Marranos or Secret Jews (Spanish and Portuguese, literally "pigs" in the Spanish language, originally a derogatory term from the Arabic محرّم muharram meaning "ritually forbidden," stemming from the prohibition against eating the flesh of the animal among both Jews and Muslims), were Sephardic Jews (Jews from the Iberian peninsula) who were forced to adopt the identity of Christians, either through coercion as a consequence of the persecution of nominally converted Jews by the Spanish Inquisition and Portuguese Inquisition, or who, for form's sake, became Roman Catholic converts. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut " Who is a Jew? " (Mihu Yehudi? ?מיהו יהודי is a basic question about Jewish identity. This article focuses on the Etymology of the word Jew. Biblical and Middle Eastern origins The Jews in their land The Jewish ethnonym in Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena above all it is the Culture of secular communities of Jewish people but it can also include Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Although Jews and religious leaders share a core of monotheistic principles Judaism has no formal statement of principles of faith such as a Creed or Catechism In Judaism, the name of God is more than a distinguishing title See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to Nevi'im (נְבִיאִים "Prophets" is the second of the three major sections in the Hebrew Bible, the Tanakh, between the Ketuvim (כְּתוּבִים "writings" is the third and final section of the Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible) after Torah and Nevi'im This article is about commandments in Judaism For the Jewish rite of passage see Bar Mitzvah and Bat Mitzvah Mitzvah ( Hebrew: מצוה See also Mitzvah See also Biblical law in Christianity The 613 Mitzvot ("commandments" (also " 613 Mitzvos The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law For the Gregorian dates of Jewish Holidays see Jewish holidays 2000-2050. Jewish services ( Hebrew: תפלה, tefillah; plural תפלות, tefillos or tefillot; Yinglish: davening Tzedakah ( צדקה) is a Hebrew word commonly translated as charity, though it is based on a root meaning Justice Jewish ethics stands at the intersection of Judaism and the Western philosophical tradition of Ethics. Kabbalah (קַבָּלָה lit "receiving" is a discipline and school of thought discussing the mystical aspect of Judaism. Minhag ( Hebrew: מנהג "custom" pl minhagim) is an accepted tradition or group of traditions in Judaism. Midrash ( Hebrew: מדרש plural midrashim, lit "to repeat" is a Hebrew term referring to the not exact but comparative ( homiletic See also Judaism by country Jewish ethnic divisions refers to a number of distinct communities within the world's ethnically Jewish population Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Mizrahi Jews or Mizrahim, ( also referred to as Edot HaMizrach (Communities of the East are Jews descended Jewish population refers to the number of Jews in the world Precise figures are difficult to calculate because the definition of " Who is a Jew " remains a Jewish population centers have shifted tremendously over time due to the constant streams of Jewish refugees created by expulsions persecution and officially sanctioned killing This article deals with the practice of Judaism and the living arrangement of Jewish people in the listed countries The History of the Jews in the Land of Israel begins with the ancient Israelites (also known as Hebrews) who settled in the Land of Israel. 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Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility The history of antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group goes back many centuries Jewish political movements refer to the organized efforts of Jews to build their own political parties or otherwise represent their interest in politics outside of History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the Labor Zionism ( Labour Zionism, ציונות סוציאליסטית tsionut sotsialistit) can be described as the major stream of the Left wing of the Revisionist Zionism is a nationalist faction within the Zionist movement Religious Zionism, or the Religious Zionist Movement (a branch of which is also called Mizrachi) is an ideology that combines Zionism and religious The General Zionists (ציונים כלליים Tzionim Klalim) were centrists within the Zionist movement and a political party in Israel World Agudath Israel (The World Jewish Union usually known as the Aguda, was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism Jewish feminism is a movement that seeks to improve the religious legal and social status of women within Judaism and to open up new opportunities for religious experience Politics of Israel takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Israel is Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Muharram ( Arabic: ar محرم is the first month of the Islamic calendar. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain The Portuguese Inquisition was formally established in Portugal in 1536 at the request of the King of Portugal, João III. Many Marranos maintained their ancestral traditions as crypto-Jews, by publicly professing Roman Catholicism but secretly adhering to Judaism. Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing to be of another faith people who practice crypto-Judaism are referred to as "crypto-Jews" Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut
In both Portuguese and Spanish, the term marrano acquired the meaning of "swine" or "filthy" (but in contemporary Spanish it has no association with Jews); and in Portuguese it was used for Jews because they did not eat pork. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Pork' is the Culinary name for Meat from the domestic Pig ( Sus scrofa) often specifically the fresh meat but can be used as an all-inclusive
These "conversos" (converts), as they were also called in Spain and Portugal, numbered over 100,000 in all of Iberia. Conversos ( Spanish and Portuguese for "a convert" from Latin conversus, "converted turned around" and its feminine form Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra They were also known by the name of "Cristianos nuevos" and "Cristãos novos" (New Christians) in Spain and Portugal, respectively, "Xuetes" (Xua, a Catalan word referring to a pork recipe that was consumed publicly by Xuetes to demonstrate the sincerity of their Catholicism) in the Balearic Isles, and "Anusim" (constrained) by Hebrew-speakers. For other uses see New Christian (Swedenborgian. New Christian ( Spanish: cristianos nuevos; Portuguese, Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Xuetes, Chuetas (singular Xueta, Chueta, also known as Xuetons) were a social group on the island of Majorca, descendants Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean ("Anusim" is a general word for forced converts from Judaism, and is not specific to this period. Anusim (אנוסים plural for anús, means "forced ones" in Hebrew )
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Types of Marranos (Conversos, or Judíos Escondidos - hidden Jews- Anoussim)
The Marranos and their descendants may be divided into three categories.
