning "gentle way" is a modern Japanese martial art ( Gendai budō) and Combat sport, that originated in Japan in the late literally meaning the " art of softness " or "way of yielding" is a collective name for Japanese martial art styles consisting of grappling Sambo (самбо—also called Sombo or Cambo and sometimes written in all-caps is a modern Martial art, combat sport and Self-defense Shuai jiao ( is the modern Chinese term for Wrestling. In a Western context the term refers specifically to Chinese and Mongolian styles A joint lock is a Grappling technique involving manipulation of an opponent's Joints in such a way that the joints reach their maximal degree of motion is a Japanese martial art developed by Morihei Ueshiba as a synthesis of his martial studies philosophy and religious beliefs Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu ( BJJ) is a Martial art and Combat sport that focuses on Grappling and especially Ground fighting with the goal Hapkido (also spelled hap ki do or hapki-do) is a dynamic and eclectic Korean martial art. meaning "gentle way" is a modern Japanese martial art ( Gendai budō) and Combat sport, that originated in Japan in the late Wrestling is the act of physical engagement between two people in which each wrestler strives to get an advantage over or control of the opponent A weapon is a Tool used either in Hunting, or attack or defence in Combat for the purpose of subduing enemy personnel or to destroy enemy weapons Fencing is the art of armed Combat involving Cutting, Stabbing, or slapping bludgeoning Weapons directly manipulated by hand Gatka ਗਤਕਾ gatkā (Meaning one whose freedom belongs to grace, is a defensive and offensive Sikh martial art associated with the Sikhs or " way of the sword " is the Japanese and South Korean martial art of sword-fighting For the Tamil language Feature film see Silambattam. Silambam (சிலம்பம் or Silambattam (சிலம்பாட்டம் " Eskrima " or " Escrima " refers to a class of Filipino Martial Arts that emphasize stick and sword fighting Jogo do Pau ("stick fencing" or literally "stick (or staff game" is a Portuguese Martial art which developed in the northern regions of is the Japanese martial art of Bayonet fighting History It developed after the end of World War II in order to enable the enthusiasts of the This is particularly prevalent in traditional Chinese martial arts which may teach bone-setting, qigong, acupuncture, acupressure (tui na), and other aspects of traditional Chinese medicine. Kung fu and wushu are popular terms that have become synonymous with Chinese Martial arts. This article is about therapists for John D "Bonesetter" Reese see John D Qigong (or ch'i kung) refers to a wide variety of traditional cultivation practices that involve methods of accumulating circulating and working with Qi or energy History Antiquity In China, the practice of acupuncture can perhaps be traced as far back as Acupressure Tuina redirects here For the Moth Genus, see Tuina (moth. Tui na ( 推[[wikt 拏|拏]] or Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM,) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. [2]

History

Main article: History of martial arts
Further information: Martial arts timeline

Pictorial records of both wrestling and armed combat date to the Bronze Age Ancient Near East, such as the 20th century BC mural in the tomb of Amenemhet at Beni Hassan, or the 26th century BC "Standard of Ur". The early history of Martial arts is difficult to reconstruct This Martial arts timeline is designed to help describe the history of the Martial arts in a linear fashion Wrestling is the act of physical engagement between two people in which each wrestler strives to get an advantage over or control of the opponent The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for The Ancient Near East refers to early Civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq Beni Ḥassān ( Arabic: بني حسان "sons of Ḥassān" was a Bedouin group one of several Yemeni Maqil Arab The Standard of Ur (also known as the "Battle Standard of Ur" or the "Royal Standard of Ur" is a Sumerian artifact excavated from what had

Ancient depiction of Shaolin monks practicing the art of self defense.
Ancient depiction of Shaolin monks practicing the art of self defense. Self-defense (or self-defence &mdash see spelling differences) is the act of defending oneself one's property or the well-being of another from physical harm

Asia

Early history

Main article: Asian martial arts (origins)

