| Maronites الموارنة ܡܪܘܢܝܐ |
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| Maronite villagers building a church in Mount Lebanon, 1920s. Mount Lebanon ( Arabic: جبل لبنان as a geographic designation is the Lebanese mountain range known as the Western Mountain Range of Lebanon The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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12 to 13 million |
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| Vernacular: Lebanese Arabic, Cypriot Maronite Arabic Liturgical: Syriac |
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Maronites (Arabic: الموارنة, transliteration: Mawārinah, Syriac: ܡܪܘܢܝܐ, Latin: Ecclesia Maronitarum) are members of one of the Syriac Eastern Catholic Churches, with a heritage reaching back to Maron in the early 5th century. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ( TRNC) (Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti KKTC) commonly called Northern Cyprus (Kuzey Kıbrıs though its Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Lebanese or Lebanese Arabic is the colloquial form of Arabic spoken in Lebanon. Cypriot Maronite Arabic (also known as Cypriot Arabic Maronite Sanna is one of the most divergent of Arabic varieties, spoken by Maronites in Cyprus See Syriac (disambiguation for other uses Syriac (syr ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ leššānā Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language Maronites ( الموارنة,, Syriac: ܡܪܘܢܝܐ, Latin: Ecclesia Maronitarum) are members of one of the Syriac Patriarch Mar Nasrallah Boutros Cardinal Sfeir ( Arabic: الكاردينال مار نصر الله بطرس صفير) (born May 15, 1920 Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Antioch on the Orontes (Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη Antiochia ad Orontem also Bkerké ( Arabic: بكركي also Bkerke or Bkerkeh) is the See of the Maronite Catholic Patriarchate located 650 m above the bay of Jounieh See Syriac (disambiguation for other uses Syriac (syr ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ leššānā Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language The Arabic language family consists of The Arabic macrolanguage ( ISO 639-3 ara including the living Varieties of Arabic St Maroun also known as Saint Maron, was a 5th century Syriac Christian Monk who founded the Maronite spiritual movement Saint Charbel, or Sharbel, (مار شربل May 8 1828 – December 24 1898) born as Youssef Antoun Makhlouf in Rafqa Pietra Choboq Ar-Rayès ( Arabic: رفقا بطرسيّة شبق ألريّس June 29, 1832 – March 23, 1914) also known Saint Nimattullah Kassab Al-Hardini was born in 1808 in Hardin, Lebanon. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents The Lebanese Maronite Order (known also as Baladites or Valadites) is a monk order among the Levantine Catholic Maronite Church, which from the beginning The history of Lebanon is almost as old as the earliest evidence of humankind Lebanon is a Parliamentary democracy within the overall framework of confessionalism, in which the highest offices are proportionately reserved for representatives Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Different approaches and methods for the Romanization of Arabic exist See Syriac (disambiguation for other uses Syriac (syr ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ leššānā Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. See Syriac (disambiguation for other uses Syriac (syr ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ leššānā Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See St Maroun also known as Saint Maron, was a 5th century Syriac Christian Monk who founded the Maronite spiritual movement The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in Anno Domini / Common Era. The first Maronite patriarch, John Maron, was appointed in the late 7th century. John Maron ( Arabic: يوحنا مارون, d 707 was the first Maronite Patriarch. The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Although reduced in numbers and estimated to have lost their status as a majority in Lebanon itself, today, Maronites remain one of the principal religious groups in the country.
