Samuel Langhorne Clemens
Mark Twain, detail of photo by Mathew Brady, February 7, 1871
Born	November 30, 1835(1835-11-30) Florida, Missouri, United States
Died	April 21, 1910 (aged 74) Redding, Connecticut
Pen name	Mark Twain
Occupation	Writer, lecturer
Nationality	American
Genres	Fiction, historical fiction, children's literature, non-fiction, travel literature, satire, essay, philosophical literature, social commentary, literary criticism
Notable work(s)	Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Influences Artemus Ward, Charles Dickens, Thomas Paine, Alexander Macfarlane, Josh Billings
Influenced Kurt Vonnegut, Gore Vidal, Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, H. L. Mencken, Hunter S. Thompson, Hal Holbrook, Jimmy Buffett, Ron Powers, Ralph Ellison, Ken Kesey
Signature

Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),^[1] better known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an American humorist, satirist, lecturer and writer. Note that Mathew B Brady spelled his first name with only one "t" Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Florida is a village in Monroe County Missouri, United States, best known as the birthplace of writer Mark Twain in 1835 Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Redding is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a Pseudonym adopted by an Author or their publishers to conceal their identity Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms Lecturer is a term of Academic rank. In the United Kingdom lecturer is the name given to University Teachers in their first permanent Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A literary genre is a category of literary composition Genres may be determined by Literary technique, tone, Content, or even (as in the case of fiction Fiction is the telling of stories which are not real More specifically fiction is an imaginative form of Narrative, one of the four basic Rhetorical modes. Historical fiction is a sub-genre of Fiction that often portrays alternate accounts or dramatization of historical figures or events Children's literature is an age category of literature written for published for or marketed to Children roughly through age 12 Non-fiction is an account or representation of a subject which is presented as Fact. Travel literature is Travel writing considered to have value as Literature. Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although in practice it is also found in the graphic and Performing arts In satire human An essay is usually a short piece of writing It is often written from an author's personal point of view. Philosophy and Literature is an Academic journal founded in 1977 Social commentary is the act of rebelling against a government by means of rhetorical propaganda Literary criticism is the study discussion evaluation and interpretation of Literature. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (often shortened to Huck Finn) is a novel written by American Humorist Mark Twain. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, by Mark Twain, is a popular 1876 Novel about a young boy growing up in the Antebellum South See also Artemas Ward (disambiguation Charles Farrar Browne, ( April 23, 1834 - March 6, 1867) was a Thomas Paine (January 29 1737 &ndash June 8 1809 was an English Pamphleteer, Revolutionary, radical, Inventor, and Intellectual Alexander Macfarlane may be Alexander Macfarlane (politician (1818-1898 Nova Scotian lawyer and senator Alexander Macfarlane (mathematician Josh Billings was the Pen name of Humorist born Henry Wheeler Shaw ( 20 April 1818 – 14 October 1885) Kurt Vonnegut Jr (November 11 1922 – April 11 2007 (ˈvɒnəgət was a prolific and genre-bending American Novelist known for works blending Satire, Black Gore Vidal (born October 3 1925 ˌgɔər vɪˈdɑːl or /vɪˈdæl/ is an American Novelist, Screenwriter, Playwright, Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21 1899 — July 2 1961 was an American novelist short-story writer, and Journalist. William Faulkner (born William Cuthbert Falkner) ( September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American Author Hunter Stockton Thompson ( July 18, 1937 &ndash February 20, 2005) was an American Journalist and Author, most Harold Rowe "Hal" Holbrook Jr (born February 17, 1925) is an American Actor. James William "Jimmy" Buffett (born December 25 1946) is a Singer, Songwriter, Author, Businessman, and recently Ron Powers (born 1941 is a Pulitzer Prize -winning journalist novelist and non-fiction writer Ralph Waldo Ellison ( March 1, 1914 &ndash April 16, 1994) was a Scholar and Writer. Kenneth Elton Kesey ( September 17, 1935 &ndash November 10, 2001) was an American Author, best known for his major novels Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a Pseudonym adopted by an Author or their publishers to conceal their identity The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A humorist is a person who writes or performs humorous material Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although in practice it is also found in the graphic and Performing arts In satire human A lecture is an oral Presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject for example by a University or College A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms Twain is most noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which has since been called the Great American Novel,^[2] and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (often shortened to Huck Finn) is a novel written by American Humorist Mark Twain. The " Great American Novel " is the concept of a Novel that most perfectly represents the spirit of life in the United States at the time of its writing The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, by Mark Twain, is a popular 1876 Novel about a young boy growing up in the Antebellum South He is also known for his quotations. ^[3][4] During his lifetime, Twain became a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists and European royalty.

Twain enjoyed immense public popularity, and his keen wit and incisive satire earned him praise from both critics and peers. American author William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature. William Faulkner (born William Cuthbert Falkner) ( September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American Author American literature refers to written or literary work produced in the area of the United States and Colonial America. "^[5]

Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Travels and family 1.3 Later life and death 2 Life as a writer 2.1 Career overview 2.2 Early journalism and travelogues 2.3 Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn 2.4 Later writing 3 Finance, science, and inventions 4 Friendship with Henry H. Rogers 5 Political and religious views 5.1 Changing his views 5.2 Anti-imperialism 5.3 Pacifist or revolutionary? 5.4 Abolition, emancipation, and anti-racism 5.5 Labor unions 5.6 Vivisection 5.7 Religion 5.8 Freemasonry 6 Legacy 7 Pen names 8 Bibliography 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links

Biography

Early life

Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born in Florida, Missouri, on November 30, 1835 to a Tennessee country merchant, John Marshall Clemens (August 11, 1798–March 24, 1847), and Jane Lampton Clemens (June 18, 1803–October 27, 1890). Florida is a village in Monroe County Missouri, United States, best known as the birthplace of writer Mark Twain in 1835 Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[6] He was the sixth of seven children. Only three of his siblings survived childhood: his brothers Orion (July 17, 1825–December 11, 1897) and Henry (July 13, 1838–June 21, 1858) and his sister Pamela (September 19, 1827–August 31, 1904). Infant mortality is defined as the number of deaths of Infants (one year of age or younger per 1000 live births Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Year 1827 ( MDCCCXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on His sister Margaret (May 31, 1830–August 17, 1839) died when Twain was four years old, and his brother Benjamin (June 8, 1832–May 12, 1842) died three years later. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Another brother, Pleasant (1828–1829), died at the age of six months. ^[7] He was born two weeks after the closest approach to Earth of Halley's Comet (see 1835 comment). Halley's Comet, officially designated 1P/Halley and also referred to as Comet Halley after Edmond Halley, is a Comet that can be seen every

When Twain was four, his family moved to Hannibal,^[8] a port town on the Mississippi River that would serve as the inspiration for the fictional town of St. Hannibal is a city in Marion and Ralls counties in the US state of Missouri. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. ^[9] At that time, Missouri was a slave state in the Union, and young Twain became familiar with the institution of slavery, a theme he later explored in his writing. A slave state was a US state in which Slavery of African Americans was legal During the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the federal government of the United States, which was supported by the twenty-three Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth

In March 1847, when Twain was 11, his father died of pneumonia. Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal ^[10] The following year, he became a printer's apprentice. In 1851, he began working as a typesetter and contributor of articles and humorous sketches for the Hannibal Journal, a newspaper owned by his brother, Orion. Typesetting involves the presentation of textual material in graphic form on Paper or some other medium. When he was 18, he left Hannibal and worked as a printer in New York City, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Cincinnati. The City of New York Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə He joined the union and educated himself in public libraries in the evenings, finding wider sources of information than he would have at a conventional school. Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) is self-education or self-directed learning A public library (also called circulating library) is a Library which is accessible by the Public and is generally funded from public sources (such ^[11] At 22, Twain returned to Missouri. On a voyage to New Orleans down the Mississippi, the steamboat pilot, Horace E. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana A steamboat or steamship, sometimes called a steamer, is a ship in which the primary method of propulsion is steam power, typically driving a Propeller Bixby, inspired Twain to pursue a career as a steamboat pilot; it was a richly rewarding occupation with wages set at $250 per month,^[12] equivalent to $155,000 a year today.