Conversos - New Christians
The first category comprised those that legitimately converted to Christianity, whether for expedience or faith, and since their conversion considered themselves Christians, and raised their families as such. These were called "New Christians" or "Conversos. "
A number of Spanish poets belong to this category, such as Pero Ferrus, Juan de Valladolid, Rodrigo Cota, and Juan de España of Toledo, called also "El Viejo" (the old one), who was considered a sound Talmudist, and who, like the monk Diego de Valencia, himself a baptized Jew, introduced in his pasquinades Hebrew and Talmudic words to mock the Jews. Pero Ferrús (also written as Pedro Ferrús, Pero Ferruz, Pero Ferrus) (fl Juan de Valladolid (English John of Valladoid) (1420-? also known as Juan Poeta ("John the poet" was a Castilian poet Toledo Spain locationpng|thumb|right|200px|Location of Toledo in Spain The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history There were also many who, for the sake of displaying their new zeal, persecuted their former co-religionists, writing books against them, and denouncing to the authorities those who wished to return to the faith of their forefathers, as happened frequently at Valencia, Barcelona, and many other cities (Isaac b. Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Sheshet, Responsa, No. 11).
Crypto Jews
The second category consisted of those who held on to the Jewish faith in which they had been reared. These were known as "Judíos Escondidos" - hidden Jews. They preserved the traditions of their fathers; and, in spite of the high positions which some held, they secretly attended synagogue, and fought and suffered for their religion. A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of Many of the wealthiest Marranos of Aragon belonged to this category, including the Zaportas of Monzón, who were related by marriage to the royal house of Aragon; the Sanchez; the sons of Alazar Yusuf of Saragossa, who intermarried with the Cavalleria and the Santangel; the very wealthy Espes; the Paternoy, who came from the vicinity of Verdun to settle in Aragon; the Clemente; the sons of Moses Chamoro; the Villanova of Calatayud; the Coscon; and others. Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former Verdun (medieval Wirten official name before 1970 Verdun-sur-Meuse) is a city and commune Calatayud - Arabic: قلعة أيوب Qalʻaḧ ʼAyyūb (2005 pop
Temporary Conversos
The third category, which includes by far the largest number of Conversos, comprised those who yielded through stress of circumstances, but in their home life remained Jews and seized the first opportunity of openly avowing their faith. They did not voluntarily take their children to the baptismal font; and if obliged to do so, they on reaching home washed the place which had been sprinkled. A baptismal font is an article of church Furniture or a Fixture used for the Baptism of children and adults They ate no pork, celebrated Passover, and gave oil to the synagogue. Passover ( Hebrew, Yiddish: פֶּסַח Pesach, Tiberian: pɛsaħ Israeli: Pesah, Pesakh, Yiddish "In the city of Seville an inquisitor said to the regent: 'My lord, if you wish to know how the Marranos keep the Sabbath, let us ascend the tower. Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. Shabbat or Shabbos ( Hebrew: שַׁבָּת, shabbāt, shabbes, "rest/inactivity" is the Weekly Sabbath ' When they had reached the top, the former said to the latter: 'Lift up your eyes and look. That house is the home of a Marrano; there is one which belongs to another; and there are many more. You will not see smoke rising from any of them, in spite of the severe cold; for they have no fire because it is the Sabbath. ' Pretending that leavened bread did not agree with him, one Marrano ate unleavened bread throughout the year, in order that he might be able to partake of it at Passover without being suspected. At the festival on which the Jews blew the shofar, the Marranos went into the country and remained in the mountains and in the valleys, so that the sound might not reach the city. A shofar (שופר is a horn used for Jewish religious purposes They employed a man specially to slaughter animals, drain away the blood, and deliver the meat at their homes, and another to circumcise secretly". Male circumcision is the removal of some or all of the Foreskin (prepuce from the Penis. The Jews of that time judged the Marranos gently and indulgently; in Italy a special prayer was offered for them every Sabbath, asking that "God might lead them from oppression to liberty, from darkness to the light of religion. "
To the Conversos who lived in secret conformity with Jewish law, the Rabbis applied the Talmudic passage: "Although he has sinned, he must still be considered a Jew"; and Anusim, who took the first opportunity of going to a foreign country and openly professing Judaism, might act as witnesses in religious matters according to rabbinic law. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history PLEASE TAKE NOTE************
In Portugal
The Portuguese Conversos or Cristãos Novos clung much more faithfully and steadfastly than their Spanish brethren to the religion of their fathers, bearing the most terrible tortures for the sake of their faith. The scholar Simon Mimi of Lisbon, who would not renounce Judaism even in prison, his wife, his sons-in-law, and other Conversos were enclosed in a wall built up to their necks, the prisoners being left for three days in this agonizing situation. Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. As they would not yield the walls were torn down, after six of the victims had died, and Mimi was dragged through the city and slain. Two Conversos who served as wardens in the prison buried the body of the martyr in the Jewish cemetery at the risk of their lives (Abraham Saba', "Ẓeror ha-Mor," p. 105b; Grätz, "Gesch. " viii. 398).