Before the conquest by Arabian Muslims reached Lebanon, which resulted in the Arabization of both those who would become Islamized and those that would remain non-Islamized, the Lebanese people, including Maronites, spoke a dialect of Aramaic,[2] but have been Arabic-speaking since at least the 15th century. The history of Lebanon under Arab rule traces the course of human events in the section of West Asia now known as Lebanon. Arabization ( Arabic: تعريب) describes a growing cultural influence on a non-Arab area that gradually changes into one that speaks Arabic and/or Islamization (also spelt Islamisation, see Spelling differences) or Islamification means the process of a society's conversion to the religion of Islam The Lebanese people ( الشعب اللبناني, el shaab el libnene) are a Middle Eastern people originating in the country of Lebanon Aramaic is a Semitic language with Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language [3][4] Syriac however, still remains the liturgical language of the Maronite Church. See Syriac (disambiguation for other uses Syriac (syr ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ leššānā Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language A sacred language, or liturgical language, is a Language that is cultivated for religious reasons by people who speak another language in their daily life [5]
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History
It was in Antioch that the followers of Jesus Christ were first called Christians (Acts 11:26). Antioch on the Orontes (Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη Antiochia ad Orontem also Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Antioch, especially after the destruction of Jerusalem in 70, became a center for Christianity. The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 AD It was a decisive event in the First Jewish-Roman War, followed by the fall of Masada in 73 Year 70 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. According to Catholic tradition, the first Bishop was Saint Peter before his travels to Rome. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The third Bishop was the Apostolic Father Ignatius of Antioch. Saint Ignatius of Antioch (also known as Theophorus) (ca 35-110 was the third Bishop and Patriarch of Antioch and possibly a student of the Apostle John Antioch became one of the five original Patriarchates after Constantine recognized Christianity. A patriarchate is the Office or jurisdiction of a Patriarch. A patriarch as the term is used here is either one of the highest-ranking Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine
Maroun, a contemporary and friend of St. John Chrysostom, was a monk in the fourth century who left Antioch for the Orontes River to lead an ascetic life, following the traditions of Anthony the Great of the Desert and Pachomius. This article refers to the Christian saint For other uses of the name see Chrysostomos. See Orontid dynasty for the Armenian kings and satraps called Orontes Ascetic redirects here You might also be looking for Acetic acid. Saint Anthony the Great (c 251–356 also known as Anthony the Abbot, Anthony of Egypt, Anthony of the Desert, Anthony the Anchorite, A desert is a Landscape or region that receives very little precipitation. Saint Pachomius (ca 292-348 also known as Abba Pachomius and Pakhom in Arabic الأنبا باخوميوس, is generally recognized as the founder of He soon had many followers that adopted his monastic life. Following the death of Maron in 410, his disciples built a monastery in his memory and formed the nucleus of the Maronite Church.
The Maronites held fast to the beliefs of the Council of Chalcedon in 451. The Council of Chalcedon was the fourth Ecumenical council. It was held from 8 October to 1 November 451 at Chalcedon (a city of When 350 monks were slain by the Monophysites of Antioch, the Maronites sought refuge in the mountains of Lebanon. Monophysitism (from the Greek monos meaning 'one alone' and physis meaning 'nature' or Monophysiticism is the Christological position that Correspondence concerning the event brought papal and orthodox recognition of the Maronites which was solidified by Pope Hormisdas on February 10, 518. Pope
The martyrdom of the Patriarch of Antioch in 602 left the Maronites without a leader, a situation which continued because of the final and most devastating war between the Byzantine and Persian Empires of the early 7th century. The chaos and utter depression which followed led the Maronites to elect their first Maronite Patriarch, John Maroun, in 685. John Maron ( Arabic: يوحنا مارون, d 707 was the first Maronite Patriarch. This however was seen as a usurpation by the Orthodox church. Thus, at a time when Islam was rising on the borders of the Byzantine Empire and a united front was necessary to keep out the Islamic infiltration, the Maronites were focused on a struggle to retain their independence against Roman imperial power. This situation was mirrored in other Christian communities in the Byzantine Empire and helped facilitate the Muslim conquest of the most of Eastern Christendom by the end of the century.
Now under Arabic rule after the Muslim conquest of Syria, the Maronites' relationship with the Byzantine Empire improved. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The imperial court, seeing its earlier mistake, saw an advantage in the current situation. Thus, Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV provided direct ecclesiastical, political and military support to the Maronites. Constantine IV ( Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Δ' Kōnstantinos IV) (652&ndash685 sometimes incorrectly called Pogonatos, "the Bearded" The new alliance soon coordinated devastating raids on Muslim forces, providing a welcome relief to the besieged Christians throughout the East. Some of the Maronites relocated to Mount Lebanon at this time and formed several communities that became known as the Marada. Mount Lebanon ( Arabic: جبل لبنان as a geographic designation is the Lebanese mountain range known as the Western Mountain Range of Lebanon The Marada were a group of autonomous communities living on Mount Lebanon and the surrounding highlands following the conquest of Syria by the Arab caliphate That is from the view of Patriarch Doueihi, a renowned patriarch and historian. But this view being widely rejected by most of today historians.
Another view is of Ibn al-Qilaii, a Maronite scholar from the 16th century who propose that Maronites fled Muslim persecutions of the Umayyads, late 9th century. This theory is widely rejected.