Because the steamboats at the time were constructed of very dry flammable wood, no lamps were allowed, making night travel a precarious endeavor. The Mark Twain House and Museum was the home of Mark Twain (a The Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS Historic American Engineering Record (HAER and Historic American Landscapes Survey (HALS are programs of the A steamboat pilot needed a vast knowledge of the ever-changing river to be able to stop at any of the hundreds of ports and wood-lots along the river banks. Twain meticulously studied 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of the Mississippi for more than two years before he received his steamboat pilot license in 1859. While training, Samuel convinced his younger brother Henry to work with him. Henry was killed on June 21, 1858, when the steamboat he was working on, the Pennsylvania, exploded. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Twain had foreseen this death in a detailed dream a month earlier,^[13] which inspired his interest in parapsychology; he was an early member of the Society for Psychical Research. Parapsychology is a discipline that seeks to demonstrate the existence and causes of Psychic abilities and life after death using the Scientific method The Society for Psychical Research ( SPR) is a Non-profit organization which started in the United Kingdom and was later imitated in other countries ^[14] Twain was guilt-stricken over his brother's death and held himself responsible for the rest of his life. However, he continued to work on the river and served as a river pilot until the American Civil War broke out in 1861 and traffic along the Mississippi was curtailed. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South

Travels and family

Missouri was a slave state and considered by many to be part of the South, but it did not join the Confederacy. A slave state was a US state in which Slavery of African Americans was legal The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 When the war began, Twain and his friends formed a Confederate militia (depicted in an 1885 short story, "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed"), which drilled for only two weeks before disbanding. The term militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary Citizens to provide defense emergency law enforcement or Paramilitary service The Private History of a Campaign that Failed is one of Mark Twain 's sketches ( 1885) a short highly fictionalized memoir of his two-week stint in the ^[15] Twain joined his brother, Orion, who had been appointed secretary to the territorial governor of Nevada, James W. Nye, and headed west. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. James Warren Nye ( June 10, 1815 December 25, 1876) was a United States Senator from Nevada.

Twain and his brother traveled for more than two weeks on a stagecoach across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains, visiting the Mormon community in Salt Lake City along the way. For other meanings see Stagecoach (disambiguation. A stagecoach (also called diligence) is a type of four-wheeled enclosed The Great Plains are the broad expanse of Prairie and Steppe which lie east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada Mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a Mountain range in western North America. TalkMormon#Latter Day Saint vs Latter-day Saint --> Mormon Salt Lake City is the Capital and the most populous city of the U These experiences became the basis of the book Roughing It, and provided material for The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County. Roughing It is semi-autobiographical Travel literature written by American humorist Mark Twain. "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" is an 1865 Short story by Mark Twain. Twain's journey ended in the silver-mining town of Virginia City, Nevada, where he became a miner. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body ^[15] Twain failed as a miner and found work at a Virginia City newspaper, the Territorial Enterprise. The Territorial Enterprise, founded in 1858 is a newspaper currently published in Virginia City Nevada. ^[16] On February 3, 1863, he signed a humorous travel account "LETTER FROM CARSON - re: Joe Goodman; party at Gov. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Johnson's; music" with "Mark Twain". ^[17]

Twain then traveled to San Francisco, California, where he continued as a journalist and began lecturing. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. He met other writers such as Bret Harte, Artemus Ward and Dan DeQuille. Bret Harte ( August 25, 1836 &ndash May 6, 1902) was an American Author and Poet, best remembered for his accounts See also Artemas Ward (disambiguation Charles Farrar Browne, ( April 23, 1834 - March 6, 1867) was a William Wright (1829-1898 better known by the Pen name Dan DeQuille or Dan De Quille, was an American Author, Journalist An assignment in Hawaii became the basis for his first lectures. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the ^[18] In 1867, a local newspaper funded a trip to the Mediterranean. During his tour of Europe and the Middle East, he wrote a popular collection of travel letters which were compiled as The Innocents Abroad in 1869. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims' Progress was published by American author Mark Twain in 1869.

Twain met Charles Langdon, who showed him a picture of his sister Olivia; Twain claimed to have fallen in love at first sight. Olivia Langdon Clemens ( November 27, 1845 &ndash June 5, 1904) was the wife of the famous American author Samuel Langhorne Clemens They met in 1868, were engaged a year later, and married in February 1870 in Elmira, New York. Elmira is a City in Chemung County, New York, USA. It is the principal city of the 'Elmira New York Metropolitan Statistical Area ^[18] She came from a "wealthy but liberal family", and through her he met abolitionists, "socialists, principled atheists and activists for women’s rights and social equality", including Harriet Beecher Stowe, Frederick Douglass and the utopian socialist William Dean Howells^[19]. Social equality is a social state of affairs in which all people within a specific society or isolated group have the same status in a certain respect Harriet Beecher Stowe (June 14 1811 – July 1 1896 was an American Author and Abolitionist, whose Novel Uncle Tom's Cabin Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, February 14 1818 February 20 1895 was an American abolitionist, editor, Orator Utopian socialism is a term used to define the first currents of modern socialist thought William Dean Howells ( March 1 1837 – May 11 1920) was an American realist author and literary critic

The couple lived in Buffalo, New York from 1869 to 1871. Buffalo (ˈbʌfəloʊ is the second largest city in New York State. Twain owned a stake in the Buffalo Express, and worked as an editor and writer. Their son Langdon died of diphtheria at 19 months. Diphtheria ( Greek διφθερα ( diphthera)—“pair of leather scrolls" is an upper respiratory tract illness characterized by sore

In 1871^[20], Twain moved his family to Hartford, Connecticut, where starting in 1873 he arranged the building of a dramatic house for them, which local admirers saved from demolition in 1927 and eventually turned into a museum focused on him. The Mark Twain House and Museum was the home of Mark Twain (a There Olivia gave birth to three daughters: Susy (1872-1896), Clara (1874-1962) ^[21], and Jean (1880-1909). Olivia Susan Clemens, usually known as Susy Clemens ( March 19 1872 - August 18 1896) was the second child and eldest daughter of Clara Langhorne Clemens Samossoud, formerly Clara Langhorne Clemens Gabrilowitsch ( June 8, 1874 &ndash November 19, 1962 Jane Lampton Clemens, usually known as Jean Clemens, ( July 26, 1880 &ndash December 24, 1909) was the youngest of the three daughters The couple's marriage lasted 34 years, until Olivia's death in 1904.

During his years in Hartford, Twain became friends with fellow author William Dean Howells. William Dean Howells ( March 1 1837 – May 11 1920) was an American realist author and literary critic

Later life and death

Twain made a second tour of Europe, described in the 1880 book, A Tramp Abroad. A Tramp Abroad is a work of non-fiction Travel literature by American author Mark Twain, published in 1880. His tour included a visit to London where, in the summer of 1900, he was the guest of newspaper proprietor Hugh Gilzean-Reid at Dollis Hill House. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Hugh Gilzean Reid (1836-1911 was a Scottish journalist and politician Dollis Hill House is an early Nineteenth-Century farmhouse located in the North London suburb of Dollis Hill. Twain wrote of Dollis Hill that he had "never seen any place that was so satisfactorily situated, with its noble trees and stretch of country, and everything that went to make life delightful, and all within a biscuit's throw of the metropolis of the world. Dollis Hill is an area of north-west London. It lies close to Willesden, in the London Borough of Brent. "^[22] He returned to America in 1900, having earned enough to pay off his debts.

In 1906, Twain began his autobiography in the North American Review. An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write" The North American Review ( NAR) was the first literary magazine in the United States. Oxford University awarded him a Doctorate in Letters a year later. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the Doctor of Letters ( Latin: Litterarum doctor; DLitt; or Litt D

Twain outlived Jean and Susy. He passed through a period of deep depression, which began in 1896 when his favorite daughter Susy died of meningitis. In the fields of Psychology and Psychiatry, the terms depression or depressed refer to both expected and pathologically chronic or severe Meningitis is Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the Brain and Spinal cord, known collectively as the Meninges. Olivia's death in 1904 and Jean's death on December 24, 1909, deepened his gloom. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting ^[23]

In 1909, Twain is quoted as saying:^[24]

“

I came in with Halley's Comet in 1835. Halley's Comet, officially designated 1P/Halley and also referred to as Comet Halley after Edmond Halley, is a Comet that can be seen every It is coming again next year, and I expect to go out with it. It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I don't go out with Halley's Comet. The Almighty has said, no doubt: 'Now here are these two unaccountable freaks; they came in together, they must go out together. '

”

His prediction was accurate—Twain died of a heart attack on April 21, 1910 in Redding, Connecticut, one day after the comet's closest approach to Earth (see Halley's Comet, 1835 entry). Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Redding is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. Halley's Comet, officially designated 1P/Halley and also referred to as Comet Halley after Edmond Halley, is a Comet that can be seen every

In the New York Journal, in 1897, Twain said "The report of my death was an exaggeration. The New York Journal American was a Newspaper published from 1937 to 1966 "

Upon hearing of Twain's death, President Taft said:^[25][26]

“

Mark Twain gave pleasure—real intellectual enjoyment—to millions, and his works will continue to give such pleasure to millions yet to come. William Howard Taft (September 15 1857 – March 8 1930 was an American politician, the twenty-seventh President of the United States, the tenth Chief Justice . . His humor was American, but he was nearly as much appreciated by Englishmen and people of other countries as by his own countrymen. He has made an enduring part of American literature. American literature refers to written or literary work produced in the area of the United States and Colonial America.