Samuel Schwartz in the early 20th century discovered a few Crypto-Jewish communities in North Eastern Portugal (namely in Belmonte, Bragança, Miranda, Chaves, among others), that managed to survive more than four centuries without being fully assimilated by the Old Christian population. Belmonte ( pron. bɛɫ'mõt(ɨ is a municipality in Portugal. Miranda do Douro ( pron mi'ɾɐ̃dɐ du 'do(owɾu Miranda de l Douro ( pron [1] The last remaining community, in Belmonte, officially returned to Judaism in the 1970s, and opened a synagogue in 1996. A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of In 2003, the Belmonte Project was founded under the auspices of the American Sephardi Federation, in order to raise funds to acquire Judaic educational material and services for the community, who now number 160-180. The American Sephardi Federation, a member of the Center for Jewish History, is a Non-profit Jewish organization that strenghtens and organizes the religious
Massacre at Lisbon
The church considered the Conversos neither Christians nor Jews, but atheists and heretics and the cause of a months-long plague that affected the city in 1506. Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief On April 17, 1506, several Conversos were discovered who had in their possession "some lambs and poultry prepared according to Jewish custom; also unleavened bread and bitter herbs according to the regulations for the Passover, which festival they celebrated far into the night. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. " Several of them were seized, but were released after a few days.
The populace, which had expected to see them punished, swore vengeance. On the same day on which the Conversos were liberated, the Dominicans displayed in a side-chapel of their church, where several New Christians were present, a crucifix and a reliquary in glass from which a peculiar light issued. The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is A New Christian, who was so incautious as to explain this ostensible miracle as being due to natural causes, was dragged from the church and was killed by an infuriated woman. A Dominican roused the populace still more; and two others, friar João Mocho and the aragonese friar Bernardo ,crucifix in hand, went through the streets of the city, crying "Heresy!" and calling upon the people to destroy the Conversos. Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. Many foreigners left their ships, sailors from Holland, Zealand and many other people from countries that had ships in the port of Lisbon, joined the Dominicans and together with local men started to pursue the Conversos of Lisbon. Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. A maritime and economic power in the 17th century Holland today consists of the Dutch provinces of Zealand (also Sealand Danish: Sjælland;) is the largest Island (7031 km² of Denmark (excluding Greenland
All New Christians found in the streets were killed; and a terrible massacre ensued. More than 500 Conversos were slain and burned on the first day; and the scenes of murder were even more atrocious on the day following. The innocent victims of popular fury, young and old, living and dead, were dragged from their houses and thrown upon the pyre. Even Old Christians who in any way resembled Conversos were killed. Among the last victims, and the most hated of all, was the tax-farmer João Rodrigo Mascarenhas, one of the wealthiest and most distinguished Conversos of Lisbon; his house was entirely demolished. In this manner at least 2,000 Conversos perished (as many as 4,000 by some accounts) within forty-eight hours. By the third day there were no more Conversos in town because they had been taken away from town by good honorable Portuguese. King Manuel severely punished the inhabitants of the city that took part in the killings. The ringleaders were either hanged or quartered, and the Dominicans who had occasioned the riot were garroted and burned. All local persons convicted of murder or pillage suffered corporal punishment, and their property was confiscated, while religious freedom was granted to all Conversos for twenty years. Lisbon lost Foral previleges. The word Foral derives from the Portuguese word Foro, ultimately from Latin FORVM equivalent to Spanish language Fuero The foreigners that took part in the massacre left in their ships with the pillage and without punishment. In 2006, the Jewish community of Portugal held a ceremony in Lisbon to commemorate this event. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
The New Christians of Portugal, who were distinguished for their knowledge, their commerce, and their banking enterprises, but were bitterly hated, despised, and reviled by the Christians, were led to entertain better hopes for the future by the appearance of a foreign Jew, David Re'ubeni. This article is about the concept of a Messiah in religion notably in the Christian Islamic and Jewish traditions Not only was this Jew invited by King John to visit Portugal; but, as appears from a letter (Oct. 10, 1528) of D. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Martin de Salinas to the infante D. Fernando, brother of the emperor Charles I of Spain, he also received permission "to preach the law of Moses" ("Boletin Acad. Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was Hist. " xlix. 204). The Conversos regarded Re'ubeni as their savior and Messiah. This article is about the concept of a Messiah in religion notably in the Christian Islamic and Jewish traditions The New Christians of Spain also heard the glad news; and some of them left home to seek him. The rejoicing lasted for some time; the emperor Charles even addressed several letters on the matter to his royal brother-in-law. In 1528, while Re'ubeni was still in Portugal, some Spanish Conversos fled to Campo Mayor and forcibly freed from the Inquisition a woman imprisoned at Badajoz. Badajoz - (IPA, formerly written Badajos in English the capital of the Spanish province of Badajoz in the autonomous community The rumor spread at once that the Conversos of the entire kingdom had united to make common cause. This increased the hatred of the populace, and the New Christians were attacked in Gouvea, Alentejo, Olivença, Santarém, and other places, while in the Azores and the island of Madeira they were even massacred. Alentejo (ɐlẽˈtɛʒu is a south-central region of Portugal. Olivença can be The Portuguese name of the town of Olivenza, administered as part of the province of Badajoz ( Spain) Santarém (sɐ̃tɐˈɾɐ̃j̃ is a Portuguese city and municipality The Azores ( Açores ɐˈsoɾɨʃ or) is a Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km (950 mi) from History See also History of Madeira Pre-Portuguese times Pliny mentions certain Purple Islands the position of which with reference to the These excesses led the king to believe that the Portuguese Inquisition might be the most effective means of allaying the popular fury. The Portuguese Inquisition was formally established in Portugal in 1536 at the request of the King of Portugal, João III.
The Portuguese Conversos waged a long and bitter war against the introduction of the tribunal, and spent with some satisfactory results immense sums to win over to their cause the Curia and the most influential cardinals. The sacrifices made by both the Spanish and the Portuguese New Christians were indeed astonishing. The same Conversos who from Toledo had instigated the riot of the communes in 1515, Alfonso Gutierrez, Garcia Alvarez "el Rico" (the wealthy), and the Zapatas, offered through their representative 80,000 gold crowns to Emperor Charles V if he would mitigate the harshness of the Inquisition (Revue des Etudes Juifs, xxxvii. 270 et seq. ). All these sacrifices, however, especially those made by the Mendes of Lisbon and Flanders (see Gracia Nasi), were powerless to prevent or retard the introduction of the Holy Office into Portugal. Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. Gracia Mendes Nasi ( Gracia is archaic Portuguese and Spanish for the Hebrew Hannah, also known by her Christianized name The Conversos were delivered over to the popular fury and to the heartless servants of the Inquisition. They suffered unspeakably. At Trancoso and Lamego, where many wealthy Conversos were living, at Miranda, Viseu, Guarda, Braga, and elsewhere they were robbed and killed. Trancoso ( pron. tɾɐ̃'kozu is a city and a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 361 Lamego ( pron lɐ'megu is a city and a municipality in Portugal. Miranda do Douro ( pron mi'ɾɐ̃dɐ du 'do(owɾu Miranda de l Douro ( pron Vişeu is also a River in northern Romania. Viseu (viˈzew is both a city (capital of the Guarda ( pron. 'gwaɾdɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 712 Braga (ˈBrag-uh a city and municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the district of Braga, the oldest archdiocese At Covilhã the people planned to massacre all the New Christians on one day; and to achieve this the more easily, the prelates petitioned the Cortes in 1562 that the Conversos be required to wear special badges, and that the Jews in the cities and villages be ordered to live in ghettos (judiarias) as before. Covilhã ( pron kuvi'ʎɐ̃ is a city and a municipality in Centro region, Portugal. A ghetto is described as a "portion of a city in which members of a minority group live especially because of social legal or economic pressure
In Spain
The large numbers of the Conversos, as well as their wealth and influence, aroused the envy and hatred of the populace, whom the clergy incited against them as unbelieving Christians and hypocrites. Moshe Maimon (also Moses Lvovich Maimon Моисей Львович Маймон 1860 &ndash 1924 was a Jewish - Russian painter who was born in The New Christians were hated much more than the Jews, and were persecuted as bitterly as their former coreligionists had been. For other uses see New Christian (Swedenborgian. New Christian ( Spanish: cristianos nuevos; Portuguese, According to historian Cecil Roth, political intrigues in Spain promoted anti-Jewish policies, which culminated in 1391, when Regent Queen Leonora of Castile gave the Archdeacon of Ecija, Ferrand Martinez, considerable power in her realm. Leonora of Castile or Eleanor of Castile may refer to Leonora of England (1162-1214 wife of Alfonso VIII who brought the name into the Castilian Écija is a city belonging to the province of Seville, Spain. Martinez gave speeches that led to violence against the Jews, and this influence culminated in the sack of the Jewish quarter of Seville on June 4, 1391. Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Throughout Spain during this year, the cities of Ecija, Carmona, Córdoba, Toledo, Barcelona and many others saw their Jewish quarters destroyed and massacred. Carmona is a town of south-western Spain, in the province of Seville; 43 km (27 mi ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Toledo Spain locationpng|thumb|right|200px|Location of Toledo in Spain Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia It is estimated that 200,000 Jews saved their lives by converting to Christianity in the wake of these persecutions. Another riot against them broke out at Toledo in 1449, and was accompanied with murder and pillage. Instigated by two canons, Juan Alfonso and Pedro Lopez Galvez, the mob plundered and burned the houses of Alonso Cota, a wealthy Converso and tax-farmer, and under the leadership of a workman they likewise attacked the residences of the wealthy New Christians in the quarter of la Magdelena. The Conversos, under Juan de la Cibdad, opposed the mob, but were repulsed and, with their leader, were hanged by the feet. As an immediate consequence of this riot, the Conversos Lope and Juan Fernandez Cota, the brothers Juan, Pedro, and Diego Nuñez, Juan Lopez de Arroyo, Diego and Pedro Gonzalez, Juan Gonzalez de Illescas, and many others were deposed from office, in obedience to a new statute.