The foundation of the Asian martial arts is likely a blend of early Chinese and Indian arts. Theories of the origins of Asian martial arts range from the highly Diffusionist to models which show greater recognition of independent invention This is a list of Martial arts, broken down by region and style Kung fu and wushu are popular terms that have become synonymous with Chinese Martial arts. The Indian subcontinent is home to a variety of Martial arts. Extensive trade occurred between these nations beginning around 600 B. C. , with diplomats, merchants, and monks traveling the Silk Roads. During the Warring States period of Chinese history (480-221 B. C. ) extensive development in martial philosophy and strategy emerged, as described by Sun Tzu in The Art of War (c. Sun Tzu ( ("Master Sun" also called Sun Wu ( is traditionally considered to be the author of The Art of War (also simply called the The Art of War ( is a Chinese military Treatise that was written during the 6th century BC by Sun Tzu. 350 B. C. )

An early legend in martial arts tells the tale of the Indian monk Bodhidharma (also called Daruma), believed to have lived around 550 A. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Biography Contemporary accounts There are two known extant accounts written by contemporaries of Bodhidharma D. The martial virtues of discipline, humility, restraint and respect are attributed to this philosophy. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language [3] Contrary to popular belief, Bodhidharma did not found the Shaolin temple, which was found centuries earlier. Nor did he create Shaolin Kung Fu, which again, was created centuries before his arrival. However, Bodhidharma is believed to have introduced breathing exercises and arts such as Yoga to early monks of the temple.

The teaching of martial arts in Asia has historically followed the cultural traditions of teacher-disciple apprenticeship. Students are trained in a strictly hierarchical system by a master instructor: Sifu in Cantonese or Shifu in Mandarin; Guru in Sanskrit, Hindi, Telugu and Malay; Sensei in Japanese; Sa Bum Nim in Korean; Kalari Gurukkal or Kalari Asaan in Malayalam; Asaan in Tamil language; Achan in Thai; Guro in Tagalog and Saya in Myanmar. Sifu (師傅 or 師父 Pinyin: shīfu, Cantonese: si1 fu6, Vietnamese: Sư phụ) is a Chinese term for A guru (गुरु গুরু is a person who is regarded as having great knowledge wisdom and authority in a certain area and uses it to guide others Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language See Hangul for details on the native Korean writing system Not to be confused with the Malay language. Malayalam (മലയാളം malayāḷaṁ) is a Dravidian language used Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. Thai (th ภาษาไทย, transcription: phasa thai, transliteration:; pʰāːsǎːtʰāj is the national and Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia.

Recent history

Main article: Modern history of East Asian martial arts

The Western interest in Asian Martial arts dates back to the late 19th century, due to the increase in trade between America with China and Japan. The modern (post-1860s History of East Asian martial arts. Developments Koryū is the Japanese term for China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Relatively few Westerners actually practiced the arts, considering it to be mere performance. Edward William Barton-Wright, a railway engineer who had studied Jujutsu while working in Japan between 1894–97, was the first man known to have taught Asian martial arts in Europe. Edward William Barton-Wright CE, MJS (member of the Japan Society (1860-1951 was a British Entrepreneur specialising in both literally meaning the " art of softness " or "way of yielding" is a collective name for Japanese martial art styles consisting of grappling He also founded an eclectic martial arts style named Bartitsu which combined jujutsu, judo, boxing, savate and stick fighting. Bartitsu is an eclectic Martial art and Self-defense method originally developed in England during the years 1898-1902 Stick fighting is a generic term for Martial arts which utilize simple long slender blunt hand-held generally wooden 'sticks' for fighting such as a staff cane walking stick

As Western influence grew in East Asia a greater number of military personnel spent time in China, Japan, and Korea. A soldier is a general English term that refers to a member of a land component of National Armed forces. Exposure to martial arts during the Korean war was also significant. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the The later 1970s and 1980s witnessed an increased media interest in the martial arts, thanks in part to Asian and Hollywood martial arts movies. For other uses see Martial arts (disambiguation Martial arts film is a Film genre that originated in the Pacific Rim. Jackie Chan and Jet Li are prominent movie figures who have been responsible for promoting Chinese martial arts in recent years. Jackie Chan, SBS, MBE (born Chan Kong Sang, 陳港生 on 7 April 1954 is an Actor, action choreographer, Film director Li Lianjie (born April 26 1963 better known by his stage name Jet Li, is a Chinese martial artist (Kung fu Actor, Wushu champion