”

Mark Twain is buried in his wife's family plot in Elmira, New York. Elmira is a City in Chemung County, New York, USA. It is the principal city of the 'Elmira New York Metropolitan Statistical Area

Life as a writer

Career overview

Twain began his career writing light, humorous verse but evolved into a grim, almost profane chronicler of the vanities, hypocrisies and murderous acts of mankind. At mid-career, with Huckleberry Finn, he combined rich humor, sturdy narrative and social criticism. Twain was a master at rendering colloquial speech and helped to create and popularize a distinctive American literature built on American themes and language. A colloquialism is an expression not used in formal speech, writing or Paralinguistics. American literature refers to written or literary work produced in the area of the United States and Colonial America. Many of Mark Twain's works have been suppressed at times for various reasons. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been repeatedly restricted in American high schools, not least for its frequent use of the word "nigger", which was a common term when the book was written. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (often shortened to Huck Finn) is a novel written by American Humorist Mark Twain. Nigger is a Noun in the English language, most notable for its usage in a derogatory context to refer to Black people, and also as an informal

Unfortunately, a complete bibliography of his works is nearly impossible to compile because of the vast number of pieces wrtten by Clemens (often in obscure newspapers) and his use of several different pennames. Additionally, many believe that a large portion of his speeches and lectures have been lost or simply were not written down; thus, the collection of Clemens's works is an ongoing process. Researchers have rediscovered published material by Twain as recently as 1995. ^[27]

Early journalism and travelogues

Mark Twain’s first important work, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, was first published in the New York Saturday Press on November 18, 1865. "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" is an 1865 Short story by Mark Twain. The New York Saturday Press was a newspaper now defunct where Mark Twain had his first essay "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" published Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The only reason it was published there was because his story arrived too late to be included in a book Artemus Ward was compiling featuring sketches of the wild American West. See also Artemas Ward (disambiguation Charles Farrar Browne, ( April 23, 1834 - March 6, 1867) was a

After this burst of popularity, Twain was commissioned by the Sacramento Union to write letters about his travel experiences for publication in the newspaper, his first of which was to ride the steamer Ajax in its maiden voyage to Hawaii, referred to at the time as the Sandwich Islands. The Sacramento Union is a Tabloid -sized free Weekly newspaper currently distributed in the Sacramento, California area "Sandwich Island" redirects here Sandwich Island is also an early name for the Cook Islands island of Manuae, and for the island of Efate These humorous letters proved the genesis to his work with the San Francisco Alta California newspaper, which designated him a traveling correspondent for a trip from San Francisco to New York City via the Panama isthmus. Alta California (Upper California was formed in 1804 when the Province of the Californias, then a part of the Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas in the The Panama Canal is a man-made Canal in Panama which joins the All the while Twain was writing letters meant for publishing back and forth, chronicling his experiences with his burlesque humor. On June 8, 1867, Twain set sail on the pleasure cruiser Quaker City for five months. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting This trip resulted in The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims' Progress. The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims' Progress was published by American author Mark Twain in 1869.

“

This book is a record of a pleasure trip. If it were a record of a solemn scientific expedition it would have about it the gravity, that profundity, and that impressive incomprehensibility which are so proper to works of that kind, and withal so attractive. Yet not withstanding it is only a record of a picnic, it has a purpose, which is, to suggest to the reader how he would be likely to see Europe and the East if he looked at them with his own eyes instead of the eyes of those who traveled in those countries before him. I make small pretense of showing anyone how he ought to look at objects of interest beyond the sea – other books do that, and therefore, even if I were competent to do it, there is no need.

”

In 1872, Twain published a second piece of travel literature, Roughing It, as a semi-sequel to Innocents. Roughing It is semi-autobiographical Travel literature written by American humorist Mark Twain. Roughing It is a semi-autobiographical account of Twain's journey to Nevada and his subsequent life in the American West. The Western United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American West or simply the West &mdashtraditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost The book lampoons American and Western society in the same way that Innocents critiqued the various countries of Europe and the Middle East. Twain's next work kept Roughing It's focus on American society but focused more on the events of the day. Entitled The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, it was not a travel piece, as his previous two books had been, and it was his first attempt at writing a novel. The Gilded Age A Tale of Today is an 1873 novel by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner satirizing greed and political corruption in post- Civil War A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story The book is also notable because it is Twain's only collaboration; it was written with his neighbor Charles Dudley Warner. Charles Dudley Warner ( September 12, 1829 &ndash was an American essayist and novelist

Twain's next two works drew on his experiences on the Mississippi River. Old Times on the Mississippi, a series of sketches published in the Atlantic Monthly in 1875, featured Twain’s disillusionment with Romanticism. Old Times on the Mississippi is a Non-fiction work by Mark Twain. The Atlantic (formerly known as The Atlantic Monthly) is an American Magazine founded in Boston in 1857 Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Old Times eventually became the starting point for Life on the Mississippi. Life on the Mississippi is a Memoir by Mark Twain detailing his days as a Steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River before the

Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn

Twain's next major publication was The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, which drew on his youth in Hannibal. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, by Mark Twain, is a popular 1876 Novel about a young boy growing up in the Antebellum South The character of Tom Sawyer was modeled on Twain as a child, with traces of two schoolmates, John Briggs and Will Bowen. Tom Sawyer (fictional character 'born' circa 1833 is the protagonist and title character of the Mark Twain novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876 The book also introduced in a supporting role the character of Huckleberry Finn, based on Twain's boyhood friend Tom Blankenship.

The Prince and the Pauper, despite a storyline that is omnipresent in film and literature today, was not as well received. The Prince and the Pauper is a novel by Mark Twain. It was first published in 1881 in Canada before its 1882 publication in the United States Telling the story of two boys born on the same day who are physically identical, the book acts as a social commentary as the prince and pauper switch places. Pauper was Twain’s first attempt at fiction, and blame for its shortcomings are usually put on Twain having not been experienced enough in English society and the fact that it was produced after such a massive hit. In between the writing of Pauper, Twain had started Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (which he consistently had problems completing^[28] and started and completed another travel book, A Tramp Abroad, which follows Twain as he travels through central and southern Europe. A Tramp Abroad is a work of non-fiction Travel literature by American author Mark Twain, published in 1880.

Twain’s next major published work, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, solidified him as a noteworthy American writer. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (often shortened to Huck Finn) is a novel written by American Humorist Mark Twain. Some have called it the first Great American Novel. The " Great American Novel " is the concept of a Novel that most perfectly represents the spirit of life in the United States at the time of its writing Finn was an offshoot from Tom Sawyer and proved to have a more serious tone than its predecessor. The main premise behind Huckleberry Finn is the young boy’s belief in the right thing to do even though the majority of society believes that it was wrong. The book has become required reading in many schools throughout the United States because Huck ignores the rules and mores of the age to follow what he thinks is just (the story takes place in the 1850s where slavery is present). Four hundred manuscript pages of Huckleberry Finn were written in the summer of 1876, right after the publication of Tom Sawyer. Some accounts have Twain taking seven years off after his first burst of creativity, eventually finishing the book in 1883. Other accounts have Twain working on Finn in tandem with The Prince and the Pauper and other works in 1880 and other years. The last fifth of Finn is subject to much controversy. Some say that Twain experiences—as critic Leo Marx puts it—a "failure of nerve. Leo Marx (born 1919 is a Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an Author known for his works in the field of American studies " Ernest Hemingway once said of Huckleberry Finn: “If you read it, you must stop where the Nigger Jim is stolen from the boys. Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21 1899 — July 2 1961 was an American novelist short-story writer, and Journalist. That is the real end. The rest is just cheating. ”^[29]