Another attack was made upon the New Christians of Toledo in July 1467. The chief magistrate (alcalde mayor) of the city was Alvar Gomez de Cibdad Real, who had been private secretary to King Henry IV of Castile, and who, if not himself a "converso," as is probable, was at least the protector of the New Christians. Enrique IV (5 January 1425 - 11 December 1474 King of Castile, nicknamed the Impotent (ruled 1454-1474 was the last of the weak late medieval kings of Castile He, together with the prominent Conversos Fernando and Alvaro de la Torre, wished to take revenge for an insult inflicted by the counts de Fuensalida, the leaders of the Christians, and to gain control of the city. A fierce conflict was the result. The houses of the New Christians near the cathedral were fired by their opponents, and the conflagration spread so rapidly that 1,600 houses were consumed, including the beautiful palace of Diego Gomez. Many Christians and still more Conversos perished in the flames or were slain; and the brothers De la Torre were captured and hanged.
Riots at Córdoba
The example set by Toledo was imitated six years later by Córdoba, in which city the Christians and the Conversos formed two hostile parties. On March 14, 1473, during a procession in honor of the dedication of a society which had been formed under the auspices of the fanatical Bishop D. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Pedro, and from which all conversos were excluded, a little girl seems to have accidentally thrown some dirty water from the window of the house of one of the wealthiest Conversos, so that it splashed over an image of the Virgin. Thousands immediately joined in the fierce shout for revenge which was raised by a smith named Alonso Rodriguez; and the rapacious mob straightway fell upon the Conversos, denouncing them as heretics, killing them, and plundering and burning their houses. Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief To stop the excesses, the highly respected D. Alonso Fernandez de Aguilar, whose wife was a member of the widely ramified Converso family of Pacheco, together with his brother D. Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordova ("el gran Capitan"), the glory of the Spanish army, and a troop of soldiers, hastened to protect the New Christians. Don Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba Duke of Terranova and Santangelo, also known simply as Gonzalo de Córdoba ( Italian: Consalvo di Cordova For other uses see New Christian (Swedenborgian. New Christian ( Spanish: cristianos nuevos; Portuguese, D. Alonso called upon the mob to retire, but instead of obeying, the smith insulted the count, who immediately felled him with his lance. The people, blinded by fanaticism, regarded their slain leader as a martyr. Incited by Alonso de Aguilar's enemy, the knight Diego de Aguayo, they seized weapons and again attacked the Conversos. Girls were raped, and men, women, and children were pitilessly slain. The massacre and pillage lasted three days; those who escaped seeking refuge in the castle, whither their protectors also had to retire. It was then decreed that, in order to prevent the repetition of such excesses, no Marrano should thenceforth live in Cordoba or its vicinity, nor should one ever again hold public office.