Europe

Main article: Historical European martial arts
Boxing was practiced in the ancient Mediterranean
Boxing was practiced in the ancient Mediterranean

Martial arts existed in classical European civilization, most notably in Greece where sports were integral to the way of life. HEMA redirects here See HEMA (disambiguation for other uses Historical European Martial arts are Martial arts of European origin Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight, Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Boxing (pygme, pyx), Wrestling (pale) and Pankration (from pan, meaning "all", and kratos, meaning "power" or "strength") were represented in the Ancient Olympic Games. Ancient Greek boxing dates back to at least the eighth century BC ( Homer's Iliad) and was practiced in a variety of social contexts in different Greek city-states Pankration (Παγκράτιο(ν Pagkratio(n,) is a Martial arts sport introduced to the Greek Olympic Games in 648 BC and The Ancient Olympic Games, originally referred to as simply the Olympic Games (Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες Olympiakoi Agones) were a series of Athletic The Romans produced Gladiatorial combat as a public spectacle. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Gladiators (gladiatores "swordsmen" or "one who uses a sword" from la ''gladius'' "sword" were professional fighters in Ancient Rome who fought

A number of historical fencing forms and manuals have survived, and many groups are working to reconstruct older European martial arts. HEMA redirects here See HEMA (disambiguation for other uses Historical European Martial arts are Martial arts of European origin The early history of Martial arts is difficult to reconstruct The process of reconstruction combines intensive study of detailed combat treatises produced from 1400–1900 A. D. and practical training or "pressure testing" of various techniques and tactics. This includes such styles as sword and shield, two-handed swordfighting, halberd fighting, jousting and other types of melee weapons combat. Swordsman redirects here For the comic book characters see Swordsman (comics. This reconstruction effort and modern outgrowth of the historical methods is generally referred to as Western martial arts. Western Martial Arts (WMA refers to formalised fighting techniques and skills of European origin as distinct from those originating in Asia. Many Medieval martial arts manuals have survived, the most famous being Johannes Lichtenauer's Fechtbuch (Sword Tome) of the 14th century. Johannes Liechtenauer (also spelled Lichtenauer) was a 14th century German Fencing master Today Lichtenauer's tome forms the basis of the German school of swordsmanship. The German school of fencing ( de Deutsche Fechtschule) is the historical system of Combat taught in the Holy Roman Empire in the Late Medieval

In Europe, the martial arts declined with the rise of firearms. A firearm is a Tool that projects either single or multiple Projectiles at high velocity through a controlled explosion As a consequence, martial arts with historical roots in Europe do not exist today to the same extent as in Asia, since the traditional martial arts either died out or developed into sports. Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively Swordsmanship developed into fencing. Fencing is the art of armed Combat involving Cutting, Stabbing, or slapping bludgeoning Weapons directly manipulated by hand Boxing as well as forms of wrestling have endured. European martial arts have mostly adapted to changing technology so that while some traditional arts still exist, military personnel are trained in skills like bayonet combat and marksmanship. HEMA redirects here See HEMA (disambiguation for other uses Historical European Martial arts are Martial arts of European origin A bayonet (from French baïonnette) is a Knife - Dagger - or spike-shaped Weapon designed to fit on or over the muzzle Some European weapon systems have also survived as folk sports and as self-defense methods. These include stick-fighting systems such as bataireacht of Ireland, Jogo do Pau of Portugal and the Juego del Palo style(s) of the Canary Islands. Bataireacht (from the Irish bata, meaning stick is the term traditionally applied to various forms of Irish Stick fighting. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Jogo do Pau ("stick fencing" or literally "stick (or staff game" is a Portuguese Martial art which developed in the northern regions of Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Juego del Palo or "the Game of the Stick" is a traditional Martial art /folk sport of Stick fighting practiced in the Canary Islands. The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish

Other martial arts evolved into sports that no longer recognized as combative. One example is the pommel horse event in men's gymnastics, an exercise which itself is derived from the sport of Equestrian vaulting. The pommel horse is an Artistic gymnastics apparatus It is traditionally used by Male Gymnasts due to intense strength requirements Gymnastics is a Sport involving performance of exercises requiring physical strength agility and coordination Equestrian vaulting is most often described as Gymnastics and dance on horseback and like these disciplines it is an art and not a competitive sport Cavalryriders needed to be able to change positions on their horses quickly, rescue fallen allies, fight effectively on horseback and dismount at a gallop. The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on Training these skills on a stationery barrel evolved into sport of gymnastics' pommel horse exercise. More ancient origins exist for the shot put and the javelin throw, both weapons utilized extensively by the Romans. The shot put is an Athletics (track and field event involving "putting" (throwing in a pushing motion a heavy The javelin throw is a Track and field athletics throwing event where the object to be thrown is the javelin, a Spear -like object made of metal fiberglass

Americas

Native peoples of North America and South America had their own martial training which began in childhood. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Some First Nations men and more rarely, some women were called warriors only after they had proved themselves in battle. First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people Most groups selected individuals for training in the use of bows, knives, blowguns, spears, and war clubs in early adolescence. War clubs were the preferred martial weapon because Native American warriors could raise their social status by killing enemies in single combat face to face. In Sociology or Anthropology, social status is the honor or prestige attached to one's position in Society (one's Social position) Warriors honed their weapons skills and stalking techniques through lifelong training.

Okichitaw is a martial art based on Plains Cree of the Canadian Prairies that specialises in the distinctive gunstock war club, but also encorporates the use of bow, knife, long and short lance and tomahawk as well as grappling and striking techniques. Okichitaw is a Martial art based on the fighting techniques of the Assiniboine and Plains Cree Indians intermingled with techniques derived from

Capoeira, with roots in Africa, is a martial art originating in Brazil that involves a high degree of flexibility and endurance. Capoeira (kapuˈejɾɐ is a brazilian art form that ritualizes movement from Martial arts, Games, and Dance. Martial arts are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for Combat. It consists of kicks, elbow strikes, head butts, and sweeps. Brazilian Jiu Jitsu is an adaptation of pre-World War II Judo and jujutsu. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu ( BJJ) is a Martial art and Combat sport that focuses on Grappling and especially Ground fighting with the goal World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Created by Carlos Gracie and his brother Hélio, it was restructured into a sport with a large focus on groundwork. Carlos Gracie (1901-1994 is the co-founder of Gracie Jiu-Jitsu the Brazilian Martial art of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ along with his younger Hélio Gracie (born October 1 1913) is regarded as the creator of Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, along with his older brother Carlos Gracie Sr This system has become a popular martial art and proved to be effective in mixed martial arts competitions such as the UFC and PRIDE. Mixed martial arts (MMA is a full contact Combat sport that allows a wide variety of fighting techniques from a mixture of Martial arts traditions and Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC is a US -based Mixed martial arts (MMA organization currently recognized as the largest MMA promotion in the world PRIDE Fighting Championships ( PRIDE or PRIDE FC for short was a Mixed martial arts organization based in Japan. [4]

As of 2003, over 1. 5 million US citizens practice martial arts. [5]

Africa

African knives may be classified by shape—typically into the 'f' group and the 'circular' group—and have often been incorrectly described as throwing knives. [6]There are also wrestling and grappling techniques found in West Africa. West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. "Stick fighting" formed an important part of Zulu culture in South Africa. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa

Modern history

Wrestling, Javelin, Fencing (1896 Summer Olympics), Archery (1900), Boxing (1904), and more recently Judo (1964) and Tae Kwon Do (2000) are the martial arts that are featured as events in the modern Summer Olympic Games. Wrestling is the act of physical engagement between two people in which each wrestler strives to get an advantage over or control of the opponent The javelin throw is a Track and field athletics throwing event where the object to be thrown is the javelin, a Spear -like object made of metal fiberglass Fencing is the art of armed Combat involving Cutting, Stabbing, or slapping bludgeoning Weapons directly manipulated by hand Archery is the practice of using a bow or Crossbow to shoot Arrows Archery has historically been used in Hunting and Combat and has Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight, meaning "gentle way" is a modern Japanese martial art ( Gendai budō) and Combat sport, that originated in Japan in the late Taekwondo (Korean태권도thɛʔkwʌndo Englishˈteɪˈkwɒnˈdoʊ is a Korean Martial art and the National sport of South Korea The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games