Near the completion of Huckleberry Finn, Twain wrote Life on the Mississippi, which is said to have heavily influenced the former book. ^[27] The work recounts Twain’s memories and new experiences after a 22-year absence from the Mississippi. The book is of note because Twain introduces the real meaning of his pseudonym. A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias)

Later writing

After his great work, Twain began turning to his business endeavors to keep them afloat and to stave off the increasing difficulties he had been having from his writing projects. Twain focused on President Ulysses S. Grant's Memoirs for his fledgling publishing company, finding time in between to write "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed" for The Century Magazine. Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States The Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S Grant is an autobiography of American President Ulysses S The Century Magazine was first published in the United States in 1881 by The Century Company of New York City as a successor to Scribner's This piece detailed his two-week stint in a Confederate militia during the Civil War. The name of his publishing company was Charles L. Webster & Company, which he owned with Charles L. Webster, his nephew by marriage. ^[30]

Twain next focused on A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, which featured him making his first big pronouncement of disappointment with politics. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court is an 1889 Novel by American Humorist and Writer Mark Twain. Written with the same "historical fiction" style of The Prince and the Pauper, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court showed the absurdities of political and social norms by setting them in the court of King Arthur. The Prince and the Pauper is a novel by Mark Twain. It was first published in 1881 in Canada before its 1882 publication in the United States A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court is an 1889 Novel by American Humorist and Writer Mark Twain. King Arthur is a legendary British leader who according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against the Saxon invaders The book was started in December 1885, then shelved a few months later until the summer of 1887, and eventually finished in the spring of 1889.

Twain had begun to furiously write articles and commentary with diminishing returns to pay the bills and keep his business intentions afloat, but it was not enough because he filed for bankruptcy in 1894. His next large scale work, Pudd'nhead Wilson was written rapidly, as Twain was furiously trying to stave off the bankruptcy. Pudd'nhead Wilson is an ironic Novel by Mark Twain. About The setting is on the banks of the Mississippi River in the first In the month from November 12 to December 14, 1893, Twain wrote a staggering 60,000 words for the novel. ^[27] Critics have pointed to this rushed completion as the cause of the novel's rough organization and constant disruption of continuous plot. There were parallels between this work and Twain's financial failings, notably his desire to escape his current constraints and become a different person.

Interestingly, the actual title of this novel is not clearly established. It was first published serially in Century Magazine, and when it was finally published in book form, "Pudd'nhead Wilson" appeared as the main title. Century Magazine is the sole student run magazine at the University of Utah. However, the disputed "subtitles" make the entire title read, "The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson and the Comedy of The Extraordinary Twins. "^[27]

This novel also contains the tale of two boys born on the same day (see The Prince and the Pauper) who switch positions in life. The Prince and the Pauper is a novel by Mark Twain. It was first published in 1881 in Canada before its 1882 publication in the United States Considering the circumstances of Clemens's birth and Halley's Comet and his strong belief in the paranormal, it is not surprising that these "mystic" connections recur throughout his writing. Halley's Comet, officially designated 1P/Halley and also referred to as Comet Halley after Edmond Halley, is a Comet that can be seen every

Twain’s next venture was a work of straight fiction that he called Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc and dedicated to his wife. Mark Twain 's work on Joan of Arc is titled in full Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc by the Sieur Louis de Conte who is identified Twain had long said that this was the work of which he was most proud, despite the criticism he received for it. The book had been a dream of his since childhood; he claimed that he had found a manuscript detailing the life of Joan of Arc when he was an adolescent. Joan of Arc (c 1412 Joan asserted that she had visions from God that told her to recover her homeland from English domination late in the Hundred Years' ^[27] This was another piece which Twain was convinced would save his publishing company. His financial adviser, Henry Huttleston Rogers, squashed that idea and got Twain out of that business altogether, but the book was published nonetheless. Henry Huttleston Rogers ( January 29 1840 &ndash May 19 1909) was a United States capitalist, Businessman

During this time of dire financial straits, Clemens published several literary reviews in newspapers to help make ends meet. He famously derided James Fenimore Cooper in his article detailing Cooper's Literary Offenses. James Fenimore Cooper (September 15 1789 &ndash September 14 1851 was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century He became an extremely outspoken critic not only of other authors, but also of other critics, suggesting that before praising Cooper's work, Professors Loundsbury, Brander Matthes, and Wilkie Collins "ought to have read some of it. "^[31]

Other authors to fall under Clemens's attack during this time period (beginning around 1890 until his death) were George Eliot, Jane Austen, and Robert Louis Stevenson. Mary Ann (Marian Evans ( 22 November 1819 – 22 December 1880) better known by her Pen name George Eliot, was an Jane Austen (16 Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson (13 November 1850–3 December 1894 was a Scottish novelist poet and travel writer, and a representative of Neo-romanticism in ^[32]. Some have noticed a trend in literary criticism to mimic Twain's style, as contemporary critics often ballast not merely portions of a work, opting instead to insult and belittle an author's entire bibliography. It appears that Twain was the first to use such language in describing established authors (and these authors were often quite popular at the time Twain was lambasting them). In addition to providing a source for the "tooth and claw" style of literary criticism, Twain outlines in several letters and essays what he considers to be "quality writing". He places particular emphasis on concision, utility of word choice, and realism (he complains that Cooper's Deerslayer purports to be realistic but has several shortcomings). The Deerslayer or The First Warpath (1841 was the last of James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking tales to be written Ironically, several of his works were later criticized for lack of continuity (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn) and organization (Pudd'nhead Wilson). Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (often shortened to Huck Finn) is a novel written by American Humorist Mark Twain. Pudd'nhead Wilson is an ironic Novel by Mark Twain. About The setting is on the banks of the Mississippi River in the first

Twain’s wife died in 1904, and after an appropriate time Twain allowed himself to publish some works that his wife, a de facto editor and censor throughout his life, had looked down upon. Of these works, The Mysterious Stranger, which places the presence of Satan, also known as “No. The Mysterious Stranger is an Unfinished work written by the American author Mark Twain that was worked on periodically from Satan, ( Standard Hebrew Satan'el, English accuser) is a term that originates from the Abrahamic faiths, being traditionally 44,” in various situations where the moral sense of humankind is absent, is perhaps the best known. This particular work was not published in Twain’s lifetime. There were three versions found in his manuscripts made between 1897 and 1905: the Hannibal version, the Eseldorf version, and the Print Shop version. Confusion between the versions led to an extensive publication of a jumbled version, and only recently have the original versions as Twain wrote them become available.

Twain’s last work was his autobiography, which he dictated and thought would be most entertaining if he went off on whims and tangents in non-sequential order. by Harper & Brothers Publishers Mark Twain’s Autobiography is a two-volume set published over ten years after Twain's death in order to protect the "guilty" Some archivists and compilers had a problem with this and rearranged the biography into a more conventional form, thereby eliminating some of Twain’s humor and the flow of the book.

Finance, science, and inventions

Twain made a substantial amount of money through his writing, but he spent much of it in bad investments, mostly in new inventions. He was fascinated with science and scientific inquiry. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding He developed a close and lasting friendship with Nikola Tesla, and the two spent much time together in Tesla's laboratory. There have already been discussions about Tesla's ethnicity on the talk page His book A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court features a time traveler from contemporary America, using his knowledge of science to introduce modern technology to Arthurian England. This article details time travel itself For other uses see Time Traveler. King Arthur is a legendary British leader who according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against the Saxon invaders Some suggest this makes Twain a pioneer in the science fiction genre. Twain inventions included a bed clamp for infants, a new type of steam engine, and the kaolatype (or collotype, a machine designed to engrave printing plates). Collotype is a Dichromate -based Photographic process developed for large volume mechanical printing before the existence of cheaper Offset lithography. The Paige typesetting machine was a beautifully engineered mechanical marvel that amazed viewers when it worked, but was prone to breakdowns; before it could be commercially perfected it was made obsolete by the Linotype. In the late nineteenth century the Paige Compositor was created to replace the human typesetter of a printing press with a mechanical arm The Linotype machine (pronounced "Line-O-Type") is a "line casting" machine used in Printing. He patented an improvement in adjustable and detachable straps for garments. Suspenders or Galluses, known as Braces in British English are fabric or leather straps worn over the shoulders to hold up Trousers.