The most widely accepted theory stipulates that the Maronites fled Jacobite monophysite persecution, because of Monothelite heresy as advanced by Sergius of Tyr a scholar of the 10th century. Monophysitism (from the Greek monos meaning 'one alone' and physis meaning 'nature' or Monophysiticism is the Christological position that Monothelitism (a Greek Loanword meaning "one will" is a particular teaching about how the divine and human relate in the person of Jesus, known as a It is most probable because nearly all the sects became Monothelite after that Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople introduced it. Monothelitism (a Greek Loanword meaning "one will" is a particular teaching about how the divine and human relate in the person of Jesus, known as a The Maronite migration to the mountains was over a long period. But a main migration must had occurred between the 7th and the 11th century CE.
Very little is known about Maronite history before the 11th century. Mainly because of the lack of references written at that time. So nothing can be conclusive except that they originally inhabited the Orontes Valley(today Syria). Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية
Therefore, since 685 the Maronites have found themselves isolated from Christians of the Byzantine Empire and European powers. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Justinian II succeeds Constantine IV as Emperor of the Byzantine Empire In turn, they have appointed their own Patriarch, starting with John Maron, who had been a bishop of Batroun, Mount Lebanon. This is a list of the Maronite Patriarchs of Antioch, who have led the Maronite Catholic Church, one of the Eastern Catholic Churches, in full communion with the The coastal city of Batroun (Greek Βοτρύς Arabic البترون located in northern Lebanon is one of the oldest cities of the world Mount Lebanon ( Arabic: جبل لبنان as a geographic designation is the Lebanese mountain range known as the Western Mountain Range of Lebanon Through him, the Maronites of today claim full apostolic succession through the See of Antioch. An episcopal see is the ecclesiastical domain of authority of a Bishop. Antioch on the Orontes (Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη Antiochia ad Orontem also Nonetheless, a source of controversy surrounds the Maronites, as they have been accused of having fully adopted and embraced the Monothelite heresy. Monothelitism (a Greek Loanword meaning "one will" is a particular teaching about how the divine and human relate in the person of Jesus, known as a However, this charge has been adequately explained away, as noted in the 2003 new Catholic Encyclopedia (see reference below). Maronites themselves insist that they have "never been out of communion with the Roman Catholic Church. "
Following the conquest of Eastern Christendom outside of Anatolia and Europe by the Muslims, and the establishment of secured lines of control between Islamic Caliphs and Byzantine Emperors, little was heard from the Maronites for 400 years. A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history Secure in their mountain fastnesses, It was not until the Crusader Raymond of Toulouse on his way to conquer Jerusalem in the Great Crusade that the Maronites were re-discovered in the mountains near Tripoli, Lebanon. Raymond IV of Toulouse sometimes called Raymond of St Gilles (c Tripoli ( Lebanese Arabic: طرابلس Ṭrāblos or Ṭrēblos locally Ṭrōbles Standard Arabic: Ṭarābulus Τρίπολις Tripolis is the second-largest Raymond later returned to besiege Tripoli after his conquest of Jerusalem and relations between the Maronites and European Christianity were re-established. The Siege of Tripoli lasted from 1102 until July 12, 1109. It took place in the aftermath of the First Crusade and led to the establishment of
During the Crusades in the 12th century, Maronites assisted the Crusaders and reaffirmed their affiliation with the Holy See in Rome in 1182. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Consequently, at least from this point onwards, the Maronites have upheld an unbroken ecclesiastical orthodoxy and unity with the Catholic Church. To commemorate their communion, in 1100 Maronite Patriarch Youseff Al Jirjisi received the crown and staff marking his patriarchal authority, from Pope Paschal II. Paschal II, born Ranierius, (died January 21, 1118) was Pope from August 13, 1099 until his death In 1131 Maronite Patriarch Gregorious Al Halati received letters from Pope Innocent II in which the Papacy recognized the independence of the Patriarchate.