Like the persecution of the Jews in 1391, the attack on the Conversos in 1473 spread to other cities. At Montoro, Bujalance, Adamuz, La Rambla, Santaella, and elsewhere, they were killed, and their houses were plundered. Montoro is a city and municipality in the Córdoba Province of southern Spain, in the north-central part of the autonomous community of Andalusia Bujalance is a town located in the heart of Andalucia, southern Spain, in the province of Córdoba; in 2005 it had 7870 inhabitants Adamuz is a city located in the province of Córdoba, Spain. According to the 2006 Census ( INE) the city has a population of Santaella is a city located in the province of Córdoba, Spain. At Jaén the populace was so bitter against them that the constable Miguel Lucas de Iranzo, who undertook to protect them, was himself killed in church by the ringleaders (March 21, 22). Jaén (جيان: Jayyān is a city in south-central Spain, the name is probably derived from the Arabic word Jayyan (crossroads of caravans Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. The Conversos were fiercely attacked by the populace in Andujar, Úbeda, Baeza, and Almodovar del Campo also. Andújar (the ancient Illiturgi or Slilurgi) a town of southern Spain, in the province of Jaén; on the right bank of the river Guadalquivir Úbeda ('uβeða is a town in the province of Jaén in Spain 's Autonomous community of Andalusia. Baeza is a town of approximately 15000 in Andalusia, Spain, in the province of Jaén, perched on a cliff in the Loma de Baeza, a mountain range Almodóvar del Campo, or Almodóvar, is a town and Municipality of Spain, in the province of Ciudad Real, 18 m In Valladolid the populace was content with plundering the New Christians, but the massacre was very fierce at Segovia (May 16, 1474). ||-||} is an industrial city and it is a Municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region Segovia is a city in Spain, the capital of the province of Segovia in Castile-Leon. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Here the attack, instigated by D. Juan Pacheco, himself a member of a Converso family, was terrible; corpses lay in heaps in all the streets and squares, and not a New Christian would have escaped alive had not the alcalde Andreas de Cabrera interfered. At Carmona every Converso was killed. Carmona is a town of south-western Spain, in the province of Seville; 43 km (27 mi
Introduction of Inquisition
The introduction of the Spanish Inquisition was bitterly opposed by the Conversos of Seville and other cities of Castile, and especially of Aragon, where they rendered considerable service to the king, and held high legal, financial, and military positions. The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain As D. Miguel Lucas de Iranzo, Constable of Castile, had been slain in the cathedral of Jaen, so the inquisitor Pedro Arbues was assassinated twelve years later in the cathedral of Zaragoza, the former by Christians, the latter by Conversos. Constable of Castile (Spanish:Condestable de Castilla was a title created by John I, King of Castile in 1382, to substitute the title Alférez Mayor Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former The murderers of De Iranzo went scot-free, while those of the inquisitor were punished most cruelly. Together with the introduction of the Inquisition an edict was issued that henceforth the Jews must live within their ghetto and be separated from the Conversos. Despite the law, however, the Jews remained in communication with their New Christian brethren. For other uses see New Christian (Swedenborgian. New Christian ( Spanish: cristianos nuevos; Portuguese, "They sought ways and means to win them from Catholicism and bring them back to Judaism. They instructed the Marranos in the tenets and ceremonies of the Jewish religion; held meetings in which they taught them what they must believe and observe according to the Mosaic law; and enabled them to circumcise themselves and their children. They furnished them with prayer-books; explained the fast-days; read with them the history of their people and their Law; announced to them the coming of the Passover; procured unleavened bread for them for that festival, as well as kosher meat throughout the year; encouraged them to live in conformity with the law of Moses, and persuaded them that there was no law and no truth except the Jewish religion. " All these charges were brought against the Jews in the edict issued by Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, and formed the grounds for their banishment from the country. Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (Fernando II de Aragón y V de Castilla "el Católico" Ferran II d'Aragó "el Catòlic" Ferrando II d'Aragón The decree of expulsion materially increased the number, already large, of those who purchased a further sojourn in their beloved home by accepting baptism.
Recent studies into the Conversos and the Inquisition carried out in Henry Kamen's ‘Inquisition and Society In Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries’ questions the links between Conversos and Jewish communities. Whilst historians such as Yitzhak Baer state, ‘the conversos and Jews were one people'[1], Kamen claims that ‘Yet if the conversos were hated by the Christians, the Jews liked them no better. ’[2] The hatred even went so far that ‘Jews testified falsely against them [the conversos] when the Inquisition was finally founded. ’[3] The area is still under debate by historians.
Dispersion
The Conversos, who were constantly threatened and persecuted by the Inquisition, tried in every way to leave the country, either in bands or as individual refugees. Many of them escaped to Italy, attracted thither by the climate, which resembled that of the Iberian Peninsula, and by its kindred language. They settled at Ferrara, and Duke Ercole I d'Este granted them privileges, which were confirmed by his son, Alfonso, to twenty-one Spanish Conversos, physicians, merchants, and others (ib. Ferrara is a city in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, capital city of the Province of Ferrara. Ercole I d'Este ( October 26, 1431 &ndash June 15, 1505) was Duke of Ferrara from 1471 until 1505 Alfonso d'Este ( 21 July, 1476 &ndash 31 October, 1534) was Duke of Ferrara during the time of the War of the League of xv. 113 et seq. ).
Spanish and Portuguese Conversos settled also at Florence; and New Christians contributed to make Leghorn a leading seaport. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany For other uses see New Christian (Swedenborgian. New Christian ( Spanish: cristianos nuevos; Portuguese, "Leghorn" redirects here For the breed of chicken see Leghorn chicken. They received privileges at Venice, where they were protected from the persecutions of the Inquisition. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the At Milan they materially advanced the interests of the city by their industry and commerce, although João de la Foya captured and robbed large numbers of them in that region. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. At Bologna, Pisa, Naples, Reggio, and many other Italian cities they freely exercised their religion, and were soon so numerous that Fernando de Goes Loureiro, an abbot from Oporto, filled an entire book with the names of the Conversos who had drawn large sums from Portugal and had openly avowed Judaism in Italy. Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy Pisa is a city in Tuscany, central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the Arno River on the Ligurian Sea. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the In Piedmont Duke Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy welcomed the Conversos from Coimbra, Pablo Hernando, Ruy Lopez, and Rodriguez, together with their families, and granted them commercial and industrial privileges, as well as the free exercise of their religion. Piedmont ( Piemonte; Piedmontese and Occitan: Piemont; French: Piémont) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. Emmanuel Philibert (in Italian Emanuele Filiberto; 8 July 1528 &ndash 30 August 1580) was Duke of Savoy For the two French départements of the region of Savoy see Savoie and Haute-Savoie Savoy ( French Coimbra (kuˈĩbɾɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal, former capital of the country during the first dynasty period and home to the University of Coimbra Rome was full of Conversos. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Pope Paul III received them at Ancona for commercial reasons, and granted complete liberty "to all persons from Portugal and Algarve, even if belonging to the class of New Christians. Pope Paul III ( February 29, 1468 &ndash November 10, 1549) born Alessandro Farnese, was Pope of the Roman Ancona (Ankon is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of central Italy, population 101909 (2005 The Algarve ( pron aɫ'gaɾv(ɨ is the southernmost region of mainland Portugal. " Three thousand Portuguese Jews and Conversos were living at Ancona in 1553. Two years later the fanatical Pope Paul IV issued orders to have all the Conversos thrown into the prisons of the Inquisition which he had instituted. Pope Paul IV ( June 28, 1476 &ndash August 18, 1559) né Giovanni Pietro Carafa, was Pope from May 23 Sixty of them, who acknowledged the Catholic faith as penitents, were transported to the island of Malta; twenty-four, who adhered to Judaism, were publicly burned (May, 1556); and those who escaped from the Inquisition were received at Pesaro by Duke Guido Ubaldo of Urbino. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Pesaro is a town and Comune in the Italian region of the Marche, capital of the Pesaro e Urbino province, on the Adriatic. As Guido was disappointed, however, in his hope of seeing all the Jews and Conversos of Turkey select Pesaro as a commercial center, he expelled (July 9, 1558) the New Christians from Pesaro and other districts (ib. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. xvi. 61 et seq. ). Many Conversos were attracted to Dubrovnik, formerly a considerable seaport. ||-||-||-||-||-||-||} Dubrovnik (ˈdǔbro̞ːʋniːk Dalmatian: Ragusa; Latin: Ragusium, also Rhausium, Rhaugia; In May, 1544, a ship landed there filled exclusively with Portuguese refugees, as Balthasar de Faria reported to King John.
In France
At this same period the Conversos were seeking refuge beyond the Pyrenees, settling at Saint-Jean-de-Luz, Tarbes, Bayonne, Bordeaux, Marseille, and Montpellier. The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés Saint-Jean-de-Luz ( Basque Donibane Lohizune) is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in France Tarbes is a French town and commune, in the département of Hautes-Pyrénées, of which it is the Préfecture Bayonne ( French: Bayonne bajɔn Gascon Occitan and Basque: Baiona) is a city and commune of southwest ( Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2008 estimate Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ Montpellier ( Occitan Montpelhièr) is a City in the south of France. They lived apparently as Christians; were married by Catholic priests; had their children baptized, and publicly pretended to be Catholics. In secret, however, they circumcised their children, kept the Sabbath and feast-days as far as they could, and prayed together. King Henry III of France confirmed the privileges granted them by Henry II of France, and protected them against such slanders and accusations as those which a certain Ponteil brought against them. Henry III of France (Henri III Henryk ( September 19 1551 – August 2, 1589) Henry II (Henri II (31 March 1519 &ndash 10 July 1559 of the House of Valois and the son and successor of Francis I, was King of France from 31 Under Louis XIII of France the Conversos of Bayonne were assigned to the suburb of St. For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) Esprit. At St. Esprit, as well as at Peyrehorade, Bidache, Orthez, Biarritz, and St. Orthez (or Ortès in Occitan) is a commune (town/community and the chief town of a canton of south-western France, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques Biarritz ( French: Biarritz, bjaˈʀits Gascon Occitan: Biàrritz; Basque: Biarritz or Miarritze is a town Jean de Luz, they gradually avowed Judaism openly. In 1640 several hundred Conversos, considered to be Jews, were living at St. Jean de Luz; and at St. Saint-Jean-de-Luz ( Basque Donibane Lohizune) is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in France Esprit there was a synagogue as early as 1660.
