| Close relationships |
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Affinity • Attachment • Bonding • Boyfriend • Casual • Cohabitation • Compersion • Concubinage • Consort • Courtship • Divorce • Domestic partnership • Dower, dowry, and bride price • Family • Friendship • Girlfriend • Husband • Infatuation • Intimacy • Jealousy • Limerence • Love • Marriage • Monogamy • Nonmonogamy • Passion • Pederasty • Platonic love • Polyamory • Polyfidelity • Polygamy • Psychology of monogamy • Relationship abuse • Romance • Separation • Sexuality • Serial monogamy • Sexual orientation • Significant other • Soulmate • Wedding • Widowhood • Wife |
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| Family law |
|---|
| Entering into marriage |
| Prenuptial agreement · Marriage |
| Common-law marriage |
| Same-sex marriage |
| Legal states similar to marriage |
| Cohabitation · Civil union |
| Domestic partnership |
| Registered partnership |
| Putative marriage |
| Dissolution of marriage |
| Annulment · Divorce · Alimony |
| Issues affecting children |
| Paternity · Legitimacy · Adoption |
| Legal guardian · Ward |
| Emancipation of minors · Foster care |
| Child Protective Services |
| Parental responsibility |
| Contact (including Visitation) |
| Residence in English law |
| Custody · Child support |
| Areas of possible legal concern |
| Spousal abuse · Child abuse |
| Child abduction · Child marriage |
| Adultery · Bigamy · Incest |
| Conflict of Laws Issues |
| Marriage · Nullity · Divorce |
Marriage is a personal union of individuals. An interpersonal relationship is a relatively long-term association between two or more people Affinity in terms of Sociology, refers to " Kinship of Spirit " interest and other interpersonal commonalities. Attachment in adults deals with the theory of attachment in adult romantic relationships Human bonding refers to the development of a close Interpersonal relationship between family members or friends NOTICE*************** Casual relationship is a term used to describe the physical and emotional relationship between two people who may have a Sexual relationship or a near-sexual relationship without Cohabitation is when people live together in an emotionally- and/or physically- Intimate relationship. Compersion is a term used by practitioners of Polyamory or Swingers to describe the experience of taking pleasure that one's partner is with another person Concubinage is the state of a woman or youth in an ongoing quasi-matrimonial relationship with a man of higher social status CONSORT is the name of the combined Integrated library system shared by the CONSORT Colleges. Courtship is the traditional dating period before engagement and marriage Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage. A domestic partnership is a legal or Personal relationship between two individuals who live together and share a common domestic life but are neither joined by a traditional Not to be confused with Dowry, or with Dour. Dower or morning gift ( Latin doarium, or Latinized A dowry (also known as trousseau or tocher) is the money goods or estate that a woman brings to her soon to be husband in marriage Bride price also known as bride wealth is an amount of Money or Property or Wealth paid by the groom or his family to the Parents of Family denotes a group of People affiliated by consanguinity affinity or co-residence Friendship is a term used to denote co-operative and supportive behavior between two or more beings Girlfriend is a term that can refer to either a Female partner in a non- marital romantic relationship or a female non-intimate Friend A husband is a Male spouse (participant in a Marriage, Civil union or Civil partnership. Infatuation is the state of being completely carried away by unreasoned passion or Love; addictive love The meaning of intimacy varies from relationship to relationship and within a given relationship Limerence, as posited by psychologist Dorothy Tennov, is an involuntary Cognitive and emotional state in which a person feels an intense romantic Love is any of a number of Emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong Affection. Monogamy is the custom or condition of having only one mate in a Relationship, thus forming a Couple. Nonmonogamy is a Blanket term covering several different types of Interpersonal relationship in which some or all participants have multiple marital, Passion (from the Latin patior, meaning to suffer or to endure is an emotion of feeling very strongly about a person Pederasty or paederasty refers to an erotic relationship sexually expressed or not between an adolescent boy and an adult male outside his immediate family Amor Platonicus The term amor platonicus was coined as early as the 15th century by the Florentine scholar Marsilio Ficino Polyamory (from Greek el πολυ meaning many or several and Latin la amor “love” is the desire practice or acceptance of having more than one Polyfidelity is a form of polyamorous Group marriage wherein all members consider each other to be primary partners and agree to be sexual only with other members The term polygamy (a Greek word meaning "the practice of multiple marriage" is used in related ways in Social anthropology, Sociobiology, and The psychology of monogamy deals with the thoughts feelings and behaviors that commonly occur in monogamous relationships Abuse refers to the use or treatment of something (a person item substance concept or vocabulary that is harmful NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** Legal separation (sometimes "separate maintenance" " divorce a mensa et thoro," or "divorce from bed-and-board" is a possible step towards Human sexual behavior or different human sexual practices encompass a wide range of activities such as strategies to find or attract partners ( Mating and display Serial monogamy is characterized by a series of long- or short-term exclusive Sexual relationships entered into consecutively over the lifespan Sexual orientation is believed to refer to "an enduring pattern of emotional romantic and/or sexual attractions to men women or both sexes NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** Soulmate (or soul mate) is a term sometimes used to designate someone with whom one has a feeling of deep and natural affinity Friendship, Love, Intimacy A wedding is the Ceremony in which two people are united in Marriage. WIDOW is a full-length Album recorded by British rock band Ritual released in 1983 A wife is a Female spouse or participant in a Marriage, or Civil union or Civil partnership. Family law is an area of the Law that deals with family-related issues and Domestic relations including but not limited to the nature of A prenuptial agreement, antenuptial agreement, or premarital agreement, commonly abbreviated to prenup or prenupt, is a Contract entered Common-law marriage (or Common law marriage) sometimes called de facto marriage, informal marriage or marriage by habit and repute Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same Cohabitation is when people live together in an emotionally- and/or physically- Intimate relationship. A civil union is a legally recognized union similar to Marriage. A domestic partnership is a legal or Personal relationship between two individuals who live together and share a common domestic life but are neither joined by a traditional Registered partnership is one of several terms synonymous with a Civil union or Civil partnership similar to Marriage, typically created in order to provide A putative marriage is an apparently valid Marriage, entered into in Good faith on the part of at least one of the partners but that is legally invalid due to Annulment in the Catholic Church See also Annulment (Catholic Church In the Roman Catholic Church, a marriage is considered to be a valid contract Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage. Alimony, maintenance or spousal support is an obligation established by Law in many countries that is based on the premise that both spouses have an absolute In law Paternity is the legal acknowledgment of the parental relationship between a man and a child usually based on several factors In Common law, legitimacy is the status of a Child that is born to parents who are legally married to one another or that is born shortly after the Adoption is the act of legally placing a child with a Parent or parents other than those to whom they were born A legal guardian is a person who has the legal authority (and the corresponding duty to care for the personal and Property interests of another person called a ward In Law, a ward is someone placed under the protection of a Legal guardian. Emancipation of minors is a legal mechanism by which a child is freed from control by their parent(s/guardian(s and the parent(s/guardian(s is/are freed from any and all responsibility Foster care is a system by which a certified stand-in "parent(s" cares for minor Children or young peoples who have been removed from their birth parents Child Protective Services (CPS is the name of a Governmental agency in many states of the United States that responds to reports of Child abuse In the states of the European Union and elsewhere parental responsibility refers to the rights and privileges which underpin the relationship between a In Family law, contact (or in the United States, visitation) is one of the general terms which denotes the level of contact a parent or other significant Residence is a term used to refer to not always similar concepts in various parts of English law including taxation immigration and family law Child custody and '''guardianship''' are Legal terms which are sometimes used to describe the legal and practical relationship between a Parent and his In family law and government policy child support or child maintenance is the ongoing obligation for a periodic payment made directly or indirectly by a non-custodial parent Domestic violence (also known as domestic abuse or spousal abuse) occurs when a family member partner or ex-partner attempts to physically or psychologically dominate Child abuse is the physical, psychological or sexual maltreatment of children Child abduction is the abduction or kidnapping of a Child (or Baby) by an older person Child marriage usually refers to two separate social phenomena which are practiced in some societies Adultery is the voluntary Sexual intercourse between a married person and another person who is not his or her Spouse, though in many places it is The term polygamy (a Greek word meaning "the practice of multiple marriage" is used in related ways in Social anthropology, Sociobiology, and Incest refers to any sexual activity between closely related persons (often within the immediate family that is illegal or socially Taboo. Conflict of laws (or private international law) is that branch of International law and intranational interstate law that regulates all Lawsuits involving In Conflict of laws, the issue of Marriage has assumed increasing public policy significance in a world of increasing multi-ethnic multi-cultural Community In Conflict of Laws, the issue of nullity (known as Annulment in the United States) in Family Law inspires a wide response among the laws In modern Society, the role of marriage and its termination through Divorce have become political issues This union may also be called matrimony, while the ceremony that marks its beginning is called a wedding and the status created is sometimes called wedlock. A wedding is the Ceremony in which two people are united in Marriage.