Twain also lost money through his publishing house, which enjoyed initial success selling the memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant but went bust soon after, losing money on the idea that the general public would be interested in a Life of the Pope. There have already been discussions about Tesla's ethnicity on the talk page Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Less than two hundred copies were sold. ^[27]

Twain's writings and lectures combined with the help of a new friend enabled him to recover financially. ^[33] In 1893, he began a 15-year-long friendship with financier Henry Huttleston Rogers, a principal of Standard Oil. Henry Huttleston Rogers ( January 29 1840 &ndash May 19 1909) was a United States capitalist, Businessman Standard Oil was a predominant American integrated oil producing transporting refining and marketing company Rogers first made Twain file for bankruptcy. Then Rogers had Twain transfer the copyrights on his written works to his wife, Olivia, to prevent creditors from gaining possession of them. Finally Rogers took absolute charge of Twain's money until all the creditors were paid. Twain then embarked on an around-the-world lecture tour to pay off his creditors in full, despite the fact that he was no longer under any legal obligation to do so. ^[34]

Friendship with Henry H. Rogers

While Twain credited Henry Rogers, a Standard Oil executive, with saving him from financial ruin, their close friendship in their later years was mutually beneficial. Standard Oil was a predominant American integrated oil producing transporting refining and marketing company Clemens lost three of his four children and his beloved wife, and the Rogers family increasingly became a surrogate family for him. He became a frequent guest at their townhouse in New York City, their 48-room summer home in Fairhaven, Massachusetts, and aboard their steam yacht, the Kanawha. The City of New York Fairhaven is a town in Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States. Kanawha was a 471-ton steam-powered luxury Yacht initially built in 1899 for millionaire industrialist and financier

The two men introduced each other to their acquaintances. Twain was an admirer of the remarkable deafblind girl, Helen Keller. Deafblindness is the condition of little or no useful sight and little or no useful hearing. Helen Adams Keller (June 27 1880 – June 1 1968 was an American Author, Activist and lecturer He first met her and Anne Sullivan at a party in the home of Laurence Hutton in New York City in the winter of 1894. Anne Sullivan Macy, born Johanna Mansfield Sullivan, ( April 14, 1866 &ndash October 20, 1936) was a Teacher best Laurence Hutton (1843-1904 was an American essayist and critic born in New York City and educated privately there Twain introduced them to Rogers, who, with his wife, paid for Keller's education at Radcliffe College. Radcliffe College was a women's liberal arts college in Cambridge Massachusetts, and was the Coordinate college for Harvard University It was Twain who is credited with labeling Sullivan, Keller's governess and companion, a "miracle worker. A governess is a female employee of a family who teaches children within their home A lady's companion was a woman of genteel birth who acted as a paid companion for women of rank or wealth " His choice of words later became inspiration for the title of William Gibson's play and film adaptation, The Miracle Worker. William Gibson (born November 13, 1914 in New York) is a Tony Award -winning American Playwright and Novelist The Miracle Worker is a cycle of 20th century dramatic works derived from Helen Keller 's Autobiography The Story of My Life Twain also introduced Rogers to journalist Ida M. Tarbell, who interviewed the robber baron for a muckraking expose that led indirectly to the break-up of the Standard Oil Trust. A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends Ida Minerva Tarbell ( November 5 1857 &ndash January 6 1944) was a American Teacher, Author and Journalist. The term robber baron (Raubritter dates back to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries originally referring to certain Feudal Lords For other meanings see Muckraker (disambiguation The term muckraker most associated with a group of American investigative reporters Standard Oil was a predominant American integrated oil producing transporting refining and marketing company On cruises aboard the Kanawha, Twain and Rogers were joined at frequent intervals by Booker T. Washington, the famed former slave who had become a leading educator. Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5 1856 &ndash November 14 1915 was an American educator orator author and leader of the African-American community

While the two famous old men were widely regarded as drinking and poker buddies, they also exchanged letters when apart, and this was often since each traveled a great deal. Unlike Rogers' personal files, which have never become public, these insightful letters were published^[35]. The written exchanges between the two men demonstrate Twain's well-known sense of humor and, more surprisingly, Rogers's sense of fun, providing a rare insight into the private side of the robber baron. Robber baron is a term revived in the 19th century in the United States as a pejorative reference to businessmen and bankers who dominated their respective industries

In April 1907, Twain and Rogers cruised to the opening of the Jamestown Exposition in Virginia. The Jamestown Exposition was one of the many World's fairs and Expositions that were popular in the United States early part of the 20th century The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Twain's public popularity was such that many fans took boats out to the Kanawha at anchor in hopes of getting a glimpse of him. As the gathering of boats around the yacht became a safety hazard, he finally obliged by coming on deck and waving to the crowds.

Because of poor weather conditions, the steam yacht was delayed for several days from venturing into the Atlantic Ocean. Rogers and some of the others in his party returned to New York by rail; Twain disliked train travel and so elected to wait and return on the Kanawha. However, reporters lost track of his whereabouts; when he failed to return to New York City as scheduled, the New York Times speculated that he might have been "lost at sea. " Upon arriving safely in New York and learning of this, the humorist wrote a satirical article about the episode, offering to ". . . make an exhaustive investigation of this report that I have been lost at sea. If there is any foundation for the report, I will at once apprise the anxious public. "^[36] This bore similarities to an earlier event in 1897 when he made his famous remark "The report of my death is an exaggeration", after a reporter was sent to investigate whether he had died. (In fact it was his cousin who was seriously ill. ) See List of premature obituaries. A premature Obituary is an obituary published whose subject is not actually deceased

Later that year, Twain and Rogers's son, Henry Jr. returned to the Jamestown Exposition aboard the Kanawha. The humorist helped host Robert Fulton Day on September 23, 1907, celebrating the centennial of Fulton's invention of the steamboat. Robert Fulton ( November 14, 1765 &ndash February 24, 1815) was a U Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Twain, filling in for ailing former U.S. President Grover Cleveland, introduced Rear Admiral Purnell Harrington. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18 1837 June 24 1908 was both the twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States. Rear admiral is a Naval Commissioned officer rank above that of a Commodore and Captain, and below that of a Vice Admiral. Twain was met with a five-minute standing ovation; members of the audience cheered and waved their hats and umbrellas. Deeply touched, Twain said, "When you appeal to my head, I don't feel it; but when you appeal to my heart, I do feel it"^[37].

In April 1909 the two old friends returned to Norfolk, Virginia for the banquet in honor of Rogers and his newly completed Virginian Railway. Norfolk is an Independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States The Virginian Railway was a Class I railroad located in Virginia and West Virginia in the United States. Twain was the keynote speaker in one of his last public appearances, and was widely quoted in newspapers across the country. A keynote in Literature, Music or Public speaking is the principal underlying theme ^[38]

A month later, Twain was en route from Connecticut to visit his friend in New York City when Rogers died suddenly on May 20, 1909. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Twain arrived at Grand Central Station to be met by his daughter with the news. "Grand Central Station" redirects here For other uses see Grand Central. Stricken with grief, he uncustomarily avoided news reporters who had gathered, saying only "This is terrible. . . I cannot talk about it. " Two days later, he served as an honorary pallbearer at the funeral in New York City. However, he declined to join the funeral party on the train ride for the interment at Fairhaven. He said "I cannot bear to travel with my friend and not converse. "

Political and religious views

While his reputation as a popular author overshadows his contributions as a social critic, Twain held strong views on the political topics of his day; his friend Helen Keller had her radicalism similarly neutralised by history. Helen Adams Keller (June 27 1880 – June 1 1968 was an American Author, Activist and lecturer Through his wife's family, Twain had contact with many well-placed progressives. He spent the last 20 years of his life as an "outspoken anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist". Anti-imperialism, strictly speaking is a term that may be applied to or movement opposed to some form of Imperialism. Anti-capitalism describes a wide variety of movements ideas and attitudes which oppose Capitalism. ^[19]

Changing his views

Although Twain remained neutral during the Civil War, his views became more radical as he grew older. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South He acknowledged that his views changed and developed over his life, referring to one of his favorite works:

When I finished Carlyle’s French Revolution in 1871, I was a Girondin; every time I have read it since, I have read it differently – being influenced and changed, little by little, by life and environment . Thomas Carlyle (4 December 1795 – 5 February 1881 was a Scottish essayist satirist and historian whose work was highly influential during the Victorian era. The French Revolution A History was written by the Scottish Essayist philosopher, and Historian Thomas Carlyle. The Girondists (in French Girondins, and sometimes Brissotins or "Baguettes" were a political faction in France within the Legislative . . and now I lay the book down once more, and recognize that I am a Sansculotte! – And not a pale, characterless Sansculotte, but a Marat. Sans-culottes ( French for "without Knee-breeches " was a term created around 1790 - 1792 by the French Aristocracy to describe the ^[39]