However, this Roman affiliation was to cost the Maronites dearly after Muslim rule returned following the ethnic cleansing of the Crusader States in 1291. The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal states created by Western European Crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and The Mamelukes led a jihad which exterminated the last of the European Christians at Siege of Acre in 1291 and was continued in the anti-Eastern Christian pogroms in following decades. The Siege of Acre was the first confrontation of the Third Crusade, lasting from August 28, 1189 until July 12, 1191, and the
However, connection to Rome was arduously maintained and through diplomatic threats and maneuvering, European Christian powers helped keep the Maronite community from destruction. Eventually, a Maronite College was established at Rome on July 5, 1584. The Roman Colleges are institutions established and maintained in Rome for the education of future ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic Church. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. From this college, the Maronite community obtained some valuable assistance in maintaining and buttressing their Christian identity. In 1610, the Maronite monks of the Monastery of Saint Anthony of Qozhaya imported one of the first printing presses in the Arabic-speaking world. Saint Anthony the Great (c 251–356 also known as Anthony the Abbot, Anthony of Egypt, Anthony of the Desert, Anthony the Anchorite, The Monastery of Qozhaya ( Arabic: دير مار أنطونيوس قزحيا) is located in the Zgharta District in the North Governorate of Lebanon Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The monasteries of Lebanon would later become key players in the Arabic Renaissance of the late 19th century as a result of developing Arabic, as well as Syriac, printable script. Several Arab political parties and movements have been named "al-Nahda" For the Tunisian political party see Renaissance Party; for the The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar See Syriac (disambiguation for other uses Syriac (syr ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ leššānā Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language
Following the defeat of the Mamelukes by the Ottoman Empire, at first the Sultans left the Maronites to their own devices in their mountain strongholds. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings However, the chaos that resulted from the neglect of early Ottoman rule was exploited by rival Muslim warlords and their Druze allies leading to a constant state of turmoil which continued to limit the survivability of the Christian Maronites. Finally, following a rapid campaign, the Druze warlord Fahkr-al-Din II conquered and ruled the Greater Lebanon from 1585 to 1635 and implemented a more or less stable situation. Fakhr-al-Din II also the Great or Fakhreddine II (1572&ndash April 13, 1635) (فخر الدين الثاني بن قرقماز was a Lebanese The French Mandate of Lebanon was a League of Nations Mandate created at the end of World War I. However, unwilling to tolerate an Islamic heretic warlord in control of the area, the Ottomans led a military campaign and Fahkr-al-Din II was defeated by Ottoman forces and executed at Constantinople on April 13, 1635. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople
In 1638, France declared that it would protect the Catholics within the Ottoman Empire, including the Maronites, with the threat of war should Muslim jihads again be launched against Catholics under the Sultan's rule. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.
Organization
The head of the Maronite Church is the Maronite Patriarch of Antioch, who is elected by the bishops of the Maronite church and now resides in Bkirki, north of Beirut (the Maronite Patriarch resides in the northern town of Dimane during the summer months). This is a list of the Maronite Patriarchs of Antioch, who have led the Maronite Catholic Church, one of the Eastern Catholic Churches, in full communion with the Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 Dimane (الديمان is a mountainous village situated in the Northern region in Lebanon in the Bsharri District. The current Patriarch (since 1986) is His Beatitude Mar Nasrallah Cardinal Boutros Sfeir. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Patriarch Mar Nasrallah Boutros Cardinal Sfeir ( Arabic: الكاردينال مار نصر الله بطرس صفير) (born May 15, 1920 When a new patriarch is elected and enthroned, he requests ecclesiastic communion from the Pope, thus maintaining their communion with the Catholic Church. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and As an Eastern-Rite patriarch, if invited to join the College of Cardinals, the Maronite Patriarch joins the order of Cardinal Bishops. The College of Cardinals (verbose Sacred College of the Holy Roman Church, Sancta Romana Ecclesia, S A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church.