Marriage is an institution in which interpersonal relationships (usually intimate and sexual) are sanctioned with governmental, social, or religious recognition. An interpersonal relationship is a relatively long-term association between two or more people The meaning of intimacy varies from relationship to relationship and within a given relationship Human sexual behavior or different human sexual practices encompass a wide range of activities such as strategies to find or attract partners ( Mating and display For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Definition In the absence of agreement about its meaning the term "social" is used in many different senses referring among other things to attitudes A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos It is often created by a contract or through civil processes. A contract is an exchange of promises between two or more parties to do or refrain from doing an act which is enforceable in a court of law Civil marriage is the legal concept of marriage as a governmental institution, in accordance with marriage laws of the land. Marriage laws refer to the legal requirements which determine the validity of a Marriage, which vary considerably between countries If recognized by the State, by the religion(s) to which the parties belong and/or by society in general, the act of marriage changes the personal status of the individuals in the eyes of those authorities that recognize it. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos In Sociology or Anthropology, social status is the honor or prestige attached to one's position in Society (one's Social position)
People marry for many reasons, but usually one or more of the following: legal, social, and economic stability; the formation of a family unit; procreation and the education and nurturing of children; legitimizing sexual relations; public declaration of love; or to obtain citizenship. Family denotes a group of People affiliated by consanguinity affinity or co-residence Reproduction is the Biological process by which new individual Organisms are produced Love is any of a number of Emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong Affection. [1][2]
Marriage may take many forms: for example, a union between one man and one woman as husband and wife is a monogamous heterosexual marriage; polygamy — in which a person takes more than one spouse — is common in many societies;[3] and, in some jurisdictions[4] and denominations, a same-sex marriage unites people of the same sex. The type functions and characteristics of Marriage vary from culture to culture and can change over time A man is a Male Human. The term man (irregular plural A husband is a Male spouse (participant in a Marriage, Civil union or Civil partnership. A wife is a Female spouse or participant in a Marriage, or Civil union or Civil partnership. Monogamy is the custom or condition of having only one mate in a Relationship, thus forming a Couple. Heterosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the opposite sex or to a heterosexual orientation The term polygamy (a Greek word meaning "the practice of multiple marriage" is used in related ways in Social anthropology, Sociobiology, and A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions Church (disambiguation A religious denomination is a subgroup within a Religion that operates under a common name tradition and identity Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation.
A marriage is often declared by a wedding ceremony,[5] which may be performed either by a religious officiant, by a secular government-sanctioned officiator, or (in weddings that have no church or state affiliation) by a trusted friend of the wedding participants. A wedding is the Ceremony in which two people are united in Marriage. A ceremony is an activity infused with Ritual significance performed on a special occasion Secularity ( adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from Religion. The act of marriage usually creates normative or legal obligations between the individuals involved and, in many societies, their extended families.
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Finding a partner
A marriage partner may be found by the person wishing to be married through the process of courtship. Courtship is the traditional dating period before engagement and marriage Alternatively, marriages may be arranged by an outside party. This is known as an arranged marriage. Arranged marriage (also called prearranged marriage) is a Marriage arranged by someone other than the persons getting married curtailing or avoiding the process
Typically an arranged marriage will be finalized only if the candidates approve of the union. Parents sometimes enforce arranged marriages on their children because of cultural tradition or for some other special reason (e. g. , dowry). A dowry (also known as trousseau or tocher) is the money goods or estate that a woman brings to her soon to be husband in marriage Sometimes a person seeking marriage is comfortable with having his or her marriage arranged and, even disregarding parental preference, would freely choose an arranged marriage. Forced marriage is common in only a few communities and often attracts harsh criticism even from people who are generally in favor of arranged marriage. Forced marriage is a term used to describe a marriage in which one or more of the parties is married without his or her consent or against his or her will
Arranged marriage
A pragmatic (or 'arranged') marriage is made easier by formal procedures of family or group politics. Arranged marriage (also called prearranged marriage) is a Marriage arranged by someone other than the persons getting married curtailing or avoiding the process Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent Maria Theresa of Spain (Marie Thérèse ( September 10, 1638 &ndash July 30, 1683) was the Queen consort of France A responsible authority sets up or encourages the marriage; they may, indeed, engage a professional matchmaker to find a suitable spouse for an unmarried person. Matchmaking is any process of introducing people for the purposes of Dating and Mating, usually in the context of Marriage. The authority figure could be parents, family, a religious official, or a group consensus.
In some cases, the authority figure may choose a match for purposes other than marital harmony. Some of the most popular uses of arranged marriage are for dowry or immigration. A dowry (also known as trousseau or tocher) is the money goods or estate that a woman brings to her soon to be husband in marriage Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term
Though now a rarity in Western countries, arranged marriages in countries such as India are still prevalent today. In rural villages, the marriage of a child often has much to do with family property. Parents adopt the practice of child marriage and arrange the wedding, sometimes even before the child is born (though this practice was made illegal by the Child Marriage Restraint Act of the Indian Government). In urban India, people use thriving institutions known as Marriage Bureaus or Matrimonials Sites, where candidates register themselves for small fees. Marriage websites, or online matrimonial sites, are a variation of the standard dating websites with a focus on those wanting marriage rather than simply dating A related form of pragmatic marriage, sometimes called a marriage of convenience, involves immigration laws. A marriage of convenience (plural marriages of convenience) is a Marriage contracted for reasons other than the reasons of relationship family or love According to one publisher of information about "green card" marriages, "Every year over 450,000 United States citizens marry foreign-born individuals and petition for them to obtain a permanent residency (Green Card) in the United States. "[6] While this is likely an over-estimate, in 2003 alone 184,741 immigrants were admitted to the U. S. as spouses of U. S. citizens. [7]
Marriage in Europe
Although the institution of marriage pre-dates reliable recorded history, many cultures have legends or religious beliefs concerning the origins of marriage. Recorded history can be defined as History that has been written down or recorded by the use of Language, whereas History is a more general term referring [8]
No specific civil ceremony was required for the creation of a marriage among the Greeks and Romans; only mutual agreement and the fact that the couple must regard each other as husband and wife accordingly. In Ancient Greece, men usually married when they were in their 30's. They expected their wives to be in their early teens. This age-structured relationship was also prevalent in same-sex relationships among the Ancient Greeks. Married Greek women had few rights in ancient Greek society and were expected to take care of the house and children. There was not as much emphasis on age disparity among the Romans in marriage. The husband was often older than the bride; he might be only two years older but sometimes could be as much as three times her age. Unlike Greek brides, Roman brides had many more rights, especially during the Roman Empire. There were two types of marriages in Roman society. The traditional form was called conventio in manum. In this type of marriage, a woman lost her family rights of inheritance of her old family and gained them with her new one. She now was subject to the authority of her husband.
Alternatively there was the free marriage known as sine manu . In this arrangement the wife remained a member of her original family. She stayed under the authority of her father and kept her family rights of inheritance with her old family, though didn't gain any with the new family. This marriage could simply be annulled by the separation of the couple.
The first recorded use of the word "marriage" for same-sex couples also occurs during the Roman Empire. A number of marriages are recorded to have taken place during this period. [9] In the year 342, the Christian emperors Constantius and Constans declared that same-sex marriage to be illegal. Constantius may refer to Constantius Chlorus, Roman emperor 305–306 Constantius II, Roman emperor 337–361 Constantius Flavius Julius Constans (320-350 was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 337 to 350 [10] In the year 390, the Christian emperors Valentinian II, Theodoisus and Arcadius declared homosexual sex to be illegal and those who were guilty of it were condemned to be burned alive in front of the public. [11]
In Catholicism, the Council of Trent made the validity of marriage dependent upon its being performed before an ordained member of the clergy and two witnesses. The Council of Trent was the 19th Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. The Council also authorized a Catechism, issued in 1566, which defined marriage as, "The conjugal union of man and woman, contracted between two qualified persons, which obliges them to live together throughout life. A catechism (ˈkætəkɪzəm κατηχισμός is a summary or exposition of Doctrine, traditionally used in Christian religious teaching from New Testament "[12]
Marriage has changed throughout the history of Europe, in the 1200s in England it was unlawful for a woman younger than 24 years to marry, but this changed, beginning in the 1500s, to 20 years of age. [13]
In the Middle Ages the Church only allowed annulment for consanguinity and adultery but during the reformation, Luther and others made marriage a civil institution instead of a sacramental one. Consanguinity (" con- (with sanguine (blood -ity" refers to the property of being from the same Lineage as another person Adultery is the voluntary Sexual intercourse between a married person and another person who is not his or her Spouse, though in many places it is This made way for the rights of women to divorce their husbands for faults such as impotency. [14]
In the United Kingdom, the Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act 1907 was a statute passed by Parliament that removed the prohibition forbidding a man to marry the sister of his deceased wife. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act 1907 was a statute passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
European monogamy
European culture and the cultures of the Americas, so far as they descend from it, have for the most part defined themselves as monogamous cultures. This stems from Christianity, which has defined the modern religious concept of marriage in Europe since the Middle Ages. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings However, Roman Law permitted same-sex marriages, prostitution, concubinage, and sexual access to slaves. The Christian West formally banned these practices with laws against same-sex marriage, adultery, fornication, and other relationships outside a monogamous, lifelong covenant. Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same Adultery is the voluntary Sexual intercourse between a married person and another person who is not his or her Spouse, though in many places it is Fornication, or simple fornication is a term which refers to voluntary Sexual intercourse between persons not married to each other
Recognition
The marriage partners usually seek State, religious and social recognition for their relationship, and many societies require official approval of a religious or civil body. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. If recognized by the State, by the religion(s) to which the parties belong and/or by society in general, the act of marriage changes the personal status of the individuals in the eyes of those authorities that recognize it. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos In Sociology or Anthropology, social status is the honor or prestige attached to one's position in Society (one's Social position)
From the early Christian era marriage was thought of as primarily a private matter, with no religious or other ceremony being required. Prior to 1545 Christian marriages in Europe were by mutual consent, declaration of intention to marry and upon the subsequent physical union of the parties. One of the functions of churches from the Middle Ages was to register marriages, which was not obligatory. There was no State involvement in marriage and personal status, which were adjudicated in ecclesiastical courts. An ecclesiastical court (also called "Court Christian" or "Court Spiritual" is any of certain Courts having Jurisdiction mainly in spiritual or It was only after the Council of Trent in 1545 that a Roman Catholic marriage would be recognized if the marriage ceremony was officiated by a priest with two witnesses. The Council of Trent was the 19th Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. This change did not extend to the regions affected by the Protestant Reformation[15], where marriage by consent continued to be the norm. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time
In the early modern period, John Calvin and his Protestant colleagues reformulated Christian marriage by enacting the Marriage Ordinance of Geneva, which imposed "The dual requirements of state registration and church consecration to constitute marriage"[16] for recognition. The early modern period is a term initially used by historians to refer mainly to the period roughly from 1500 to 1800 in Western Europe ( Early modern Europe) John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. That was the first State involvement in marriage.