He describes his transformation and political awakening, in the context of the Philippine-American War, from being "a red-hot imperialist":

I wanted the American eagle to go screaming into the Pacific . . . Why not spread its wings over the Philippines, I asked myself? . . . I said to myself, Here are a people who have suffered for three centuries. We can make them as free as ourselves, give them a government and country of their own, put a miniature of the American Constitution afloat in the Pacific, start a brand new republic to take its place among the free nations of the world. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. It seemed to me a great task to which we had addressed ourselves. But I have thought some more, since then, and I have read carefully the treaty of Paris [which ended the Spanish-American War], and I have seen that we do not intend to free, but to subjugate the people of the Philippines. The Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed on December 10, 1898, ended the Spanish-American War. We have gone there to conquer, not to redeem. It should, it seems to me, be our pleasure and duty to make those people free, and let them deal with their own domestic questions in their own way. And so I am an anti-imperialist. I am opposed to having the eagle put its talons on any other land. ^[40]

Anti-imperialism

From 1901, soon after his return from Europe, until his death in 1910, Twain was vice-president of the American Anti-Imperialist League^[41], which opposed the annexation of the Philippines by the United States and had "tens of thousands of members". The American Anti-Imperialist League was established in the United States on June 15, 1898 to battle the American annexation of the Philippines The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP ^[19] He wrote many political pamphlets for the organization. A pamphlet is an unbound Booklet (that is without a hard cover or binding) The Incident in the Philippines, posthumously published in 1924, was in response to the Moro Crater Massacre, in which six hundred Moros were killed. The Moro Crater massacre is a name given to the final phase of the First Battle of Bud Dajo, a military engagement of the Philippine-American War which took place The Moro are a Multilingual ethnic group and the largest mainly non-Christian ethnic group in the Philippines, comprising about 5 Many of his neglected and previously uncollected writings on anti-imperialism appeared for the first time in book form only in 1992. ^[42]

Twain was critical of imperialism in other countries as well. In Following the Equator, Twain expresses "hatred and condemnation of imperialism of all stripes". Following the Equator (American English title or More Tramps Abroad (English title is a non-fiction travelogue published by American author ^[19] He was highly critical of European imperialism, notably of Cecil Rhodes, who greatly expanded the British Empire, and of Leopold II, King of the Belgians. This is a list of former European Colonies. North America France Canada (most of eastern and central Canada United Cecil John Rhodes, PC DCL (5 July 1853 &ndash 26 March 1902 was an English -born Businessman mining Magnate, and Politician The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Leopold II (Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor Leopold Lodewijk Filips Maria Victor (9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909 was King of the Belgians. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those ^[19] King Leopold's Soliloquy is a stinging political satire about his private colony, the Congo Free State. King Leopold's Soliloquy is a 1905 Pamphlet by Mark Twain. Its subject is King Leopold 's rule over the Congo Free State. Political satire is a significant part of Satire that specializes in gaining entertainment from politicsusing political cartoons politicians and public affairs The Congo Free State was a Corporate state privately controlled by Leopold II King of the Belgians through a dummy non-governmental organization the Reports of outrageous exploitation and grotesque abuses led to widespread international protest in the early 1900s, arguably the first large-scale human rights movement. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled In the soliloquy, the King supposedly argues that bringing Christianity to the country outweighs a little starvation. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Congo Free State was a Corporate state privately controlled by Leopold II King of the Belgians through a dummy non-governmental organization the Leopold's rubber gatherers were tortured, maimed and slaughtered until the turn of the century, when the conscience of the Western world forced Brussels to call a halt. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is

Pacifist or revolutionary?

I am said to be a revolutionist in my sympathies, by birth, by breeding and by principle. I am always on the side of the revolutionists, because there never was a revolution unless there were some oppressive and intolerable conditions against which to revolt. ^[43]

During the Philippine-American War, Twain wrote a pacifist story entitled The War Prayer. "The War Prayer" a short story or prose poem by Mark Twain, is a scathing indictment of war and particularly of blind patriotic and religious Through this internal struggle, Twain expresses his opinions of the absurdity of slavery and the importance of following one's personal conscience before the laws of society. It was submitted to Harper's Bazaar for publication, but on March 22, 1905, the magazine rejected the story as "not quite suited to a woman's magazine. Harper's Bazaar is a well-known American Fashion Magazine, first published in 1867 Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting This is a list of women's magazines, Magazines that have been published primarily for a readership of women. " Eight days later, Twain wrote to his friend Daniel Carter Beard, to whom he had read the story, "I don't think the prayer will be published in my time. Daniel Carter "Uncle Dan" Beard ( June 21, 1850 – June 11, 1941) was an American illustrator author and social reformer None but the dead are permitted to tell the truth. " Because he had an exclusive contract with Harper & Brothers, Mark Twain could not publish The War Prayer elsewhere; it remained unpublished until 1923. Harper & Brothers was a prominent New York City book and magazine publishing firm which founded Harper's Magazine. It was republished as campaigning material by Vietnam War protestors. Opposition to US involvement in the Vietnam War is significant because domestic protest in the U ^[19]

Twain supported the revolutionaries in Russia against the reformists, arguing that the Czar must be got rid of, by violent means, because peaceful ones would not work^[44]. See also Russian Revolution (1917 The 1905 Russian Revolution also known as the Failed Russian Revolution of 1905 was an empire-wide struggle of Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation.

Abolition, emancipation, and anti-racism

Twain was an adamant supporter of abolition and emancipation, even going so far to say “Lincoln’s Proclamation . Emancipation is a term used to describe various efforts to obtain Political rights or equality, often for a specifically Disenfranchised group or more Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal . . not only set the black slaves free, but set the white man free also. ”^[45] He argued that non-whites did not receive justice in the United States, once saying “I have seen Chinamen abused and maltreated in all the mean, cowardly ways possible to the invention of a degraded nature. . . . but I never saw a Chinaman righted in a court of justice for wrongs thus done to him. ” ^[46]

Labor unions

He wrote glowingly about unions in the riverboating industry in Life on the Mississippi, which was read in union halls decades later ^[47]. Life on the Mississippi is a Memoir by Mark Twain detailing his days as a Steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River before the He supported labor movement in general, especially one of the most important unions, the Knights of Labor^[48]. The labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better The Knights of Labor, also known as Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, was one of the most important American labor organizations of In a speech to them, he said:

Who are the oppressors? The few: the King, the capitalist, and a handful of other overseers and superintendents. Who are the oppressed? The many: the nations of the earth; the valuable personages; the workers; they that make the bread that the soft-handed and idle eat. ^[49]

Vivisection

Twain was opposed to vivisection of any kind, not on a scientific basis but rather an ethical one. Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life ^[50]

I am not interested to know whether vivisection produces results that are profitable to the human race or doesn't. . . . The pain which it inflicts upon unconsenting animals is the basis of my enmity toward it, and it is to me sufficient justification of the enmity without looking further.

Religion

After his death, Twain's family suppressed some of his work which was especially irreverent toward conventional religion, notably Letters from the Earth, which was not published until his daughter Clara reversed her position in 1962 in response to Soviet propaganda about the withholding. Letters from the Earth is one of Mark Twain 's posthumously published works Clara Langhorne Clemens Samossoud, formerly Clara Langhorne Clemens Gabrilowitsch ( June 8, 1874 &ndash November 19, 1962 The Communist propaganda was extensively based on the Marxism-Leninism ideology to promote the Communist Party line The anti-religious The Mysterious Stranger was published in 1916, although there is some scholarly debate as to whether Twain actually wrote the most familiar version of this story. The Mysterious Stranger is an Unfinished work written by the American author Mark Twain that was worked on periodically from Twain was critical of organized religion and certain elements of Christianity through most of his later life. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings

Freemasonry

Samuel Clemens was also a well known Freemason^[51][52]. He belonged to Polar Star Lodge No. 79 A. F. &A. M. based in St. Louis. He was initated an Entered Apprentice on May 22nd, 1861; passed to the degree of Fellow Craft on June 12th, 1861 and raised to the degree of Master Mason on July 10th, 1861.