Martial arts also developed among military and police forces to be used as:

Other combative systems having their origins in the modern military include Soviet Bojewoje (Combat) Sambo. Sambo (самбо—also called Sombo or Cambo and sometimes written in all-caps is a modern Martial art, combat sport and Self-defense

On the modern battlefield

U.S. Army Combatives instructor Matt Larsen demonstrates a chokehold
U.S. Army Combatives instructor Matt Larsen demonstrates a chokehold

Some traditional martial concepts have seen new use within modern military training. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Matt Larsen is an American Combatives instructor known as "The Father of Modern Combatives" for his complete rewrite of the United States Army 's combatives A chokehold or stranglehold (in Budo referred to as shime-waza, 絞技 "constriction technique" is a Grappling hold that A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Perhaps the most recent example of this is point shooting which relies on muscle memory to more effectively utilize a firearm in a variety of awkward situations, much the way an iaidoka would master movements with their sword. Point Shooting is a method of shooting a Firearm that relies on a shooter's Instinctive reactions and Kinematics to quickly engage close targets Muscle memory is a common term for Neuromuscular facilitation which is the process of the neuromuscular system memorizing Motor skills Overview A firearm is a Tool that projects either single or multiple Projectiles at high velocity through a controlled explosion is a Japanese martial art associated with the smooth controlled movements of drawing the Sword from its Scabbard, striking or cutting an opponent removing blood

During the World War II era William E. Fairbairn, a Shanghai policeman and a leading Western expert on Asian fighting techniques, was recruited by the Special Operations Executive (SOE) to teach Jujutsu to UK, U.S. and Canadian Special Forces. William Ewart Fairbairn (1885&ndash1960 was a soldier police officer and exponent of hand-to-hand combat method the Close combat, for the Shanghai police between the World Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million The Special Operations Executive ( SOE) (sometimes referred to as "the Baker Street Irregulars " after Sherlock Holmes ' fictional group of helpers The United Kingdom Special Forces ( UKSF) is a UK Ministry of Defence Directorate which also has the capability to provide a Joint Special Operations United States Special Operations Forces are active and reserve Component forces of U Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM is responsible for all special forces operations that will be capable of responding to terrorism and threats to Canadians and Canadian The book Kill or Get Killed, written by Colonel Rex Applegate, became a classic military treatise on hand-to-hand combat. Colonel Rex Applegate (1914-1998 worked in the Office of Strategic Services where he trained allied special forces in close-quarter combat during World War II. This fighting method was called Defendu. Defendu is a modern martial art developed by William E Fairbairn.

Traditional hand-to-hand, knife, and spear techniques continue to see use in the composite systems developed for today's wars. Examples of this include the US Army's Combatives system developed by Matt Larsen, the Israeli army trains its soldiers in Kapap, and Krav Maga, the US Marine Corps's Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP), and Chinese San Shou. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Combatives is a United States Army synonym for Hand-to-hand combat technique Matt Larsen is an American Combatives instructor known as "The Father of Modern Combatives" for his complete rewrite of the United States Army 's combatives The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF) (צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit Kapap (קפא"פ קפ"פ short for Krav Panim el Panim translated as "face to face combat" is a combat system of defensive tactics Hand-to-hand Krav Maga (קרב מגע lit contact combat is a military Hand-to-hand combat system developed in Israel, which assumes No quarter will be The Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP is a combat system developed by the United States Marine Corps to combine existing and new hand-to-hand and Close Sanshou ( or Sanda ( is a Chinese Hand to hand combat, Self-defense system and Combat sport.