The rest of the world
Next to the Ottoman Empire, where conversos had openly declared their return to Judaism upon reaching its shores and where they had later built important communities such as in Salonika, the Conversos turned chiefly to Flanders, attracted by its flourishing cities, such as Antwerp, where they settled at an early date, and Brussels. Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. ||-||-||-||} Antwerp ( Dutch:, French: Anvers) is a City and Municipality in Belgium and the capital of the Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is Conversos from Flanders, and others direct from the Pyrenean Peninsula, went under the guise of Catholics to Hamburg and Altona about 1580, where they established commercial relations with their former homes. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Altona is a German (1640-1864 Danish) city which has been a part of the city of Hamburg since 1937 Some went as far as Scotland. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Christian IV of Denmark invited some New Christian families to settle at Glückstadt about 1626, granting certain privileges to them and also to the Conversos who came to Emden about 1649. Christian IV ( 12 April, 1577 &ndash 28 February, 1648) was the king of Denmark and Norway from 1588 until his death Glückstadt, a town of Germany in Schleswig-Holstein, on the right bank of the Elbe river at the confluence of the small river Rhin and 28 miles Emden is a City and Seaport in the northwest of Germany, on River Ems.
Large numbers of Conversos, however, remained in Spain and Portugal, despite the extensive emigration and the fate of countless victims of the Inquisition. The New Christians of Portugal breathed more freely when Philip III of Spain came to the throne and by the law of April 4, 1601, granted them the privilege of unrestricted sale of their real estate as well as free departure from the country for themselves, their families, and their property. after he farted he ate chicken and farted some more Philip III (Felipe III April 14, 1578 &ndash March 31, 1621) was the King Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Many, availing themselves of this permission, followed their coreligionists to Africa and Turkey. After a few years, however, the privilege was revoked, and the Inquisition resumed its activity. But the Portuguese who were not affected by radicalism perceived that no forcible measures could induce the Conversos to give up the religion of their fathers.
Individual New Christians, as Antonio Fernandez Carvajal and several from Spain, Hamburg, and Amsterdam, went to London, whence their families spread to Brazil, where Conversos had settled at an early date, and to other countries of America. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The migrations to Constantinople and Salonica, where refugees had settled after the expulsion from Spain, as well as to Serbia, to Romania and Bulgaria, and even to Vienna and Timişoara, continued down to the middle of the 18th century. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Timişoara (pronunciation in Romanian: {{IPA|/timiˈʃo̯ara/}}; Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeschburg, Temeswar
See also
- Anusim
- Anti-Semitism
- Belmonte Jews
- Crypto-Judaism
- Doctrine of mental reservation
- Luis de Carvajal, el mozo
- Converso
- Xueta
- Donmeh
- Judaism
- Moors
- New Christian
- Sephardi
- Spanish and Portuguese Jews
- Taqiyya
References
- Cecil & Irene Roth, A history of the Marranos, Sepher-Hermon Press, 1974. Anusim (אנוסים plural for anús, means "forced ones" in Hebrew Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility The Belmonte Jews are a community that survived in secrecy for hundreds of years by maintaining a tradition of Endogamy and by hiding all the external signs of their faith Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing to be of another faith people who practice crypto-Judaism are referred to as "crypto-Jews" The doctrine of mental reservation or the doctrine of mental equivocation was a special branch of Casuistry developed in the late Middle Ages and the Luis de Carvajal (b about 1500 the date of his death is uncertain was a Spanish Franciscan theologian of the Council of Trent. Conversos ( Spanish and Portuguese for "a convert" from Latin conversus, "converted turned around" and its feminine form The Xuetes, Chuetas (singular Xueta, Chueta, also known as Xuetons) were a social group on the island of Majorca, descendants The Dönmeh officially practiced and practice Islam. They are not regarded as Jews whereas most Sabbateans during and after Sabbatai Zevi were Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent For other uses see New Christian (Swedenborgian. New Christian ( Spanish: cristianos nuevos; Portuguese, Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Spanish and Portuguese Jews are a distinctive sub-group of Sephardim who have their main ethnic origins within the crypto-Jewish communities of the Iberian Persecution of Shia MuslimsWithin Shi'ite Islamic tradition the concept of Taqiyya (تقية - 'fear guard against' refers to a dispensation allowing believers to conceal
- Cecil Roth, A history of the Jews. New York: Schocken Books, 1961.
This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain. The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
This article draws on the corresponding article in the Jewish Encyclopedia. The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. Further relevant material can be found in their article on South and Central America.
- Resources > Medieval Jewish History > Expulsion from Spain and The Anusim The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Kathleen Telch, "Belmonte Project", American Sephardi Federation newsletterPDF (682 KiB), Spring 2003. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International p. 9.
- Society For Crypto Judaic Studies
- Damião de Góis,(1567), in Chronica do Felicissimo Rey D. Damiao de Góis (dɐmiˈɐ̃ũ dɨ gɔiʃ ( February 2, 1502 - January 30, 1574) born in Alenquer, Portugal, was an important Emanuel da Gloriosa Memória
- One Marrano's Story
- Arnold Diesendruck,(2002), in Os Marranos em Portugal
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