In England and Wales, Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act 1753 required a formal ceremony of marriage, thereby curtailing the practice of Fleet Marriage. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland For other marriage-related legislation see Marriage Act In England and Wales, the Marriage Act 1753, also called Lord Hardwicke A Fleet Marriage is the best-known example of an irregular or a clandestine Marriage taking place in England before the Marriage Act 1753 came into force on March [17]These were clandestine or irregular marriages performed at Fleet Prison, and at hundreds of other places. From the 1690s until the Marriage Act of 1753 as many as 300,000 clandestine marriages were performed at Fleet Prison alone. [18] The Act required a marriage ceremony to be officiated by an Anglican priest in the Anglican Church with two witnesses and registration. See also Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is an international association of national Anglican churches The Act did not apply to Jewish marriages or those of Quakers, whose marriages continued to be governed by their own customs.
In Germany, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck created and recognised a civil marriage (Zivilehe) in 1875. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen Duke of Lauenburg Prince of Bismarck ( April 1, 1815 July 30, 1898) This law permitted a declaration of the marriage before an official clerk of the civil administration, when both spouses affirm their will to marry, to constitute a legally recognised valid and effective marriage, and allowed an optional private clerical marriage ceremony.
In many jurisdictions, a civil marriage may take place as part of the religious marriage ceremony, although they are theoretically distinct. In most American states, a wedding may be officiated by a priest, minister, rabbi or other religious authority, and in such a case the religious authority also acts as an agent of the state. A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities In Christian churches, a minister is someone who is authorized by a church or religious organization to perform clergy functions such as teaching of beliefs Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master In some countries, such as France, Spain, Germany, Turkey, Argentina, Japan and Russia, it is necessary to be married by the State separately from (usually before) any religious ceremony, with the state ceremony being the legally binding one. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Some states allow civil marriages in circumstances which are not allowed by particular religions, such as same-sex marriages or civil unions. Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same A civil union is a legally recognized union similar to Marriage.
Marriage relationships may also be created by the operation of the law alone, as in common-law marriage, sometimes called "marriage by habit and repute. Common-law marriage (or Common law marriage) sometimes called de facto marriage, informal marriage or marriage by habit and repute " This is a judicial recognition that two people who have been living as domestic partners are subject to the rights and obligations of a legal marriage, even without formally marrying. A domestic partnership is a legal or Personal relationship between two individuals who live together and share a common domestic life but are neither joined by a traditional However, in the UK at least, common-law marriage has been abolished and there are no rights available unless a couple marries or enters into a civil partnership.
Lack of recognition
Normally a marriage entered into in one country will be recognised in other countries. Sometimes, however, a religious ceremony or a marriage entered into in another country is not recognized by the State. (See Marriage (conflict). In Conflict of laws, the issue of Marriage has assumed increasing public policy significance in a world of increasing multi-ethnic multi-cultural Community )
In some cases couples living together do not wish to be recognised as married, such as when pension rights are adversely affected, or because of taxation consideration, or because of immigration issues, and many other reasons.
Rights and obligations
A marriage, by definition, bestows rights and obligations on the married parties, and sometimes on relatives as well, being the sole mechanism for the creation of affinal ties (in-laws). According to the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO there are over a thousand federal laws that treat married people differently from Kinship is a relationship between any entities that share a genealogical origin through either biological cultural or historical descent In law and in cultural Anthropology, affinity, as distinguished from Consanguinity, is kinship by Marriage. These may include:
- giving a husband/wife or his/her family control over a spouse’s sexual services, labor, and/or property.
- giving a husband/wife responsibility for a spouse’s debts.
- giving a husband/wife visitation rights when his/her spouse is incarcerated or hospitalized.
- giving a husband/wife control over his/her spouse’s affairs when the spouse is incapacitated.
- establishing the second legal guardian of a parent’s child.
- establishing a joint fund of property for the benefit of children. A concurrent estate or co-tenancy is a concept in Property law, particularly derived from the Common law of Real property, which describes
- establishing a relationship between the families of the spouses.
These rights and obligations vary considerably between societies, and between groups within society. [19].
The rights and obligations of the partners to a marriage are most apparent at the time of its breakdown, either by separation, divorce or the death of one of the partners. sEParation is an EP by Destroy Babylon, released on May 4th 2007 Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage.
Cohabitation
- See also: cohabitation
Marriage is an institution which can join together people's lives in a variety of emotional and economic ways. Cohabitation is when people live together in an emotionally- and/or physically- Intimate relationship. An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings thoughts and behaviours Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. In many Western cultures, marriage usually leads to the formation of a new household comprising the married couple, with the married couple living together in the same home, often sharing the same bed, but in some other cultures this is not the tradition. [20] Among the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, residency after marriage is matrilocal, with the husband moving into the household of his wife's mother. The Minangkabau ethnic group (also known as Minang or Padang) is indigenous to the highlands of West Sumatra, in Indonesia. West Sumatra ( Indonesian: Sumatera Barat, abbreviated to Sumbar) is a province of Indonesia. In Social anthropology, matrilocal residence or matrilocality (also uxorilocal residence or uxorilocality) is a term referring to the societal [21] Residency after marriage can also be patrilocal or avunculocal. In Social anthropology, patrilocal residence or patrilocality (also virilocal residence or virilocality) is a term referring to the social An avunculocal society is one in which a married couple traditionally lives with the man's mother's eldest brother which most often occurs in Matrilineal societies Also, in southwestern China, walking marriages, in which the husband and wife do not live together, have been a traditional part of the Mosuo culture. Walking marriage is a widely-used misnomer for the sort of romantic and sexual relationships embedded in the culture of especially the Mosuo ethnic minority of China The Mosuo ( also spelled Moso or Musuo) are a small Ethnic group living in Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces in China, close [22] Walking marriages have also been increasingly common in modern Beijing. Guo Jianmei, director of the center for women's studies at Beijing University, told a Newsday correspondent, "Walking marriages reflect sweeping changes in Chinese society. Newsday is a daily Tabloid -size Pulitzer Prize winning Newspaper that primarily serves Long Island and the New York City "[23] A similar arrangement in Saudi Arabia, called misyar marriage, also involves the husband and wife living separately but meeting regularly. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Nikah Misyar or " travellers' marriage " ( Arabic: ar '''نكاح المسيار''' is the Sunni Muslim Nikah ( Marriage [24] Conversely, marriage is not a prerequisite for cohabitation. Cohabitation is when people live together in an emotionally- and/or physically- Intimate relationship.
Sex and procreation
Marriage typically requires consummation by sexual intercourse, and non-consummation (that is, failure or refusal to engage in sex) may be grounds for an annulment. As a Verb, consummate means to bring something to its completion such as a transaction concept plan or action Sexual intercourse, in its biological sense is the act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals enters the female reproductive tract Annulment in the Catholic Church See also Annulment (Catholic Church In the Roman Catholic Church, a marriage is considered to be a valid contract [25]
There are some married couples who remain childless either by choice or due to infertility or other factors preventing conception or bearing of children. Childfree is a term used to describe individuals who neither have nor desire to have Children An alternative term is childless by choice. Female infertility|Male infertility Infertility primarily refers to the biological inability of a Man or a Woman to contribute to conception. Controversy over the beginning of pregnancy usually occurs in the context of the Abortion debate In some cultures, marriage imposes an obligation on women to bear children. In northern Ghana, for example, payment of bridewealth signifies a woman's requirement to bear children, and women using birth control face substantial threats of physical abuse and reprisals. The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the Bride price also known as bride wealth is an amount of Money or Property or Wealth paid by the groom or his family to the Parents of [26]
On the other hand, marriage is not a prerequisite for having children, and having children outside of marriage is today not as uncommon as it used to be. In the United States, the National Center for Health Statistics reported that in 1992, 30. 1 percent of births were to unmarried women. [27][28] In 2006, that number had risen to 38. 5 percent. [29] Until recently, children born outside of marriage were termed illegitimate and suffered legal disadvantages and social stigma. In Common law, legitimacy is the status of a Child that is born to parents who are legally married to one another or that is born shortly after the In sociological theory a stigma is an attribute behavior or reputation which is socially discrediting in a particular way it causes an individual to be mentally classified by others In recent years the legal relevance of illegitimacy has declined and social acceptance increased, especially in western countries.