Unarmed dagger defenses identical to that found in the fechtbuch of Fiore dei Liberi and the Codex Wallerstein were integrated into the U. Martial arts manuals are instructions with or without illustrations detailing specific techniques of Martial arts. Sir Fior Furlan de Civida d'Austria dei Liberi da Premariacco (ca The Codex Wallerstein ( Augsburg University library I642 is a 15th century Fechtbuch. S. Army's training manuals in 1942[7] and continue to influence today's systems along with other traditional systems such as [[Eskrima|Kali and Eskrima. A Training Manual is a Book or Booklet of instructions designed to improve the quality of a performed task " Eskrima " or " Escrima " refers to a class of Filipino Martial Arts that emphasize stick and sword fighting

The rifle-mounted bayonet, which has its origin in the spear, has seen use by the United States Army, the United States Marine Corps, and the British Army as recently as the Iraq War. A bayonet (from French baïonnette) is a Knife - Dagger - or spike-shaped Weapon designed to fit on or over the muzzle This is an article about a particle accelerator For uses of spear, see Spear or Spear (disambiguation. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign [8]

Testing and competition

Testing or evaluation is important to martial art practitioners of many disciplines who wish to determine their progression or own level of skill in specific contexts. Students within individual martial art systems often undergo periodic testing and grading by their own teacher in order to advance to a higher level of recognized achievement, such as a different belt color or title. A belt is a flexible band typically made of Leather or heavy Cloth, and worn around the Waist. The type of testing used varies from system to system but may include forms or sparring. Sparring is a form of Training common to many Martial arts. Although the precise form varies it is essentially relatively 'free-form' fighting with enough rules

Various forms and sparring are commonly used in martial art exhibitions and tournaments. Some competitions pit practitioners of different disciplines against each other using a common set of rules, these are referred to as mixed martial arts competitions. Mixed martial arts (MMA is a full contact Combat sport that allows a wide variety of fighting techniques from a mixture of Martial arts traditions and Rules for sparring vary between art and organization but can generally be divided into light-contact, medium-contact, and full-contact variants, reflecting the amount of force that should be used on an opponent.

Light- and medium-contact

These types of sparring restrict the amount of force that may be used to hit an opponent, in the case of light sparring this is usual to 'touch' contact, e. g. a punch should be 'pulled' as soon as or before contact is made. In medium-contact the punch would not be 'pulled' but not hit with full force. As the amount of force used is restricted, the aim of these types of sparring is not to knock out an opponent; a point system is used in competitions.

A referee acts to monitor for fouls and to control the match, while judges mark down scores, as in boxing. Particular targets may be prohibited (such as the face or groin), certain techniques may be forbidden, and fighters may be required to wear protective equipment on their head, hands, chest, groin, shins or feet. Personal protective equipment (PPE refers to protective Clothing, Helmets, Goggles, or other garment designed to protect the wearer's body or In some styles (such as fencing and some styles of taekwondo sparring), competitors score points based on the landing of a single technique or strike as judged by the referee, whereupon the referee will briefly stop the match, award a point, then restart the match. Alternatively, sparring may continue with the point noted by the judges.

Some critics of point sparring feel that this method of training teaches habits that result in lower combat effectiveness. Lighter-contact sparring may be used exclusively, for children or in other situations when heavy contact would be inappropriate (such as beginners), medium-contact sparring is often used as training for full-contact.

Full-contact

"Full-contact" sparring or fighting is considered by many to be requisite in learning realistic unarmed combat. Full-contact sparring is different from light and medium-contact sparring in several ways, including reduced use (or no use) of protective gear and the use of strikes that are not pulled but are thrown with full force, as the name implies. In full-contact sparring, the aim of a competitive match is either to knock out the opponent or to force the opponent to submit. Full-contact sparring may include a wider variety of permitted attacks and contact zones on the body.

Where scoring takes place it may be a subsidiary measure, only used if no clear winner has been established by other means; in some competitions, such as the UFC 1, there was no scoring. The Ultimate Fighting Championship (later renamed UFC 1 The Beginning) was the first mixed martial arts (MMA event held by the Ultimate Due to these factors, full-contact matches tend to be more aggressive in character, but rule sets may still mandate the use of protective gloves and forbid certain techniques or actions during a match, such as punching the back of the head.