Maronites share the same doctrine as other Catholics, but they retain their own liturgy and hierarchy. A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions Strictly speaking, the Maronite church belongs to the Antiochene Tradition and is a West Syro-Antiochene Rite. Antioch on the Orontes (Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη Antiochia ad Orontem also Antiochene Rite designates the family of liturgies originally used in the Patriarchate of Antioch: that of the Apostolic Constitutions; then that of Syriac is the liturgical language, instead of Latin which was a tradition of the Roman Rite. See Syriac (disambiguation for other uses Syriac (syr ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ leššānā Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language A sacred language, or liturgical language, is a Language that is cultivated for religious reasons by people who speak another language in their daily life Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Nevertheless, they are considered, along with the Syro-Malabar Church, to be among the most latinised of the Eastern Catholic Churches. The Syro-Malabar Catholic Church is a Chaldean Rite Major Archiepiscopal Church in Full communion with the Roman Catholic Church. Liturgical Latinisation is the process by which the liturgical practices of the Churches of Eastern Christianity (particularly the Eastern Catholic Churches This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See
Cardinal Sfeir's personal commitment accelerated liturgical reforms in the 1980s and 1990s, bearing fruit in 1992 with the publication of a new Maronite Missal. Patriarch Mar Nasrallah Boutros Cardinal Sfeir ( Arabic: الكاردينال مار نصر الله بطرس صفير) (born May 15, 1920 Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) A missal is a Liturgical book containing all instructions and texts necessary for the celebration of Mass throughout the year This represents an attempt to return to the original form of the Antiochene Liturgy, removing the liturgical latinisation of past centuries. Antioch on the Orontes (Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη Antiochia ad Orontem also Liturgical Latinisation is the process by which the liturgical practices of the Churches of Eastern Christianity (particularly the Eastern Catholic Churches The Service of the Word has been described as far more enriched than in previous Missals, and it features six Anaphoras (Eucharistic Prayers). The Anaphora is the most solemn part of the Divine liturgy, Mass, or other Christian Communion rite where the offerings of bread and wine are consecrated
Celibacy is not required for deacons and priests with parishes (though they may not re-marry after the death of a spouse); monks must remain celibate, as well as bishops who are normally selected from the monasteries. Clerical celibacy is the practice in various religious traditions, in which Clergy, Monastics and those (of either sex in religious orders adopt a A parish is a Local church; it is an administrative unit typically found in episcopal or presbyterian churches Due to a long-term understanding with their Latin Rite counterparts in North America, Maronite priests in that area are expected to remain celibate. The bishops who serve as eparchs and archeparchs of the eparchies and archeparchies (the equivalent of diocese and archdiocese in the Roman Catholic Church) are answerable to the patriarch.
Population
The exact worldwide Maronite population is not known, although it is at least 8 million according to CNEWA (Catholic Near East Welfare Association). The Catholic Near East Welfare Association is an agency of the Holy See, founded by Pope Pius XI in 1926 to support the churches and peoples of the Middle East [6] It is estimated that 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 remain in Lebanon where they constitute up to 25% of the population. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية According to a Lebanese agreement celebrated among the various religious leaders, the president must be a Maronite. Syrian Maronites total 40,000 and they follow the archdioceses of Aleppo and Damascus and the Diocese of Latakia. For other meanings see Aleppo (disambiguation. Halab redirects here for other meanings see Halab (disambiguation. Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. Latakia or Latakiyah (اللاذقية Al-Ladhiqiyah, Λαοδικεία transliterated as Laodicea, Laodikeia or Laodiceia, There is also a Maronite community in Cyprus which speaks Cypriot Maronite Arabic,[7] They are a recognized religious minority on the island and the community elects a representative to sit in the house of representatives (parliament) to voice their interests. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Cypriot Maronite Arabic (also known as Cypriot Arabic Maronite Sanna is one of the most divergent of Arabic varieties, spoken by Maronites in Cyprus They are probably descended from those Maronites who accompanied the crusaders there. A noticeable maronite community also exists in northern Israel.