Many of the world's major religions look with disfavor on sexual relations outside of marriage. Sexual intercourse, in its biological sense is the act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals enters the female reproductive tract [30] Some teach that sexual relations without marriage is fornication, which is sometimes also socially discouraged or even criminal. Fornication, or simple fornication is a term which refers to voluntary Sexual intercourse between persons not married to each other Sex with a married person other than one's spouse is called adultery, and is also frequently disapproved by the major world religions, and has often been - in some jurisdictions continues to be - a crime and grounds for divorce. Adultery is the voluntary Sexual intercourse between a married person and another person who is not his or her Spouse, though in many places it is (See adultery. Adultery is the voluntary Sexual intercourse between a married person and another person who is not his or her Spouse, though in many places it is )
Polygamy
- See also: forms of nonmonogamy
Polygamous marriage, in which a person is married to more than one spouse at one time, is accepted by many societies, though it is far less common than monogamy. The term polygamy (a Greek word meaning "the practice of multiple marriage" is used in related ways in Social anthropology, Sociobiology, and Nonmonogamy is a Blanket term covering several different types of Interpersonal relationship in which some or all participants have multiple marital, The term polygamy (a Greek word meaning "the practice of multiple marriage" is used in related ways in Social anthropology, Sociobiology, and [3] Africa has the highest rate of polygamy in the world. [31] In Senegal, for example, nearly 47 percent of marriages are multiple. [32] Polygamy is normally not permitted in most western countries (see bigamy), though some recognise bona fides polygamous marriages entered into in countries that routinely perform such marriages, such as in a Muslim country. The term polygamy (a Greek word meaning "the practice of multiple marriage" is used in related ways in Social anthropology, Sociobiology, and
Polygyny is the typical form of multiple-marriage polygamy, while polyandry is rare. Polygyny (which comes from neo- Greek: πολύ poly "many" + γυνή gyny "woman" is a specific form of Polygamy, In Social anthropology and Sociobiology, polyandry ( Greek: poly - many andros - man refers to a form of polygamous [33] Anthropologists distinguish between multiple-marriage polygamy and group marriage, in which multiple spouses all become married to one another. Group marriage is a form of polyamory in which more than one man and more than one woman form a Family unit with all the members of the group marriage being considered Group marriage is rare. [3] In the United States, the historic Oneida Colony provides a prominent 19th-century example of a group marriage, though it was not recognised by any civil or separate religious authority. The Oneida Community was a Utopian commune founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in Oneida New York.
Marriage restrictions
- See also: marriage law
Marriageable age
The minimum age at which a person is able to lawfully marry, and if parental or other consents are required, vary from country to country. Marriage laws refer to the legal requirements which determine the validity of a Marriage, which vary considerably between countries Marriageable age (or marriage age) is the age at which a person is allowed to marry, either as of right or subject to parental or other forms of consent
As early as 1798, Thomas Malthus proposed delaying the age of marriage to alleviate overpopulation. Thomas Robert Malthus FRS (13 February 1766 – 23 December 1834 was an English political economist and demographer who expressed views Marriageable age (or marriage age) is the age at which a person is allowed to marry, either as of right or subject to parental or other forms of consent Overpopulation refers to a condition where an Organism 's numbers exceed the Carrying capacity of its Habitat.
Gender restrictions
Some government, social, or religious restrictions exist in some countries on the payment of dowry and on the gender of the couple (see same-sex marriage). Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same A dowry (also known as trousseau or tocher) is the money goods or estate that a woman brings to her soon to be husband in marriage For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos A dowry (also known as trousseau or tocher) is the money goods or estate that a woman brings to her soon to be husband in marriage
In response to changing social and political climate, some jurisdictions and/or religious denominations now recognize marriages between people of the same sex, some may instead provide civil unions or domestic partnerships, while some explicitly prohibit same-sex marriages. Church (disambiguation A religious denomination is a subgroup within a Religion that operates under a common name tradition and identity A civil union is a legally recognized union similar to Marriage. A domestic partnership is a legal or Personal relationship between two individuals who live together and share a common domestic life but are neither joined by a traditional Same-sex marriages have also been recorded in the history of pre-modern Europe. [34]
Denmark was the first country in the modern era (in 1989) to extend the rights and responsibilities of marriage to same-sex couples under the name of registered partnership. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Registered partnership is one of several terms synonymous with a Civil union or Civil partnership similar to Marriage, typically created in order to provide Since 2001, five countries have recognised same-sex marriages for civil purposes, namely the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, and South Africa. Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa To avoid the use of the term "marriage", some governments provide civil unions, which are open to couples of the same sex, and in some jurisdictions also to those of opposite sexes who do not want to marry, to confer all or a portion of the benefits of married status. A civil union is a legally recognized union similar to Marriage. Civil unions (and registered/domestic partnerships) are currently recognized and accepted in approximately 30 out of 193 countries worldwide and in some U. S. states. However, in countries where it has been adopted, applications for marriage licenses have far exceeded governmental estimates of demand. [35] Some jurisdictions, such as the nations of Israel, Aruba, and the Netherlands Antilles, as well as the U. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Aruba is a -long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, north of the Paraguaná Peninsula, Falcón State, Venezuela The Netherlands Antilles ( Dutch:) previously known as the Netherlands West Indies or Dutch Antilles/West Indies, is part of the Lesser Antilles S. States of New Mexico, New York and Rhode Island, recognize same-sex marriages lawfully entered into in other countries, while not (yet) permitting them to be performed locally. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States
In addition to civil authorities, some religious denominations ceremonially perform civil unions and same-sex marriages, and recognize them as essentially equivalent to other marriages. For example, Lutheran churches in Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden and some Lutheran churches of the Evangelical Church in Germany allow blessing ceremonies for same-sex couples, as do Unitarian Universalist churches. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. EKD redirects here For the Basque political party see Democracia Cristiana Vasca. Unitarian Universalism ( UUism) is a theologically liberal Religion characterized by its support for a "free and responsible search for truth
In the United States, Massachusetts is the only state to recognize same-sex marriage under the name marriage. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. (In Iowa, a district court that struck down the state's Defense of Marriage Act issued a stay on the ruling the next day, only one same sex couple has been married under Iowa law[36], and the ruling is currently under consideration by the highest court in Iowa. The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. ) The California state supreme court’s decision to overturn a gay marriage ban in May 2008 and subsequent refusal to stay its ruling is expected to make California the second state to permit gay marriage when the ruling takes effect in June. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. This article discusses the state supreme courts in the United States [37] In other states, civil unions or domestic partnerships are available to couples of the same sex, often carrying the same entailments as marriage, under a different name. However, these apply only to benefits under state law, and are not recognized by the U. S. federal government or other states (with a few exceptions).
In Australia, de facto relationships are legally recognized in many, but not all, ways,[38] [39] with some states having registers of de facto relationships, although the federal government has amended existing legislation to specify that only marriages between a man and a woman will be recognized as 'marriages'. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. [40]. As a result, the Australian Capital Territory's 2006 Bill to give civil unions identical status and processes as registered marriages, was repealed by the federal government before it came into effect. } The Australian Capital Territory (ACT is the Capital territory of the Commonwealth of Australia and its smallest self-governing internal territory
These developments have created a political and religious reaction in some countries, including in England, where the Church of England, after long debate, officially banned blessings of gay couples by Church of England clergy,[41] and in the United States. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In contrast to the three above-mentioned U. S. states where the state constitutions have been found by courts to require equivalent marriage for same-sex couples, several states have specifically defined marriage as between a man and a woman, often after popular referenda, including the state of Mississippi which passed a constitutional amendment defining marriage as between a man and a woman and refusing to recognize same-sex marriages from other states with 86% of the vote supporting that proposition. Every state in the United States possesses its own constitution A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States [2]PDF (29. 9 KiB) Federally, the U. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International S. congress has considered, but failed to pass, a Federal Marriage Amendment. The Federal Marriage Amendment (FMA (also referred to by proponents as the Marriage Protection Amendment) is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution In addition, while Lutheran churches in some countries allow blessing ceremonies for same-sex couples, as stated previously, in other countries, (such as Finland) such ceremonies are discouraged and rarely performed by the church. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe.
Kinship restrictions
Societies have often placed restrictions on marriage to relatives, though the degree of prohibited relationship varies widely. In most societies, marriage between brothers and sisters has been forbidden, with Ancient Egyptian, Hawaiian, and Inca royalty being prominent exceptions. In many societies, marriage between some first cousins is preferred, while at the other extreme, the medieval Catholic church prohibited marriage even between distant cousins. Parallel cousin is an anthropological term denoting consanguinial Kin who are in the same Descent group as the subject and are from the parent's The present day Catholic Church still maintains a standard of required distance (in both consanguinity and affinity) for marriage. Consanguinity (" con- (with sanguine (blood -ity" refers to the property of being from the same Lineage as another person In law and in cultural Anthropology, affinity, as distinguished from Consanguinity, is kinship by Marriage.
Social restrictions
In the Indian Hindu community, especially in the Brahmin caste, marrying a person of the same gotra was prohibited, since persons belonging to the same gotra are said to have identical patrilineal descent. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Brahmin ( Brāhmaṇa, sa ब्राह्मणः is the class of educators scholars and preachers in Brahminical Hinduism. For the Wasp Genus, see Gotra (wasp A Gotra is the Lineage For the Wasp Genus, see Gotra (wasp A Gotra is the Lineage Patrilineality (aka agnatic kinship) is a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage it generally involves the Inheritance of property names or titles In ancient India, when gurukuls existed, the shishyas (pupils) were advised against marrying any of guru's children, as shishyas were also considered the guru's children and it would be considered marriage among siblings. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A Gurukul ( Guru refers to "teacher" or "master" Kul refers to his domain from the Sanskrit word kula, meaning extended family A guru (गुरु গুরু is a person who is regarded as having great knowledge wisdom and authority in a certain area and uses it to guide others However, there were exceptions, including Arjuna's son Abhimanyu's marriage to Uttra, the dance student of Arjuna in Mahabharata. Arjuna or Arjun ( Sanskrit: अर्जुन arjuna) is one of the heroes of the Hindu epic Mahābhārata, whose name Abhimanyu ( Sanskrit: अिभमन्यु abhimanyu) (lit The Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 brought reforms in the area of same-gotra marriages, which were banned prior to the act's passage. Now the Indian constitution allows any consenting adult heterosexual couple (women 18 or older and men 21 or older) from any race, religion, caste, or creed to marry.
Many societies have also adopted other restrictions on whom one can marry, such as prohibitions of marrying persons with the same surname, or persons with the same sacred animal. Anthropologists refer to these sorts of restrictions as exogamy. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Exogamy has two related definitions both biological and cultural One example is South Korea's general taboo against a man marrying a woman with the same family name. Marriage for South Koreans is similar to that of their Western counterparts but has unique features of its own The most common surname in South Korea is Kim (almost 20%); however, there are several branches (or clans) in the Kim surname. Kim is the most common family name in Korea. The name is common in both modern-day North Korea and South Korea. (Korean family names are divided into one or more clans. ) Only intra-clan marriages are prohibited, as they are considered one type of exogamy. Exogamy has two related definitions both biological and cultural Thus, many "Kim-Kim" couples can be found.
Societies have also at times required marriage from within a certain group. Anthropologists refer to these restrictions as endogamy. Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a social group. Cultures who practice endogamy require marriage between specified social groups classes or ethnicities An example of such restrictions would be a requirement to marry someone from the same tribe. Racist laws adopted by some societies in the past—such as Nazi-era Germany, apartheid-era South Africa and most of the United States in the nineteenth and the first half of the 20th century—which prohibited marriage between persons of different races could also be considered examples of endogamy. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Interracial marriage occurs when two people of differing racial groups marry, often creating Multiracial children Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a social group. Cultures who practice endogamy require marriage between specified social groups classes or ethnicities In the U.S., many laws banning interracial marriage, which were state laws, were gradually repealed between 1948 and 1967. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Anti-miscegenation laws, also known as miscegenation laws, were laws that banned Interracial marriage and sometimes interracial sex between whites and members of other State law in the United States, is the Law of each separate U The U.S. Supreme Court declared all such laws unconstitutional in the case of Loving v. Virginia in 1967. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Loving v Virginia,, was a landmark Civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court declared Virginia 's Anti-miscegenation [42]
Weddings
A marriage may be celebrated with a wedding ceremony,[43] which can be performed by a religious officiator or through a similar government-sanctioned secular process. A wedding is the Ceremony in which two people are united in Marriage. Despite the ceremony being led by someone else, most religious traditions maintain that the marriage itself is mediated between the two individuals through vows, with the gathered audience witnessing, affirming, and legitimizing the marriage. A vow ( Lat votum, vow promise see Vote) is a promise or Oath. Marriages are perpetual agreements with legal consequences, terminated only by the death of one party or by formal dissolution processes such as divorce and annulment. Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage. Annulment in the Catholic Church See also Annulment (Catholic Church In the Roman Catholic Church, a marriage is considered to be a valid contract
The ceremony in which a marriage is enacted and announced to the community is called a wedding. A wedding is the Ceremony in which two people are united in Marriage. A wedding in which the participants marry in the "eyes of the law" is called a civil marriage. Religions also facilitate weddings, in the "eyes of God". God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. In many European and some Latin American countries, a religious ceremony must be held separate from the civil ceremony. Certain countries, like Belgium, Bulgaria, the Netherlands and Turkey,[44] demand that the civil marriage take place before any religious marriage. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches In some countries — notably the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Norway and Spain — both ceremonies can be held together; the officiant at the religious and community ceremony also serves as an agent of the state to enact the civil marriage. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. That does not mean that the state is "recognizing" religious marriages — the "civil" ceremony just takes place at the same time as the religious ceremony. Often this involves simply signing a register during the religious ceremony. If the civil element of the religious ceremony is omitted, no marriage took place in the eyes of the law.
While some countries, such as Australia, permit marriages to be held in private and at any location, others, including England, require that the civil ceremony be conducted in a place specially sanctioned by law (i. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland e. , a church or registry office), and be open to the public. An exception can be made in the case of marriage by special emergency license, which is normally granted only when one of the parties is terminally ill. Rules about where and when persons can marry vary from place to place. Some regulations require that one of the parties reside in the locality of the registry office.
The way in which a marriage is enacted has changed over time, as has the institution of marriage itself. In Europe during the Middle Ages, marriage was enacted by the couple promising verbally to each other that they would be married to each other; the presence of a priest or other witnesses was not required. This promise was known as the "verbum". If made in the present tense (e. g. "I marry you"), it was unquestionably binding; if made in the future tense ("I will marry you"), it would constitute a betrothal, but if the couple proceeded to have sexual relations, the union was a marriage. Betrothal is a formal state of engagement to be married. Historically betrothal was a formal Contract, blessed or officiated by a religious authority As part of the Reformation, the role of recording marriages and setting the rules for marriage passed to the state; by the 1600s many of the Protestant European countries had heavy state involvement in marriage. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. As part of the Counter-Reformation, the Catholic Church added a requirement of witnesses to the promise, which under normal circumstances had to include the priest. The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the Clandestinity is a diriment impediment in the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church.
Marriage and religion
- See also: Christian views of marriage, Islamic marital jurisprudence, Buddhist view of marriage, Marriage in Hinduism, and Jewish views of marriage
Many religions have broad teachings regarding marriage. Throughout history Christians have regarded Marriage as ordained by God for the lifelong union of a Man In Islamic law Marriage ("ʿurs" عرس is a legal bond and Social contract between a man and a woman as prompted by the Shari'a. While Buddhism neither encourages nor discourages Marriage, it does offer some guidelines for it A Hindu marriage joins two individuals for life so that they can pursue Dharma (duty artha (possessions kama (physical desires and moksa (ultimate spiritual release together Betrothal ( shiddukhin) In Jewish law (halakha Betrothal (shiddukhin or Engagement is defined as the mutual promise between Most religions have some sort of wedding ceremony recognizing of the beginning of a marriage. Some regard marriage as simply a contract, some regard it as a sacred institution.
Most Christian churches bless the couple being married; the wedding ceremony sometimes involves a pledge by the community to support the couple's relationship. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings A church building is a Building or Structure whose primary purpose is to facilitate the meeting of a church. A wedding is the Ceremony in which two people are united in Marriage. Liturgical Christian communions - notably Anglicanism, Catholicism, and Orthodoxy - consider marriage (sometimes termed holy matrimony) to be an expression of divine grace, termed a sacrament or mystery. A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world In Christianity, divine Grace refers to the sovereign favour of God for humankind — especially in regard to Salvation — irrespective of actions A sacrament, as defined in Hexam's Concise Dictionary of Religion is "a Rite in which God is uniquely active The term sacred mysteries generally denotes the area of Supernatural phenomena associated with a Divinity or a religious ideology. In Western ritual, the minstiers of the sacrament are the husband and wife themselves, with a bishop, priest, or deacon merely witnessing the union on behalf of the church, and adding a blessing. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities Deacon is a role in the Christian Church that is generally associated with service of some kind but which varies among theological and denominational traditions In Eastern ritual churches, the bishop or priest functions as the actual minister of the Sacred Mystery (Eastern Orthodox deacons may not perform marriages). Western Christians commonly refer to marriage a vocation, while Eastern Christians consider it an ordination and a martyrdom, though the theological emphases indicated by the various names are not excluded by the teachings of either tradition. A vocation is an occupation for which a person is suited trained or qualified In general religious use ordination is the process by which individuals are consecrated, that is set apart as Clergy to perform various religious rites and ceremonies The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom Marriage is commonly celebrated in the context of a Eucharistic service (a nuptial Mass or Divine Liturgy). The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those The Mass is the Eucharistic celebration in the Latin liturgical rites of the Roman Catholic Church. The Divine Liturgy is the common term for the Eucharistic service of the Byzantine tradition of Christian liturgy. The sacrament of marriage is indicative of the relationship between Christ and the Church (Ephesians 5:29-32), yet most Reformed Christians would deny the elevation of marriage to the status of a sacrament, nevertheless it is considered a covenant between spouses before God. Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " (cf. Ephesians 5:31-33)
In Judaism, marriage is viewed as a contractual bond commanded by God in which a man and a woman come together to create a relationship in which God is directly involved. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut [45] Though procreation is not the sole purpose, a Jewish marriage is also expected to fulfill the commandment to have children. [46] The main focus centers around the relationship between the husband and wife. Kabbalistically, marriage is understood to mean that the husband and wife are merging together into a single soul. Kabbalah (קַבָּלָה lit "receiving" is a discipline and school of thought discussing the mystical aspect of Judaism. This is why a man is considered "incomplete" if he is not married, as his soul is only one part of a larger whole that remains to be unified. [47] See Jewish views of marriage. Betrothal ( shiddukhin) In Jewish law (halakha Betrothal (shiddukhin or Engagement is defined as the mutual promise between
Islam also recommends marriage highly; among other things, it helps in the pursuit of spiritual perfection. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Age of marriage is whenever the individuals feel ready, financially and emotionally, for marriage.
According to Shia Islam marriage doesn't need any witness or official statement or presence in a definite place [48] and its sufficient that man and woman intend to marry with each other and say specific words to each other which led to a religious contract between them[49][50] and a couple can live with each other as a family without official contract. In Islamic law Marriage ("ʿurs" عرس is a legal bond and Social contract between a man and a woman as prompted by the Shari'a. Of course there are some criteria which should be observed for example woman should be single. [51][52]
Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, recommended that people marry as an assistance to themselves in their well-being, but did not make it obligatory; he explained that it is both a physical and spiritual bond that endures into the afterlife. Bahá'u'lláh ( ba-haa-ol-laa "Glory of God" ( November 12, 1817 – May 29, 1892) born Mírzá Ḥusayn-`Alí Nuri The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind AfterLife is a film drama set in Scotland directed by Alison Peebles made in 2003 about an ambitious Scottish journalist forced to choose between [53] Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the religion, stated that marriage is a foundation for the structure of human society. Shoghí Effendí Rabbání ( March 1, 1897 - November 4, 1957) better known as Shoghi Effendi, was the appointed head of the [53] A Bahá'í marriage requires the consent of the couple, and then of all living parents, as to strengthen the ties between the families and avoid enmity. Bahá'í marriage is union of a man and a woman Its purpose is mainly spiritual and is to foster harmony fellowship and unity between the two partners [53]
Hinduism sees marriage as a sacred duty that entails both religious and social obligations. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Old Hindu literature in Sanskrit gives many different types of marriages and their categorization ranging from "Gandharva Vivaha" (instant marriage by mutual consent of participants only, without any need for even a single third person as witness) to normal (present day) marriages, to "Rakshasa Vivaha" (marriage performed by abduction of one participant by the other participant, usually, but not always, with the help of other persons). Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical
For the most part, religious traditions in the world reserve marriage to heterosexual unions, but there are exceptions including Unitarian Universalist, Metropolitan Community Church and some Anglican dioceses and Quaker, United Church of Canada and Reform Jewish congregations. Unitarian Universalism ( UUism) is a theologically liberal Religion characterized by its support for a "free and responsible search for truth The Metropolitan Community Church (in full The Universal Fellowship of Metropolitan Community Churches or UFMCC or more commonly MCC is an international fellowship of Issues concerning Homosexuality are controversial in the Anglican Communion. The United Church of Canada was founded in 1925 as a merger of four Christian denominations two thirds of the Presbyterian Church in Canada (then the largest Canadian Protestant Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently subjected to vandalism and the insertion of personal opinions [54][55]
Financial considerations
The financial aspects of marriage vary between cultures and have changed over time.
Dowry
In many cultures the family of the bride was historically expected to provide a dowry to the husband. A dowry (also known as trousseau or tocher) is the money goods or estate that a woman brings to her soon to be husband in marriage A dowry was not an unconditional gift, but was usually a part of a wider marriage settlement. For example, if the groom had other children, they could not inherit the dowry, which had to go to the bride's children. In the event of her childlessness, the dowry had to be returned to her family, but sometimes not until the groom's death or remarriage. Often the bride was entitled to inherit at least as much as her dowry from her husband's estate.
In some cultures, dowries continue to be required today.
Bride price and dower
In other cultures, the groom or his family were expected to pay a bride price to the bride's family for the right to marry the daughter, or dower, which was payable to the bride. Bride price also known as bride wealth is an amount of Money or Property or Wealth paid by the groom or his family to the Parents of Not to be confused with Dowry, or with Dour. Dower or morning gift ( Latin doarium, or Latinized
In the Jewish tradition, the rabbis in ancient times insisted on the marriage couple entering into a marriage contact, called a ketubah. A ketubah ( pl ketubot) is a Jewish Prenuptial agreement. It is considered an integral part of a traditional Jewish marriage. Besides other things, the ketubah provided for an amount to be paid by the husband in the event of a divorce or his estate in the event of his death. In Jewish Law a get ( גט, plural gittim or gittin) is a Divorce document which is presented by a husband to his wife This amount was a replacement of the biblical dower or bride price, which was payable at the time of the marriage by the groom to the bride or her parents. Not to be confused with Dowry, or with Dour. Dower or morning gift ( Latin doarium, or Latinized Bride price also known as bride wealth is an amount of Money or Property or Wealth paid by the groom or his family to the Parents of [56] This innovation was put in place because the biblical bride price created a major social problem: many young prospective husbands could not raise the bride price at the time when they would normally be expected to marry. So, to enable these young men to marry, the rabbis, in effect, delayed the time that the amount would be payable, when they would be more likely to have the sum. It may also be noted that both the dower and the ketubah amounts served the same purpose: the protection for the wife should her support (either by death or divorce) cease. The only difference between the two systems was the timing of the payment. It is the predecessor to the wife's present-day entitlement to maintenance in the event of the breakup of marriage, and family maintenance in the event of the husband not providing adequately for the wife in his will. Alimony, maintenance or spousal support is an obligation established by Law in many countries that is based on the premise that both spouses have an absolute This article is about the radio and television stations For other uses see Will. Another function performed by the ketubah amount was to provide a disincentive for the husband contemplating divorcing his wife: he would need to have the amount to be able to pay to the wife.
Morning gifts, which might also be arranged by the bride's father rather than the bride, are given to the bride herself; the name derives from the Germanic tribal custom of giving them the morning after the wedding night. Not to be confused with Dowry, or with Dour. Dower or morning gift ( Latin doarium, or Latinized She might have control of this morning gift during the lifetime of her husband, but is entitled to it when widowed. If the amount of her inheritance is settled by law rather than agreement, it may be called dower. Not to be confused with Dowry, or with Dour. Dower or morning gift ( Latin doarium, or Latinized Depending on legal systems and the exact arrangement, she may not be entitled to dispose of it after her death, and may lose the property if she remarries. Morning gifts were preserved for many centuries in morganatic marriage, a union where the wife's inferior social status was held to prohibit her children from inheriting a noble's titles or estates. A morganatic marriage is a type of Marriage which can be contracted in certain countries usually between people of unequal Social rank, which prevents the passage In this case, the morning gift would support the wife and children. Another legal provision for widowhood was jointure, in which property, often land, would be held in joint tenancy, so that it would automatically go to the widow on her husband's death. Jointure is in Law, a provision for a wife after the death of her husband
General
In some cultures, dowries and bride prices continue to be required today. In both cases, the financial arrangements are usually made between the groom (or his family) and the bride's family; with the bride in many cases not being involved in the arrangement, and often not having a choice in whether to participate in the marriage.
In Early Modern Britain, the social status of the couple was supposed to be equal. Early Modern Britain is the History of the island of Great Britain roughly corresponding to the 16th 17th and 18th centuries After the marriage, all the property (called "fortune") and expected inheritances of the wife belonged to the husband. A wife is a Female spouse or participant in a Marriage, or Civil union or Civil partnership. The wife was often called "his property", but she was entitled to his protection, which a single woman was not.
Modern customs
In many countries today, each marriage partner has the choice of keeping his or her property separate or combining properties. In the latter case, called community property, when the marriage ends by divorce each owns half; if one partner dies the surviving partner owns half and inheritance rules apply to the other half. Community property is a Marital-property regime that originated in civil law jurisdictions and is now also found in some Common-law jurisdictions Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage. "Heir" and "Heiress" redirect here For the men and women fragrances endorsed by Paris Hilton see Heiress (fragrance. In many legal jurisdictions, laws related to property and inheritance provide by default for property to pass upon the death of one party in a marriage to the spouse first and secondarily to the children. "Heir" and "Heiress" redirect here For the men and women fragrances endorsed by Paris Hilton see Heiress (fragrance. Wills and trusts can make alternative provisions for property succession. In Common law, a will or testament is a document by which a person (the Testator) regulates the rights of others over his or her Property In Common law legal systems a trust is an arrangement whereby Property (including real tangible and intangible is managed by one person (or persons or organizations
In some legal systems, the partners in a marriage are "jointly liable" for the debts of the marriage. This has a basis in a traditional legal notion called the "Doctrine of Necessities" whereby a husband was responsible to provide necessary things for his wife. Where this is the case, one partner may be sued to collect a debt for which they did not expressly contract. Critics of this practice note that debt collection agencies can abuse this by claiming an unreasonably wide range of debts to be expenses of the marriage. The cost of defence and the burden of proof is then placed on the non-contracting party to prove that the expense is not a debt of the family. The respective maintenance obligations, both during and eventually after a marriage, are regulated in most jurisdictions; alimony is one such method. In Law, jurisdiction (from the Latin ius iuris meaning "law" and dicere meaning "to speak" is the practical Authority Alimony, maintenance or spousal support is an obligation established by Law in many countries that is based on the premise that both spouses have an absolute
Some have attempted to analyse the institution of marriage using economic theory; for example, anarcho-capitalist economist David Friedman has written a lengthy and controversial study of marriage as a market transaction (the market for husbands and wives). Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination David Director Friedman (born February 12, 1945) is a writer who became a leading figure in the anarcho-capitalist community with the publication of his [57]
Taxation
Most countries use progressive taxes, in which the tax rate is higher for a taxpayer with a higher income. A progressive tax is a Tax imposed so that the Tax rate increases as the amount subject to taxation increases In some of these countries, spouses are allowed to average their incomes; this is advantageous to a married couple with disparate incomes. To compensate for this somewhat, many countries provide a higher tax bracket for the averaged income of a married couple. Tax brackets are the divisions at which Tax rates change in a Progressive tax system (or an explicitly Regressive tax system although this is much rarer While income averaging might still benefit a married couple with a stay-at-home spouse, such averaging would cause a married couple with roughly equal personal incomes to pay more total tax than they would as two single persons. This is commonly called the marriage penalty. The marriage penalty in the United States refers to the higher taxes required from some married couples where spouses are making approximately the same Taxable
Moreover, when the rates applied by the tax code are not based on averaging the incomes, but rather on the sum of individuals' incomes, higher rates will definitely apply to each individual in a two-earner households in progressive tax systems. This is most often the case with high-income taxpayers and is another situation where some consider there to be a marriage penalty.
Conversely, when progressive tax is levied on the individual with no consideration for the partnership, dual-income couples fare much better than single-income couples with similar household incomes. The effect can be increased when the welfare system treats the same income as a shared income thereby denying welfare access to the non-earning spouse. Such systems apply in Australia and Canada, for example.
Termination
In most societies, the death of one of the partners terminates the marriage, and in monogamous societies this allows the other partner to remarry, though sometimes after a waiting or mourning period. Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific
Many societies also provide for the termination of marriage through separation and divorce. sEParation is an EP by Destroy Babylon, released on May 4th 2007 Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage. Marriages can also be annulled in some societies, where an authority declares that a marriage never happened. Annulment in the Catholic Church See also Annulment (Catholic Church In the Roman Catholic Church, a marriage is considered to be a valid contract In either event the people concerned are free to marry (or remarry). After divorce, a spouse may have to pay alimony. Alimony, maintenance or spousal support is an obligation established by Law in many countries that is based on the premise that both spouses have an absolute
Several cultures have practiced temporary and conditional marriages. Examples include the Celtic practice of handfasting and fixed-term marriages in the Muslim community. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Handfasting is today a Neopagan ceremony of (temporary or permanent Betrothal or Wedding. Pre-Islamic Arabs practiced a form of temporary marriage that carries on today in the practice of Nikah Mut'ah, a fixed-term marriage contract. Nikāḥu l-Mut‘ah (نكاح المتعة marriage for pleasure) or sigheh, is a time-delimited Marriage contract according to the Usuli Muslim controversies related to Nikah Mut'ah have resulted in the practice being confined mostly to Shi'ite communities. This article tries to represent the Shi'a and Sunni views regarding Muslim controversies related to Nikah Mut'ah, or temporary marriage
Contemporary views on marriage
Criticisms
Criticism of marriage is as old as the institution itself. A famous early critique of marriage can be found in Plato's Republic, which recommends of group marriage. The Republic ( Greek: / Politeía, meaning "political system" Latin: Res Publica, meaning "public business" or Commentators have often been critical of individual local practices and traditions, often leading to changes. Examples include the early Catholic Church's efforts to eliminate concubinage and temporary marriage, the Protestant acceptance of divorce, the abolition in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries of laws against inter-faith and inter-race marriages in western countries, etc. Concubinage is the state of a woman or youth in an ongoing quasi-matrimonial relationship with a man of higher social status Nikāḥu l-Mut‘ah (نكاح المتعة marriage for pleasure) or sigheh, is a time-delimited Marriage contract according to the Usuli Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage.
Many contemporary attitudes have developed from a feminist viewpoint and suggest that modern marriage can be particularly disadvantageous to women economically and socially. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Conversely, father's rights advocates claim that there is a continuing societal bias towards women as custodial parents in the face of "no-fault" divorce laws and is unjust to men when marriages fail. The Fathers' rights movement has been characterized as a Civil rights movement whose members are primarily interested in issues affecting fathers and children related to Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage. Some groups, such as the Independent Women's Forum, accept this criticism, but argue that they should not be leveled against marriage itself, but dealt with independently. The Independent Women's Forum (IWF is a conservative, Non-profit, Non-partisan research and educational institution focused on domestic and Foreign
Controversial views
Some views about marriage are controversial. Advocates of same-sex rights criticize the exclusion of homosexual relationships from legal and social recognition and the rights and obligations it provides. At the same time advocates of the traditional marriage movement oppose any attempt to define marriage to include anything other than the union of one man and one woman, claiming that to do so would "deprive the term of its fundamental and defining meaning. The traditional marriage movement is a Political movement whose participants believe that only unions between one man and one woman should be legally defined as Marriages "[58]
See also
- Types of marriages
- Age at first marriage
- List of people with longest marriages
- Age disparity in sexual relationships
Related concepts
- Adultery - consensual sexual intercourse between a married person and a partner other than the lawful spouse. The type functions and characteristics of Marriage vary from culture to culture and can change over time This is an incomplete list of the average ages of people when they first marry in various countries 80+ years Highest combined age of married couples (206+ years Leonardus Arnoldus Marie Koppert ( 30 January 1885 - 17 November Significant age disparity in sexual relationships has been and remains a feature of couples in many Cultures and societies. Adultery is the voluntary Sexual intercourse between a married person and another person who is not his or her Spouse, though in many places it is
- Betrothal - formal state of engagement to be married. Betrothal is a formal state of engagement to be married. Historically betrothal was a formal Contract, blessed or officiated by a religious authority
- Brideservice
- Christian views of marriage - views of Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant, and others
- Civil marriage - marriages which are constituted by a government official and not a religious congregation. Throughout history Christians have regarded Marriage as ordained by God for the lifelong union of a Man Civil marriage or secular marriage is a Marriage which is performed by a government official and not a religious organization
- Engagement
- Family therapy/Relationship counseling
- Free love - a social movement opposed to marriage
- "Head and Master" laws
- Husband/Wife
- Human sexuality
- Human sexual behavior
- Inheritance
- Marriage (conflict)
- Marriage gap
- Marriage in the United States
- Marriage law
- Marriage strike - Increasing ambivalence toward marriage in American men. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** Family therapy, also referred to as couple and family therapy and family systems therapy, is a branch of Psychotherapy that works with families Relationship counseling is the process of Counseling the parties of a relationship in an effort to recognize and to better manage or reconcile troublesome differences The term free love has been used since at least the nineteenth century to describe a Social movement that rejects Marriage, which is seen as a form "Head and Master" laws were a set of American Property laws that permitted a husband to have final say regarding all household decisions and jointly owned A husband is a Male spouse (participant in a Marriage, Civil union or Civil partnership. A wife is a Female spouse or participant in a Marriage, or Civil union or Civil partnership. Generally speaking human sexuality is how people experience and express themselves as sexual beings Human sexual behavior or different human sexual practices encompass a wide range of activities such as strategies to find or attract partners ( Mating and display "Heir" and "Heiress" redirect here For the men and women fragrances endorsed by Paris Hilton see Heiress (fragrance. In Conflict of laws, the issue of Marriage has assumed increasing public policy significance in a world of increasing multi-ethnic multi-cultural Community The marriage gap describes observed economic and political disparities between those who are married and those who are single. History See also History of civil marriage in the US Demography As of 2006 55 Marriage laws refer to the legal requirements which determine the validity of a Marriage, which vary considerably between countries
- Marriageable age
- Mail-order bride
- Nikah urfi
- Wedding
- Wedding ring
- Living apart together
References
- ^ Krier, James E. Marriageable age (or marriage age) is the age at which a person is allowed to marry, either as of right or subject to parental or other forms of consent Mail-order bride is a label applied to a woman who publishes her intent to marry someone from another - usually more developed - country Nikah urfi is a kind of Marriage. Etymology 'Urfi (Arabic عرفي comes from the Arabic word 'Urf which means custom convention or a customary act A wedding is the Ceremony in which two people are united in Marriage. A wedding ring or wedding band consists of a Metal ring, often set with diamonds or other precious stones Living Apart Together (abbreviation LAT is a term for couples who whilst committed to each other decide to have separate homes rather than one shared residence ; Gregory S. Alexander, Michael H. Schill, Jesse Dukeminier (2006). Property. Aspen Publishers. ISBN 0735557926. Excerpt - page 335: '. . . at the wedding; hence the importance of including in the marriage ceremony the words, "With all my worldly goods I thee endow. " . . . '
- ^ GALLAGHER, MAGGIE (2002). What is Marriage For? The Public Purposes of Marriage Law. LOUISIANA LAW REVIEW. Retrieved on 2007-01-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
- ^ a b c Murdock, George Peter (1949). For the first mayor of Calgary Alberta see George Murdoch. For the American actor see George Murdock (actor. Social Structure. New York: The MacMillan Company. ISBN 0-02-922290-7. See also: Kaingang. The Kaingang (Cainguangues people are a Native American Ethnic group spread out over the four southern Brazilian states of São Paulo, Paraná
- ^ Arce, Rose. Massachusetts court upholds same-sex marriage. Feb. 6, 2004. CNN. Retrieved Feb. 17, 2007.
- ^ Eleanor, Schick (1999). Navajo Wedding Day: A Dine Marriage Ceremony. Cavendish Children's Books. ISBN 0761450319.
- ^ United States Immigration Support.org - Green Card Through Marriage
- ^ Immigration to the United States: Fiscal years 1820-2003PDF (2. 03 MiB)
- ^ Westermarck, Edward Alexander (1903). A mebibyte (a contraction of me ga bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, abbreviated MiB. The History of Human Marriage. Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London. Macmillan Publishers Ltd, also known as The Macmillan Group, is a privately-held International Publishing company owned by Georg von Holtzbrinck ISBN 1402185480 (reprint).
- ^ Suetonius Life of Nero 28-29; Martial Epigrams 1. 24, 12. 42; etc.
- ^ Theodosian Code 9. 8. 3: "When a man marries and is about to offer himself to men in womanly fashion {quum vir nubit in feminam viris porrecturam), what does he wish, when sex has lost all its significance; when the crime is one which it is not profitable to know; when Venus is changed to another form; when love is sought and not found? We order the statutes to arise, the laws to be armed with an avenging sword, that those infamous persons who are now, or who hereafter may be, guilty may be subjected to exquisite punishment.
- ^ (Theodosian Code 9. 7. 6): All persons who have the shameful custom of condemning a man's body, acting the part of a woman's to the sufferance of alien sex (for they appear not to be different from women), shall expiate a crime of this kind in avenging flames in the sight of the people.
- ^ Witte Jr. , John (1997). From Sacrament to Contract: Marriage, Religion, and Law in the Western Tradition. Westminster John Knox Press, pp 39-40. ISBN 0664255434.
- ^ Spitz, Lewis (1987). (The Rise of modern Europe) The protestant Reformation 1517-1559. . Harper Torchbooks, pp 9. ISBN 0061320692.
- ^ Spitz, Lewis (1987). (The Rise of modern Europe) The protestant Reformation 1517-1559. . Harper Torchbooks, pp 354. ISBN 0061320692.
- ^ England broke with Rome in 1534.
- ^ Witte Jr. , John (1997). From Sacrament to Contract: Marriage, Religion, and Law in the Western Tradition. Westminster John Knox Press, page 91. ISBN 0664255434.
- ^ Leneman, Leah (1999). The Scottish Case That Led to Hardwicke's Marriage Act. Law and History Review.
- ^ Gillis, John R. (1985). For Better, for Worse: British Marriages, 1600 to the Present. Oxford University Press, p. 92. ISBN 019503614X.
- ^ Leach, Edmund (1968). in Paul Bonannan and John Middleton: Marriage, Family, and Residence. The Natural History Press. ISBN 1121644708.
- ^ Rosenblatt, Paul C. (2006). Two in a Bed: The Social System of Couple Bed Sharing. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-6829-1.
- ^ Sanday, Peggy Reeves (2002). Women at the center : life in a modern matriarchy. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8906-7.
- ^ Lu, Yuan; Sam Mitchell (Nov, 2000). "Land Of The Walking Marriage - Mosuo people of China". Natural History. Natural History is a Magazine on Science and Nature aimed at the general public which is published by the American Museum of Natural History. The American Museum of Natural History ( AMNH) located on the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, USA is one of the largest and most
- ^ Gargan, Edward A. . "China's New Brides Put Freedom First / All perks, no work in 'walking marriages'", Newsday, 2001-03-19, pp. Newsday is a daily Tabloid -size Pulitzer Prize winning Newspaper that primarily serves Long Island and the New York City Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. A. 04.
- ^ Karam, Souhail. "Misyar offers marriage-lite in strict Saudi society", Reuters, July 21, 2006. This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson
- ^ For example, John Ruskin’s failed marriage to Effie Gray. John Ruskin (8 February 1819 &ndash 20 January 1900 is best known for his work as an Art critic, sage writer, and Social critic, but is remembered Euphemia ('Effie' Chalmers Gray (1828 - 1897 was the wife of the critic John Ruskin, but later left her husband to marry his protege the Pre-Raphaelite painter
- ^ Bawah, AA. ; Akweongo P, Simmons R, Phillips JF. (1999). "Women's fears and men's anxieties: the impact of family planning on gender relations in northern Ghana.". Studies in Family Planning 30 (1): 54–66. Population Council. ISSN: 0039-3665.
- ^ Jones, Richard E. ; Kristin H. Lopez (2006). Human Reproductive Biology, Third Edition. Academic Press. Academic Press ( London, New York and San Diego) was an Academic Book Publisher that is now part of Elsevier. ISBN 0120884658.
- ^ Ventura, SJ. (1995). Births to unmarried mothers: United States, 1980–92.. National Center for Health Statistics. ISBN 0-8406-0507-2.
- ^ Teenage Birth Rate Rises for First Time Since ’91". New York Times (2007-12-06). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev
- ^ Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance (2006-12-31). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. HUMAN SEXUALITY AND GENDER TOPICS: Subjects of major concern to many faith groups. Religioustolerance. org. Retrieved on 2007-02-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons
- ^ Social and Cultural IssuesPDF (116 KiB)
- ^ Diouf, Nafi. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International "Polygamy hangs on in Africa", The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, May 2, 2004.
- ^ Schwimmer, Brian (2003). Polygamy. Kinship and Social Organization.
- ^ Boswell, John (1994). Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe. Villard. ISBN 0679432280.
- ^ "Gay men are in much more of a hurry to 'wed' their partners", Times Online, 2006-12-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Retrieved on 2006-12-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office
- ^ ABC News: Iowa Gay Marriage Ruling Stirs '08 Race
- ^ SCalifornia Supreme Court overturns gay marriage ban.
- ^ Law Society of New South Wales - De facto relationships?
- ^ Same sex couples.
- ^ MARRIAGE AMENDMENT ACT 2004 NO. 126, 2004 - SCHEDULE 1 - Amendment of the Marriage Act 1961
- ^ House of Bishops issues pastoral statement on Civil Partnerships. Church of England press release (2005-07-25). The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Retrieved on 2006-12-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations.
- ^ Loving v. Virginia, 388 U. S. 1 (1967).
- ^ Eleanor, Schick (1999). Navajo Wedding Day: A Dine Marriage Ceremony. Cavendish Children's Books. ISBN 0761450319.
- ^ Turkish Civil and Penal Code Reforms from a Gender Perspective: The Success of two Nationwide CampaignsPDF (6. 21 MiB) (p. A mebibyte (a contraction of me ga bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, abbreviated MiB. 18)
- ^ (Deuteronomy 24:1)
- ^ (Genesis 1:28)
- ^ Why Marry?. Chabad.org. Chabadorg is the flagship Website of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement Retrieved on 2007-12-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor.
- ^ Witnesses for Marriage
- ^ The method of pronouncing the marriage formula
- ^ Marriage formula
- ^ http://www.sistani.org/local.php?modules=nav&nid=2&bid=59&pid=3080
- ^ Women with whom matrimony is Haraam
- ^ a b c Smith, Peter (2000). "Marriage". A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. p. 232-233. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
- ^ "World Religions and Same Sex Marriage", Marriage Law Project, Columbus School of Law at The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, July 2002 revision [1]PDF (84. The Columbus School of Law is the law school of The Catholic University of America in Washington D 1 KiB)
- ^ Affirming Congregations and Ministries of the United Church of Canada
- ^ See also Exodus 22:15-16. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International
- ^ The Economics of Love and Marriage
- ^ Rabbinical Council of America (2004-03-30). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. "Same-Sex Marriage". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News
Further reading
- Remarriage
- RADICAL PRINCIPLES AND THE LEGAL INSTITUTION OF MARRIAGE: DOMESTIC RELATIONS LAW AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IN SWEDEN -- BRADLEY 4 (2): 154 -- International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family. Retrieved on 2007-06-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for
- Legal Regulation of Marital Relations: An Historical and Comparative Approach -- Gautier 19 (1): 47 -- International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family. Retrieved on 2007-06-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for
- Gillis, John R. (1985). For Better, for Worse: British Marriages, 1600 to the Present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019503614X.
- 'Forever and a Day' or 'Just One Night'? On Adaptive Functions of Long-Term and Short-Term Romantic Relationships
- The National Marriage Project at Rutgers University
- A review of John Boswell's Same-Sex Unions in Pre-Modern Europe
- African Marriage Rituals
- "Marriage – its various forms and the role of the State" on BBC Radio 4’s In Our Time featuring Janet Soskice, Frederik Pedersen and Christina Hardyment
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