Nearly all mixed martial arts leagues such as UFC, Pancrase, Shooto use a form of full-contact rules, as do professional boxing organizations and K-1. Pancrase Hybrid Wrestling is a Mixed martial arts organization founded in Japan in 1993 by professional wrestlers Masakatsu Funaki and Minoru Shooto is a Combat sport that is governed by the Shooto Association and the International Shooto Commission. Professional boxing, or prizefighting, emerged in the early twentieth century as Boxing gradually attained legitimacy and became a regulated sanctioned sport K-1 is a Combat sport that combines stand up techniques from Muay Thai, Karate, Taekwondo, Savate, San shou Kyokushin karate requires advanced practitioners to engage in bare-knuckled, full-contact sparring while wearing only a karate gi and groin protector but does not allow strikes to the face, only kicks and knees. is a style of stand-up, Full contact karate, founded in 1964 by who was born under the name Choi Yong-I (최영의 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and Judo matches do not allow striking, but are full-contact in the sense that full force is applied in the application during grappling and submission techniques. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu ( BJJ) is a Martial art and Combat sport that focuses on Grappling and especially Ground fighting with the goal

Sparring debates

Some practitioners believe that sports matches with rules are not a good measure of hand-to-hand combat ability and training for these restrictions may inhibit effectiveness in self defence situations. These practitioners may prefer not to participate in most types of rule-based martial art competition (even one such as vale tudo where there are minimal rules), electing instead to study fighting techniques with little or no regard to competitive rules or, even perhaps, ethical concerns and the law (the techniques practiced may include attacking vulnerable spots such as the groin or the eyes). Vale Tudo ( Portuguese for Anything goes. The individual words translate into English as vale - "is allowed" and tudo - "everything" Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Others maintain that, given proper precautions such as a referee and a ring doctor, sparring, in particular full-contact matches with basic rules, serves as a useful gauge of an individual's overall fighting ability, and that failing to test techniques against a resisting opponent is more likely to impede ability in such situations.

Several traditional martial arts, such as Judo, are Olympic sports.
Several traditional martial arts, such as Judo, are Olympic sports. meaning "gentle way" is a modern Japanese martial art ( Gendai budō) and Combat sport, that originated in Japan in the late

Martial sport

Judo and Tae Kwon Do as well as western archery, boxing, javelin, wrestling and fencing are currently events in the Summer Olympic Games. The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad are an International Multi-sport event, usually quadrennial organised by the International Chinese wushu recently failed in its bid to be included, but is still actively performed in tournaments across the world. Wushu, also known as modern wushu or contemporary wushu, is both an exhibition and a full-contact Sport derived from traditional Chinese martial arts Practitioners in some arts such as kickboxing and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu often train for sport matches, whereas those in other arts such as Aikido and Wing Chun generally spurn such competitions. Some schools believe that competition breeds better and more efficient practitioners, and gives a sense of good sportsmanship. Others believe that the rules under which competition takes place have diminished the combat effectiveness of martial arts or encourage a kind of practice which focuses on winning trophies rather than a focus such as cultivating a particular moral character.

As part of the response to sport martial arts, new forms of competition are being held such as the Ultimate Fighting Championship in the U. Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC is a US -based Mixed martial arts (MMA organization currently recognized as the largest MMA promotion in the world S. or Pancrase, and the PRIDE in Japan which are also known as mixed martial arts (or MMA) events. Mixed martial arts (MMA is a full contact Combat sport that allows a wide variety of fighting techniques from a mixture of Martial arts traditions and The original UFC was fought under very few rules allowing all martial arts styles to enter and not be limited by the rule set.

Some martial artists also compete in non-sparring competitions such as breaking or choreographed techniques poomse, kata or aka. Breaking is a Martial arts skill that is used in competition demonstration and testing The Korean terms hyeong, pumsae and teul (meaning "form" or "pattern" are all used to refer to Martial arts forms that are practitioners ( Bandoist) need to understand various types of body structure first Modern variations of the martial arts include dance-influenced competitions such as tricking. Tricking (Martial Arts Tricking is the informal name

Some martial traditions have been influenced by governments to become more sport-like for political purposes. The central impetus for the attempt by the People's Republic of China in transforming Chinese martial arts into the committee-regulated sport of Wushu was suppressing what they saw as the potentially subversive aspects of martial training, especially under the traditional system of family lineages. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Subversion refers to an attempt to overthrow structures of Authority, including the State. [9]

Dance

As mentioned above, some martial arts in various cultures can be performed in dance-like settings for various reasons, such as for evoking ferocity in preparation for battle or showing off skill in a more stylized manner. Many such martial arts incorporate music, especially strong percussive rhythms.