The two residing eparchies in the United States have issued their own "Maronite Census". The Census is designed to estimate approximately how many Maronites reside in the United States due to their emigrations to that country. Many Maronites have been assimilated into American culture, often taking on Roman Catholicism as there were no Maronite parishes or priests available. The Census was designed to locate those people. There is also an eparchy in São Paulo, Brazil. The Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Líbano em São Paulo { Latin: Eparchia Dominae Nostrae Libanensis S |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld
Modern Maronites, like other Christians in the Levant, often adopt French or other Western European given names (with biblical origins) for their children like "Michel", "Marc", "Marie", "Georges", "Carole", "Charles", "Chris", "Antoine", and "Pierre". Maronites ( الموارنة,, Syriac: ܡܪܘܢܝܐ, Latin: Ecclesia Maronitarum) are members of one of the Syriac A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' Chris may refer to Christopher and Christian - The longer male forms of the name Christina and Christine - The longer
Given names of Arabic origins identical with those of their Muslim neighbors are also common, such as "Khalil," "Samir," "Salim," "Jameel," or "Tawfik". Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Other common names are strictly Christian and are Aramaic, or Arabic, forms of biblical, Hebrew, or Greek Christian names, such as "Antun," (Anthony, also "Tanios", "Antonios", or "Tannous"), "Butros" (Peter), "Boulos (Paul)," "Semaan" or "Shamaoun" (Simon), "Jergyes" (George), "Elie" (Ilyas, or Elias), "Iskander" (Alexander), or "Beshara" (literally, "Good News" in reference to the Gospel), other common names are Sarkis (Sergius) and Bakhos (Bacchus), while others are common both among Christians and Muslims, such as "Yousseff" (Joseph) or "Ibrahim" (Abraham). Aramaic is a Semitic language with Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written in Biblical Hebrew (and the related Biblical Aramaic This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament
Some Maronite Christians are named in honour of Maronite saints, including the Aramaic names "Maroun" (after their patron saint, Maron), "Sharbel" or "Charbel", or "Rafqa"
See also
- List of Maronites
- Maron
- Cypriot Maronite Arabic
- Lebanese Christian Nationalism: The Rise and Fall of an Ethnic Resistance
- Assyrians
- Syriacs
References
- ^ Die Presse: “Kibris Sorununun Çözümü Çabalarinda Zamana
- ^ Review of Phares Book
- ^ The Precarious Republic: Political Modernization in Lebanon By Michael C. This list of Maronites includes prominent Maronite figures who are notable in their areas of expertise St Maroun also known as Saint Maron, was a 5th century Syriac Christian Monk who founded the Maronite spiritual movement Cypriot Maronite Arabic (also known as Cypriot Arabic Maronite Sanna is one of the most divergent of Arabic varieties, spoken by Maronites in Cyprus Lebanese Christian Nationalism The Rise and Fall of an Ethnic Resistance is a book by Middle East expert and scholar Walid Phares. The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. The Aramean-Syriac people ( Syriac: arc [[arcܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ]]) are an Ethnic group who are widely Hudson, 1968
- ^ Lebanon: Its Stand in History Among the Near East Countries By Salim Wakim, 1996.
- ^ St. George Maronite Church
- ^ The Maronite Catholic Church CNEWA (Catholic Near East Welfare Association)
- ^ [1] A descriptive analysis of Cypriot Maronite Arabic by Maria Tsiapera
Books
- Kamal Salibi - A House of Many Mansions - The History of Lebanon Reconsidered (University of California Press, 1990).
- Father AJ Salim - Captivated by Your Teachings - A Resource Book for Adult Maronite Catholics (ET Nedder Publishing, Tucson, Arizona, 2002)
- Maronite Church. New Catholic Encyclopedia, Second Edition, 2003.
- Riley-Smith, Johnathan - The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995)
- Soffee, Anne Thomas - Snake Hips: Belly Dancing and How I Found True Love (Chicago Review Press, Chicago, 2002)
External links
- Congregation of the Lebanese Maronites Missionnaries
- The Maronite Research Institute
- World Maronite Union
- Maronite Podcast - Experience the Maronite Church's prayers
- The Lebanese Christians: Unsuspecting Victims of a Sunni Shiite Cold War in Lebanon
- List of Maronite Catholic Churches in the US
- Our Lady of Lebanon
- Beith Souryoyé Morounoyé - The Syriac Maronites
- The Maronite Patriarchate
- The USA Maronite Census
- The Maronite Catholic Church of Australia
- Eparchy of Saint Maron of Brooklyn
- Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Los Angeles
- St. Thérèse of the Child Jesus Catholic Maronite Church of Tulsa, Oklahoma
- The Eastern Catholic Churches
- Catholic Encyclopedia - Maronites
- Catholic World News: Trying to Shake a Troubled Past — Maronite population discussed
- Maronite Worldwide Knowledgebase
- Maronite History and Maronite Families
- A Catholic Village in the south of Lebanon
- Maronites history
- What Language(s) Did Jesus Speak and Why Does It Matter?
- Maronite Monks
- The Druzes and the Maronites under the Turkish Rule from 1840 to 1860 Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection. {Reprinted by} Cornell University Library Digital Collections
- German Homepage of Maronitische Christliche Union Deutschlands e.V. Arabic/German
Media
- Maronite Chant from YouTube
- The Maronite Good Friday liturgy
- St. Thérèse of the Child Jesus Catholic Maronite Church video of 3D model on YouTube
- St. Thérèse of the Child Jesus Catholic Maronite Church 3D model Google Earth Requires Google Earth
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