Legacy

Further information: Mark Twain in popular culture

Twain's legacy lives on today as his namesakes continue to multiply. Mark Twain has appeared in Popular culture as a character in books films Mark Twain Elementary School is a public primary school located at 7500 Braes Boulevard in Houston, Texas, United States. Braeswood Place is a group of subdivisions in Houston, Texas, United States. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Several schools are named after him, including Twain Elementary School in Houston, Texas, which has a statue of Twain sitting on a bench, and Mark Twain Intermediate School in New York. Mark Twain Elementary School is a public primary school located at 7500 Braes Boulevard in Houston, Texas, United States. Mark Twain Intermediate School 239 (known as “Twain” is a public Middle school in the Coney Island section of Brooklyn New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous There are several schools named Mark Twain Middle School in different states, as well as Samuel Clemens High School in Schertz, near San Antonio, Texas. Schertz-Cibolo-Universal City Independent School District is a public School district based in Schertz, Texas ( USA) There are also other structures, such as the Mark Twain Memorial Bridge. The Mark Twain Memorial Bridge is the name for two bridges over the Mississippi River at Hannibal Missouri, childhood home of Mark Twain, for whom

Awards in his name proliferate. In 1998, The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts created the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, awarded annually. The John F Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts (on the building itself called the John F The Mark Twain Prize for American Humor is awarded by the John F The Mark Twain Award is an award given annually to a book for children in grades four through eight by the Missouri Association of School Librarians. Stetson University in DeLand, Florida, sponsors the Mark Twain Young Authors' Workshop each summer in collaboration with the Boyhood Home and Museum in Hannibal. Stetson University is an independent private co-educational liberal arts University that consistently earns high rankings in national college guides DeLand is the county seat of Volusia County, Florida. In 2006 the U The program is open to young authors in grades five through eight. ^[53] The museum sponsors the Mark Twain Creative Teaching Award. ^[54]

Buildings associated with Twain, including some of his many homes, have been preserved as museums. His birthplace is preserved in Florida, Missouri. Florida is a village in Monroe County Missouri, United States, best known as the birthplace of writer Mark Twain in 1835 The Mark Twain Boyhood Home and Museum in Hannibal, Missouri preserves the setting for some of the author's best-known work. The Mark Twain Boyhood Home, now known as the Mark Twain Boyhood Home & Museum, is located on 206-208 Hill Street Hannibal Missouri on the west bank of Hannibal is a city in Marion and Ralls counties in the US state of Missouri. The home of childhood friend Laura Hawkins, said to be the inspiration for his fictional character Becky Thatcher, is preserved as the "Thatcher House. " In May 2007, a painstaking reconstruction of the home of Tom Blankenship, the inspiration for Huckleberry Finn, was opened to the public. The family home he had built in Hartford, Connecticut, where he and his wife raised their three daughters, is preserved and open to visitors as the Mark Twain House. The Mark Twain House and Museum was the home of Mark Twain (a

Actor Hal Holbrook created a one man show called "Mark Twain Tonight", which he has performed regularly for 50 years. Harold Rowe "Hal" Holbrook Jr (born February 17, 1925) is an American Actor. Mark Twain Tonight! Is a one-man play devised by Hal Holbrook, in which he depicts Mark Twain giving a dramatic recitation selected from several of his The broadcast by CBS in 1967 won him an Emmy Award. CBS Broadcasting Inc ( CBS) is an American radio and Television network. Of the three runs on Broadway (1966, 1977, and 2005), the first won him a Tony Award. Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located The Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Awards, recognize achievement in live American Theatre and are presented

Additionally, like countless influential individuals, Mark Twain was honored by having an asteroid, 2362 Mark Twain, named after him. Asteroids, sometimes called Minor planets or planetoids', are bodies—primarily of the inner Solar System —that are smaller than planets but 2362 Mark Twain (1976 SH2 is a Main-belt Asteroid discovered on September 24, 1976 by N

Often, Twain is depicted on pop culture as wearing an all-white suit. While there is evidence that suggests that, after Livy's death in 1904, Clemens began wearing white suits on the lecture circuit, modern representations suggesting that he wore them throughout his life was unfounded. There is no evidence of him wearing a white suit before 1904; however, it did eventually become his trademark, and anecdotes about this eccentricity (such as the time he wore a white summer-suit to a Congressional hearing during the winter)^[27]

Pen names

Twain used different pen names (pseudonyms or "noms de plume") before deciding on "Mark Twain". A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a Pseudonym adopted by an Author or their publishers to conceal their identity He signed humorous and imaginative sketches "Josh" until 1863. Additionally, he used the pen name "Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass" for a series of humorous letters. ^[55]

He maintained that his primary pen name came from his years working on Mississippi riverboats, where two fathoms, a depth indicating "safe water" for the boat to float over, was measured on the sounding line. A sounding line or lead line is a length of thin Rope with a Plummet, generally of Lead, at its end A fathom is a maritime unit of depth, equivalent to two yards (1. A fathom is a unit of Length in the Imperial system (and the derived U 8 m); "twain" is an archaic term for "two". The riverboatman's cry was "mark twain" or, more fully, "by the mark twain", meaning "according to the mark [on the line], [the depth is] two [fathoms]", that is, "there are 12 feet (3. 7 m) of water under the boat and it is safe to pass".

Twain claimed that his famous pen name was not entirely his invention. In Life on the Mississippi, he wrote:^[56]

Captain Isaiah Sellers was not of literary turn or capacity, but he used to jot down brief paragraphs of plain practical information about the river, and sign them "MARK TWAIN," and give them to the New Orleans Picayune. Isaiah Sellers ( c 1802&ndash1864 was the riverboat captain from whom Samuel L The Times-Picayune is a daily Newspaper published in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. They related to the stage and condition of the river, and were accurate and valuable; . . . At the time that the telegraph brought the news of his death, I was on the Pacific coast. I was a fresh new journalist, and needed a nom de guerre; so I confiscated the ancient mariner's discarded one, and have done my best to make it remain what it was in his hands—a sign and symbol and warrant that whatever is found in its company may be gambled on as being the petrified truth; how I have succeeded, it would not be modest in me to say.

Twain's version of the story regarding his nom de plume is not without detractors and has been called into question by biographer George Williams III^[57], the Territorial Enterprise newspaper^[58] and Purdue University's Paul Fatout^[59]. These sources claim that "mark twain" refers to a running bar tab that Clemens would regularly incur while drinking at John Piper's saloon in Virginia City, Nevada.