Examples of such war dances include:

Capoeira is a martial art traditionally performed with a dance-like flavor and to live musical accompaniment, as seen depicted here.
Capoeira is a martial art traditionally performed with a dance-like flavor and to live musical accompaniment, as seen depicted here. Capoeira (kapuˈejɾɐ is a brazilian art form that ritualizes movement from Martial arts, Games, and Dance.

See also

Styles

Over time, the number of martial arts has grown and multiplied, with hundreds and thousands of schools and organizations around the world currently working towards a myriad of goals and practising a huge variety of styles. ecriture bando asiajpg|50px]] ( Burma:) a Self-defense Martial art from Burma. The Gymnopaedia, in ancient Sparta, was a yearly celebration during which naked youths displayed their athletic and martial skills through the medium of dancing The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη Sword dances are recorded from throughout world history There are various traditions of solo and mock battle ( Pyrrhic) sword dances from Greece, the Middle East The weapon dance employs Weapons or stylized versions of weapons—traditionally used in Combat in order to simulate recall or reenact combat or the moves of combat A haka is a traditional Dance form of the Māori of New Zealand. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The "Sabre Dance" is a movement in the final act of the Armenian composer Aram Khachaturian 's Ballet Gayane Aram Khachaturian ( Armenian: Արամ Խաչատրյան Aram Xačatryan; Russian: Аpaм Ильич Xaчaтypян Aram Il'ič Hačaturjan Gayane (also Gayaneh and Gayne, after the Armenian saint) is a four-act Ballet with music by Aram Khachaturian. The Maasai are an indigenous African Ethnic group of semi-nomadic people located in Kenya and northern Tanzania. In Anthropology, an age set is a Social category or corporate Social group, consisting of people of similar age who have a common identity maintain close Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated Khattak is the name of a swift martial sword-dance of the Khattak tribe of Pashtuns in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Capoeira (kapuˈejɾɐ is a brazilian art form that ritualizes movement from Martial arts, Games, and Dance. A dirk dance is a Scottish Dance performed while brandishing a Dirk. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Scottish Sword dances are ritualistic and combative dances that imitated epic deeds and martial skills and are a familiar feature in Scottish Tradition and Hula (ˈhuːlə is a dance form accompanied by chant or song It was developed in the Hawaiian Islands by the Polynesians who originally settled there Combat Hopak (Бойовий Гопак Boyovyy Hopak) is a Martial art, based on the Ukrainian traditional dance Hopak. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast This Martial arts timeline is designed to help describe the history of the Martial arts in a linear fashion The following is a partial list of Martial arts weapons. Bow and Arrow Crossbow Longbow Main article is Martial arts. This list covers topics not covered in the following lists

References

  1. ^ Samples of forms from different arts
  2. ^ Internal Kung Fu
  3. ^ Reid, Howard and Croucher, Michael. This is a list of Martial arts, broken down by region and style Many works of Fiction such as movies and books have characters that practice Martial arts. The Way of the Warrior-The Paradox of the Martial Arts" New York. Overlook Press: 1983.
  4. ^ fighting art used in the UFC
  5. ^ Martial arts in America
  6. ^ Spring, Christopher (1989). Swords and Hilt Weapons. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, pp. 204-217. ISBN ISBN.  
  7. ^ Vail, Jason (2006). Medieval and Renaissance Dagger Combat. Paladin Press, pp. 91-95.  
  8. ^ Bayonet use
  9. ^ Fu, Zhongwen (1996, 2006). Mastering Yang Style Taijiquan. Berkeley, California: Blue Snake Books. ISBN (trade paper).  

External links

Dictionary

martial arts

-noun

  1. Plural form of martial art.
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