Bibliography

• (1867) The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (fiction)
• (1868) General Washington's Negro Body-Servant (fiction)
• (1868) My Late Senatorial Secretaryship (fiction)
• (1869) The Innocents Abroad (non-fiction travel)
• (1870-71) Memoranda (monthly column for The Galaxy magazine)
• (1871) Mark Twain's (Burlesque) Autobiography and First Romance (fiction)
• (1872) Roughing It (non-fiction)
• (1873) The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (fiction, made into a play)
• (1875) Sketches New and Old (fictional stories)
• (1876) Old Times on the Mississippi (non-fiction)
• (1876) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (fiction)
• (1876) A Murder, a Mystery, and a Marriage (fiction); (1945, private edition), (2001, Atlantic Monthly). "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" is an 1865 Short story by Mark Twain. The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims' Progress was published by American author Mark Twain in 1869. Mark Twain's (Burlesque Autobiography and First Romance is a short volume published by Sheldon in 1871 is Mark Twain 's third book Roughing It is semi-autobiographical Travel literature written by American humorist Mark Twain. The Gilded Age A Tale of Today is an 1873 novel by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner satirizing greed and political corruption in post- Civil War Sketches New and Old is a group of fictional stories by Mark Twain. Old Times on the Mississippi is a Non-fiction work by Mark Twain. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, by Mark Twain, is a popular 1876 Novel about a young boy growing up in the Antebellum South A Murder A Mystery and A Marriage is a short story written by Mark Twain in 1876
• (1877) A True Story and the Recent Carnival of Crime (stories)
• (1877) The Invalid's Story (Fiction)
• (1878) Punch, Brothers, Punch! and other Sketches (fictional stories)
• (1880) A Tramp Abroad (travel)
• (1880) 1601: Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the Time of the Tudors (fiction)
• (1882) The Prince and the Pauper (fiction)
• (1883) Life on the Mississippi (non-fiction)
• (1884) Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (fiction)
• (1889) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (fiction)
• (1892) The American Claimant (fiction)
• (1892) Merry Tales (fictional stories)
• (1892) Those Extraordinary Twins (fiction)
• (1893) The £1,000,000 Bank Note and Other New Stories (fictional stories)
• (1894) Tom Sawyer Abroad (fiction)
• (1894) The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson (fiction)
• (1896) Tom Sawyer, Detective (fiction)
• (1896) Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc (fiction)
• (1897) How to Tell a Story and other Essays (non-fictional essays)
• (1897) Following the Equator (non-fiction travel)
• (1898) Is He Dead? (play)
• (1900) The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (fiction)
• (1900) A Salutation Speech From the Nineteenth Century to the Twentieth (essay)
• (1901) The Battle Hymn of the Republic, Updated (satire)
• (1901) Edmund Burke on Croker and Tammany (political satire)
• (1901) To the Person Sitting in Darkness (essay)
• (1902) A Double Barrelled Detective Story (fiction)
• (1904) A Dog's Tale (fiction)
• (1904) Extracts from Adam's Diary (fiction)
• (1905) King Leopold's Soliloquy (political satire)
• (1905) The War Prayer (fiction)
• (1906) The $30,000 Bequest and Other Stories (fiction)
• (1906) What Is Man? (essay)
• (1906) Eve's Diary (fiction)
• (1907) Christian Science (non-fiction critique)
• (1907) A Horse's Tale (fiction)
• (1907) Is Shakespeare Dead? (non-fiction)
• (1909) Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven (fiction)
• (1909) Letters from the Earth (fiction, published posthumously)
• (1910) Queen Victoria's Jubilee (non-fiction)
• (1912) My Platonic Sweetheart (dream journal, possibly non-fiction)
• (1916) The Mysterious Stranger (fiction, possibly not by Twain, published posthumously)
• (1924) Mark Twain's Autobiography (non-fiction, published posthumously)
• (1935) Mark Twain's Notebook (published posthumously)
• (1962) Letters from the Earth (posthumous, edited by Bernard DeVoto)
• (1969) No. 44, The Mysterious Stranger (fiction, published posthumously)
• (1985) Concerning the Jews (published posthumously)
• (1992) Mark Twain's Weapons of Satire: Anti-Imperialist Writings on the Philippine-American War. A Tramp Abroad is a work of non-fiction Travel literature by American author Mark Twain, published in 1880. The Prince and the Pauper is a novel by Mark Twain. It was first published in 1881 in Canada before its 1882 publication in the United States Life on the Mississippi is a Memoir by Mark Twain detailing his days as a Steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River before the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (often shortened to Huck Finn) is a novel written by American Humorist Mark Twain. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court is an 1889 Novel by American Humorist and Writer Mark Twain. The American Claimant is an 1892 Novel by American Humorist and Writer Mark Twain. The £1000000 Bank Note and Other New Stories is a 1893 collection of short stories by American writer Mark Twain. Tom Sawyer Abroad is a novel by Mark Twain published in 1894. Pudd'nhead Wilson is an ironic Novel by Mark Twain. About The setting is on the banks of the Mississippi River in the first Tom Sawyer Detective is an 1896 novel by Mark Twain. It is a sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876 Adventures Mark Twain 's work on Joan of Arc is titled in full Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc by the Sieur Louis de Conte who is identified How to Tell a Story and Other Essays is a series of Essays by Mark Twain. Following the Equator (American English title or More Tramps Abroad (English title is a non-fiction travelogue published by American author Is He Dead? is a play by Mark Twain. It was first published in print in 2003 after Mark Twain scholar Shelley Fisher Fishkin read the manuscript in " The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg " is a piece of short Fiction by Mark Twain. The Battle Hymn of the Republic Updated (otherwise known as The Battle Hymn of the Republic (Brought Down to Date) was written in 1901 by Mark Twain, as a Parody Edmund Burke on Croker and Tammany is an earnest Satire by Mark Twain. "To the Person Sitting in Darkness" is an essay by Mark Twain published in 1901 ' A Dog's Tale' is a Short story written by Mark Twain. It first appeared in the December 1903 issue of Harper's magazine. King Leopold's Soliloquy is a 1905 Pamphlet by Mark Twain. Its subject is King Leopold 's rule over the Congo Free State. "The War Prayer" a short story or prose poem by Mark Twain, is a scathing indictment of war and particularly of blind patriotic and religious "What is Man?", published by Samuel Clemens as Mark Twain in 1906 is a dialogue between a young man and an older man jaded to the world Eve's Diary is a comic short story by Mark Twain. It was first published in the 1905 Christmas issue of the magazine Harper's Bazaar, and in book format Published in 1907 Christian Science by Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens is a highly critical essay on the beliefs of Christian Scientists. Is Shakespeare Dead? is a short semi-autobiographical work by American humorist Samuel Clemens better known as Mark Twain. " Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven " is a short story written by American writer Mark Twain, published in 1909 Letters from the Earth is one of Mark Twain 's posthumously published works The Mysterious Stranger is an Unfinished work written by the American author Mark Twain that was worked on periodically from by Harper & Brothers Publishers Mark Twain’s Autobiography is a two-volume set published over ten years after Twain's death in order to protect the "guilty" Letters from the Earth is one of Mark Twain 's posthumously published works The Mysterious Stranger is an Unfinished work written by the American author Mark Twain that was worked on periodically from Jim Zwick, ed. (Syracuse University Press) ISBN 0-8156-0268-5 (previously uncollected, published posthumously)
• (1995) The Bible According to Mark Twain: Writings on Heaven, Eden, and the Flood (published posthumously)

See also

• Bernard DeVoto
• Regionalism (literature)
• American realism

References

Further reading

External links

Works by Mark Twain

• Mark Twain Project Online
• Works by Mark Twain at Project Gutenberg. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works More than 60 texts are freely available.
• Free to read on a cell phone - Twain works.
• Mark Twain Quotes
• Mark Twain Quotes, Newspaper Collections and Related Resources
• Full text of My Platonic Sweetheart , a dream journal by Mark Twain
• Punch, Brothers, Punch! – text of this famous work
• Essays by Mark Twain at Quotidiana.org
• Twain on The Awful German Language
• Mark Twain on Scientific Research / Pains of Lowly Life (1900)
• Audiobooks of Twain's Writings from Librivox

Academic studies

• The Mark Twain Papers and Project of the Bancroft Library, University of California Berkeley. LibriVox is a Digital library of free Public domain Audiobooks read by Volunteers The project started in August 2005 and as of 2008-09-14 Home to the largest archive of Mark Twain's papers and the editors of a critical edition of all of his writings.
• Buffalo Library Mark Twain Room, which houses the manuscript of Huckleberry Finn
• The University of California Press Publishers of the critical edition of Mark Twain's writings.
• Elmira College Center for Mark Twain Studies
• "The Mark Twain they didn’t teach us about in school", by Helen Scott, from International Socialist Review 10, Winter 2000, pp. The International Socialist Review is the name of three Socialist Magazines Periodicals published in the United States. 61-65.
• Mark Twain Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin

Life

• Full text of the biography Mark Twain by Archibald Henderson
• Obituary in San Francisco Call
• Mark Twain at Find A Grave
• The Mark Twain House in Hartford, CT
• The Mark Twain Boyhood Home in Hannibal, MO
• The Hannibal Courier Post A Look at the Life and Works of Mark Twain
• Mark Twain: Known To Everyone—Liked By All, a Ken Burns film shown on PBS. The Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center is a Library and Archive at the University of Texas at Austin, specializing in the collection of literary and Find A Grave is a Website allowing its users to access maintain and expand an online Database of Burial records Kenneth Lauren Burns (born July 29 1953) is an American director and producer of Documentary films known for his style of making use of archival The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the
• Mark Twain's Mississippi at Northern Illinois University Libraries

Other

• Ever the Twain Shall Meet, a guide to Mark Twain on the Web
• Literary Pilgrimages—Mark Twain sites
• "Origins of the name Mark Twain", from Encyclopaedia Britannica latest edition, full article. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc
• PBS Twain Interactive Scrapbook and San Francisco Chronicle article documenting that Clemens did not say "The coldest winter I ever spent was summer in San Francisco".
• The Fountain Pens used by Mark Twain

Persondata
NAME	Twain, Mark
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Samuel Langhorne Clemens
SHORT DESCRIPTION	American humorist, novelist, writer, and lecturer
DATE OF BIRTH	November 30, 1835
PLACE OF BIRTH	Florida, Missouri
DATE OF DEATH	April 21, 1910
PLACE OF DEATH	Redding, Connecticut

The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A humorist is a person who writes or performs humorous material A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms A lecture is an oral Presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject for example by a University or College Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Florida is a village in Monroe County Missouri, United States, best known as the birthplace of writer Mark Twain in 1835 Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Redding is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America.

---

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic