The Maritime provinces, called the Maritimes in local English (or the Canadian Maritimes by non-Canadians), is a region of Eastern Canada consisting of the three current-day provinces of:

• New Brunswick
• Nova Scotia, and
• Prince Edward Island. Maritimer English is a Dialect of English spoken in the Maritime provinces of Canada. National regions Provinces and territories are normally grouped into the following Regions (generally from west to east Northern Canada Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The provinces and territories of Canada combine to make up the world's second largest country in total area. New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P

On the Atlantic coast, the Maritimes are a subgroup of the region called Atlantic Canada. Atlantic Canada, also known as the Atlantic provinces, is the region of Canada comprising four provinces located on the Atlantic coast: The Maritimes is home to Mi'kmaq and Maliseet people and has an extensive history of French and English settlement dating back to the 1600s, forming a unique culture that predates Canada. The Míkmaq or Mi'kmaq (miːgmax sometimes spelled Micmac in English and formerly Mìgmaq ( Mi'gmaq) in Míkmaw) are a Maliseet (or Wolastoqiyik) are a Wabanaki Native American / First Nations people who inhabit the Saint John River valley This article is about the Acadian people and culture The Acadians (Acadiens are the descendants of the seventeenth-century French

The Maritimes front the Atlantic Ocean and its various sub-basins such as the Gulf of Maine and Gulf of St. Lawrence systems. The Gulf of Maine is a large gulf of the Atlantic Ocean on the northeastern coast of North America. Gulf of Saint Lawrence (French golfe du Saint-Laurent) the world's largest Estuary, is the outlet of North America's Great Lakes via the Saint The region is located northeast of New England, southeast of Quebec's Gaspé Peninsula, and southwest of the island of Newfoundland. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk The Gaspésie (official name or also Gaspé Peninsula or the Gaspé is a Peninsula constituting part of the south shore of the Saint Lawrence Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of (The initial "m" in maritime(s) is typically capitalized only in political references, not generally when describing the eastern coasts. Capitalization (or capitalisation &mdash see spelling differences) is writing a word with its first letter as a Majuscule (upper case letter )

The modern Province of Newfoundland and Labrador is often mistakenly identified as a Maritime province: it is properly part of Atlantic Canada (with the other three provinces) and, thus, referred to as an Atlantic province. Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation Atlantic Canada, also known as the Atlantic provinces, is the region of Canada comprising four provinces located on the Atlantic coast: Although it is located on the Atlantic coast, the Gulf of Saint Lawrence physically separates this province from the Maritimes. Gulf of Saint Lawrence (French golfe du Saint-Laurent) the world's largest Estuary, is the outlet of North America's Great Lakes via the Saint It also has a uniquely different history, as the Dominion of Newfoundland joined Canada eight decades after the three Maritime provinces. The Dominion of Newfoundland was a British dominion from 1907 (before which the territory had the status of a British colony to 1949 The four provinces of Atlantic Canada, sometimes combined with the two of Central Canada, are sometimes referred to as Eastern Canada. Central Canada (sometimes the Central provinces) is a region consisting of Canada 's two largest and most populous provinces: Ontario and Eastern Canada (also the Eastern provinces) is generally considered to be the region of Canada east of Manitoba, consisting of the following provinces

There was talk of a Maritime Union of the three provinces to have a greater say; however, the first discussions on the subject in 1864 at the Charlottetown Conference led to the process of Canadian Confederation which formed the larger Dominion of Canada instead. A Maritime Union refers to a potential political union of the three Maritime provinces of Canada to form a single new province which would be the fifth-largest in The Charlottetown Conference was held in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island for representatives from the colonies of British North America to discuss Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed beginning 1 July 1867 from the

Contents 1 Major communities 2 Society and culture 3 Economy 3.1 Present status 3.2 Growth 3.3 Decline 4 Politics 5 History 5.1 Pre-history–1604 5.2 1604–1713 5.3 1713–1745 5.4 1745–1763 5.5 1763–1784 5.6 1784–1814 5.7 1814–1865 6 See also 7 External links

Major communities

Main articles: List of communities in Nova Scotia, List of communities in New Brunswick, and List of communities in Prince Edward Island

The major communities of the region include Halifax and Sydney in Nova Scotia, Moncton, Saint John, and Fredericton in New Brunswick, and Charlottetown in Prince Edward Island. An archetype ( pronounced: /ˈɑːkɪtaɪp/ (Brit or /ˈɑrkɪtaɪp/ (Amer Peggys Cove (2001 population approx 50 also known as Peggy's Cove from 1961 to 1976 is a small rural community located on the eastern shore of St This is a list of communities in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, as designated by the Union of Nova Scotia Municipalities This is a list of communities in New Brunswick, a province in Canada. Abrams Village Prince Edward Island Alberton Prince Edward Island Ascension Prince Edward Island Belfast Prince The City of Halifax (est 1841 is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia and shire town of Halifax County Moncton ( is a Canadian city located in Westmorland County, New Brunswick. Saint John is the largest city in the Province of New Brunswick, and the oldest incorporated city in Canada. Fredericton (pronounced ˈfrɛdrɨktɨn is the capital of the Canadian province of New Brunswick, by virtue of the provincial Charlottetown (ˈʃɑrlɪtaʊn (2006 population 32174 is a Canadian city and the provincial capital of Prince Edward Island, making it the seat

Society and culture

Maritime society is based upon a mixture of traditions and class backgrounds. Predominantly rural until recent decades, the region traces many of its cultural activities to those rural resource-based economies of fishing, farming, forestry, and coal mining.

While Maritimers are predominantly of west European heritage (Scottish, Irish, English, and Acadian - descendants of the French), immigration to Industrial Cape Breton during the hey-day of coal mining and steel manufacturing brought people from eastern Europe as well as Newfoundland. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland This article is about the Acadian people and culture The Acadians (Acadiens are the descendants of the seventeenth-century French Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( Industrial Cape Breton is a geographic region in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The Maritimes also has a black population who are descendants of former African American runaway slaves and loyalists, largely concentrated in Nova Scotia, but also in various communities throughout southern New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. Black Canadians', Caribbean Canadians, and African Canadians are designations used for people of Black African descent who reside in African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's The Mi'kmaq Nation's reserves throughout Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and eastern New Brunswick dominate aboriginal culture in the region, compared to the much smaller population of the Maliseet Nation in western New Brunswick. The Míkmaq or Mi'kmaq (miːgmax sometimes spelled Micmac in English and formerly Mìgmaq ( Mi'gmaq) in Míkmaw) are a Maliseet (or Wolastoqiyik) are a Wabanaki Native American / First Nations people who inhabit the Saint John River valley

Cultural activities are fairly diverse throughout the region, with the music, dance, theatre, and literary art forms tending to follow the particular cultural heritage of specific locales. Notable Nova Scotian folklorist and cultural historian Helen Creighton spent the majority of her lifetime recording the various Celtic musical and folk traditions of rural Nova Scotia during the mid-20th century, prior to this knowledge being wiped out by mass media assimilation with the rest of North America. Mary Helen Creighton (September 5 1899 - December 12 1989 was a prominent Canadian folklorist. A fragment of Gaelic culture remains in Nova Scotia but primarily on Cape Breton Island.

A trend in Canada has witnessed a "Celtic revival" which saw many Maritime musicians and songs rise to prominence in recent decades. Some companies, particularly breweries such as Alexander Keith's and Moosehead have played up a connection between folklore with alcohol consumption during their marketing campaigns. Alexander Keith's is a Canadian Brewery founded in 1820 in Halifax, Nova Scotia making it one of the oldest commercial breweries in all of North Moosehead Breweries Limited, located in Saint John New Brunswick, is Canada 's oldest independent Brewery. Ironically the Maritimes were among the strongest supporters of prohibition (Prince Edward Island lasting until 1949) and some predominantly rural communities maintain "dry" status banning the retail sale of alcohol to this day as a vestige of the original temperance movement in the region. Prohibition of alcohol, often referred to simply as prohibition, also known as Noble Experiment, refers to a Sumptuary law which prohibits Alcohol

Economy

Present status

Halifax, Saint John, Moncton, Sydney-Glace Bay, Fredericton, and Charlottetown are the largest population centres in the region, with the Halifax, Saint John, Moncton, and Sydney conurbations all having populations exceeding 100,000. See also Halifax Nova Scotia See also Halifax Regional Municipality municipal election 2008 Halifax Regional Municipality is the capital Saint John is the largest city in the Province of New Brunswick, and the oldest incorporated city in Canada. Moncton ( is a Canadian city located in Westmorland County, New Brunswick. Cape Breton Regional Municipality (2006 population 102250 often shortened to simply CBRM, is a Regional municipality in Nova Scotia Fredericton (pronounced ˈfrɛdrɨktɨn is the capital of the Canadian province of New Brunswick, by virtue of the provincial Charlottetown (ˈʃɑrlɪtaʊn (2006 population 32174 is a Canadian city and the provincial capital of Prince Edward Island, making it the seat A conurbation is an Urban area or Agglomeration comprising a number of Cities, large Towns and larger urban areas that through Population

Given the relatively small population of the region (compared with the Central Canadian provinces, or the New England states), the regional economy is a net exporter of natural resources, manufactured goods, and services. The regional economy has long been tied to natural resources such as fishing, logging, farming, and mining activities. Significant industrialisation in second half of the 19th century saw the first steel poured in Canada at Trenton, Nova Scotia, and subsequent creation of a widespread industrial base to take advantage of the region's large underground coal deposits. Trenton is a town located in Pictou County, Nova Scotia. As of 2001 the population is 2798 After Confederation, however, this industrial base withered with technological change and as trading links to Europe and the USA were reduced in favour of those with Ontario and Quebec. In recent years, however, the Maritime regional economy has seen increased contributions from manufacturing again, and the steady transition to a service economy.

Important manufacturing centres in the region, in addition to the previously-mentioned population centres, include Pictou County, Truro, the Annapolis Valley and the South Shore, and the Strait of Canso area in Nova Scotia, as well as Summerside in Prince Edward Island, and the Miramichi area, the North Shore and the upper Saint John River valley of New Brunswick. Pictou County is a County in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Truro (2006 population 11765; Urban area population 22777, conglomeration area population 45777 is a Town in The Annapolis Valley is a valley in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The South Shore is a region of Nova Scotia, Canada. It is the Atlantic coast running southwest from Halifax Harbour to the western end of the The Strait of Canso (also Gut of Canso or Canso Strait) is a Strait located in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. Summerside (2006 pop 14500 is a Canadian city in Prince County, Prince Edward Island. Miramichi is the largest city in northern New Brunswick, Canada. The Saint John River (French Fleuve Saint-Jean) is a river approximately 418 mi (673 km long located in the Canadian province of New Brunswick and the

Some predominantly coastal areas have become major tourist centres, such as parts of Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton Island, the South Shore of Nova Scotia and the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Bay of Fundy coasts of New Brunswick. Gulf of Saint Lawrence (French golfe du Saint-Laurent) the world's largest Estuary, is the outlet of North America's Great Lakes via the Saint Tides Folklore in the Mi'kmaq First Nation claims that the tides in the Bay of Fundy are caused by a giant whale splashing in the water Additional service-related industries in information technology, pharmaceuticals, insurance and financial sectors, as well as research-related spin-offs from the region's numerous universities and colleges are significant economic contributors. Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support A drug, broadly speaking is any chemical substance that when absorbed into the body Insurance, in Law and Economics, is a form of Risk management primarily used to hedge against the Risk of a contingent loss The field of finance refers to the concepts of Time, Money and Risk and how they are interrelated Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter.

Another important contribution to Nova Scotia's provincial economy is through spin-offs and royalties relating to off-shore petroleum exploration and development. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Mostly concentrated on the continental shelf of the province's Atlantic coast in the vicinity of Sable Island, exploration activities began in the 1960s and resulted in the first commercial production field for oil beginning in the 1980s. Sable Island (French île de Sable) is a small Canadian island situated 180 km southeast of mainland Nova Scotia Natural gas was also discovered in the 1980s during exploration work and this is being commercially recovered, beginning in the late 1990s. Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, Initial optimism in Nova Scotia about the potential of off-shore resources appears to have diminished with the lack of new discoveries, although exploration work continues unabated and is moving farther off-shore into waters on the continental margin. The continental margin is the zone of the Ocean floor that separates the thin Oceanic crust from thick Continental crust.

Regional transportation networks have also changed significantly in recent decades with port modernizations, new expressways and ongoing arterial highway construction, the abandonment of various low-capacity railway branchlines (including the entire railway system of Prince Edward Island and southwestern Nova Scotia), the construction of the Canso Causeway and the Confederation Bridge, as well as airport improvements at various centres providing improved connections to markets and destinations in the rest of North America and overseas. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. A branch line is a secondary railway line which branches off a more important through route usually a main line. The Canso Causeway is a 1385 m (4583 ft rock-fill Causeway in Nova Scotia, Canada. The Confederation Bridge (Pont de la Confédération is a Bridge spanning the Abegweit Passage of Northumberland Strait, linking Prince Edward

Improvements in infrastructure and the regional economy notwithstanding, the three provinces remain one of the poorer regions of Canada. While urban areas are growing and thriving, economic adjustments have been harsh in rural and resource-dependent communities and out-migration has been an ongoing phenomenon for some parts of the region. Another problem is seen in the lower average wages and family incomes within the region, and depressed property values, resulting in a smaller tax base for these three provinces, particularly when compared with the national average which benefits from central and western Canadian economic growth.

This has been particularly problematic with the growth of the welfare state in Canada since the 1950s, resulting in the need to draw upon equalization payments to provide nationally-mandated social services. This article refers specifically to the Welfare state of the United Kingdom. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Equalization payments are cash payments made in some federal systems of government from the federal government to state or provincial governments with the objective of offsetting differences Since the 1990s the region has experienced an exceptionally tumultuous period in its regional economy with the collapse of large portions of the ground fishery throughout Atlantic Canada, the closing of coal mines and a steel mill on Cape Breton Island, and the closure of military bases in all three provinces. Cape Breton Island ( French: île du Cap-Breton - formerly île Royale, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn,

Growth

While the relative economic underperformance of the Maritime economy has been long lasting, it has not always been present. The mid-19th century, especially the 1850s and 1860s has long been seen as a "Golden Age" in the Maritimes. Growth was strong and the region had one of British North America's most extensive manufacturing sectors. British North America consisted of the colonies and territories of the British Empire in continental North America after the end of the American Revolutionary The question of why the Maritimes fell from being a centre of Canadian manufacturing to being an economic hinterland is thus a central one to the study of the region's pecuniary difficulties. The period in which the decline occurred had a great many potential culprits. The year 1867 saw Nova Scotia and New Brunswick merged with the Canadas in Confederation, with Prince Edward Island joining them six years later in 1873. Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed beginning 1 July 1867 from the Canada was formed only a year after free trade with the United States (in the form of the Reciprocity Agreement) had ended. Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions The Canadian American Reciprocity Treaty, also known as the Elgin - Marcy Treaty, was a trade treaty between the colonies of British North America As a result, the 1870s saw the introduction and implementation of John A. Macdonald's National Policy creating a system of protective tariffs around the new nation. Sir John Alexander Macdonald GCB, KCMG, PC ( January 11, 1815 – June 6, 1891) was the first Prime Minister The National Policy was a Canadian economic program introduced by John A For other uses of this word see Tariff (disambiguation. A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary Throughout the period there was also significant technological change both in the production and transportation of goods.

Decline

The cause of economic malaise in the Maritimes is an issue of great debate and controversy among historians, economists, and geographers. The differing opinions can approximately be divided into the "structuralists," who argue that poor policy decisions are to blame, and the others, who argue that unavoidable technological and geographical factors caused the decline.

The exact date that the Maritimes began to fall behind the rest of Canada is difficult to determine. Historian Kris Inwood places the date very early, at least in Nova Scotia, finding clear signs that the Maritimes "Golden Age" of the mid-nineteenth century was over by 1870, before Confederation or the National Policy could have had any significant impact. Richard Caves places the date closer to 1885, however. T. W. Acheson takes a similar view and provides considerable evidence that the early 1880s were in fact a booming period in Nova Scotia and this growth was only undermined towards the end of that decade. David Alexander argues that any earlier declines were simply part of the global Long Depression, and that the Maritimes first fell behind the rest of Canada when the great boom period of the early twentieth century had little effect on the region. The Long Depression ( 1873 &ndash 1896) affected much of the world and was contemporary with the Second Industrial Revolution. E. R. Forbes, however, emphasizes that the precipitous decline did not occur until after the First World War during the 1920s when new railway policies were implemented. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Forbes also contends that significant Canadian defence spending during the Second World War favoured powerful political interests in Central Canada such as C.D. Howe, when major Maritime shipyards and factories, as well as Canada's largest steel mill, located in Cape Breton Island, fared poorly. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Clarence Decatur "C D" Howe PC ( 15 January 1886 – 31 December 1960) was a leading Canadian politician

One of the most important changes, and one that almost certainly had an effect, was the revolution in transportation that occurred at this time. The Maritimes were connected to central Canada by the Intercolonial Railway in the 1870s, removing a longstanding barrier to trade. The Intercolonial Railway of Canada ( IRC or ICR) also referred to as the Intercolonial Railway, was a historic Canadian railway that operated For the first time this placed the Maritime manufacturers in direct competition with those of Central Canada. Maritime trading patterns shifted considerably from mainly trading with New England, Britain, and the Caribbean, to being focused on commerce with the Canadian interior, enforced by the federal government's tariff policies. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting

Simultaneously with the construction of railways in the region, the age of the wooden sailing ship began to come to an end, being replaced by larger and faster steel steam ships. A steamboat or steamship, sometimes called a steamer, is a ship in which the primary method of propulsion is steam power, typically driving a Propeller The Maritimes had long been a centre for shipbuilding and this industry was hurt by the change. See also Shipbuilding (song. Shipbuilding is the construction of Ships It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a The larger ships were also less likely to call on the smaller population centres such as Saint John and Halifax, preferring to travel to cities like New York and Montreal. Saint John is the largest city in the Province of New Brunswick, and the oldest incorporated city in Canada. The City of Halifax (est 1841 is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia and shire town of Halifax County New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Even the Cunard Line, founded by Haligonian Samuel Cunard, stopped making more than a single ceremonial voyage to Halifax each year. Cunard Line is a British shipping company operator of the Ocean liners RMS ''Queen Elizabeth 2'' ( QE2) RMS ''Queen Mary 2'' ( Sir Samuel Cunard 1st Baronet ( 21 November 1787 &ndash 28 April 1865) was a Canadian -born British shipping magnate

More controversial than the role of technology is the argument over the role of politics in the origins of the region's decline. Confederation and the tariff and railway freight policies that followed have often been blamed for having a deleterious effect on the Maritime economies. Arguments have been made that the Maritimes' poverty was caused by control over policy by Central Canada which used the national structures for its own enrichment. This was the central view of the Maritime Rights Movement of the 1920s, which advocated greater local control over the region's finances. The Maritime Rights Movement arose in the 1920s in response to perceived unfair economic policies in Canada that were impacting the economies of the provinces of New Brunswick T. W. Acheson is one of the main proponents of this theory. He notes the growth that was occurring during the early years of the National Policy in Nova Scotia demonstrates how the effects of railway fares and the tariff structure helped undermine this growth. Capitalists from Central Canada purchased the factories and industries of the Maritimes from their bankrupt local owners and proceeded to close down many of them, consolidating the industry in Central Canada.

The policies in the early years of Confederation were designed by Central Canadian interests, and they reflected the needs of that region. The unified Canadian market and the introduction of railroads created a relative weakness in the Maritime economies. Central to this concept, according to Acheson, was the lack of metropolises in the Maritimes.

Montreal and Toronto were well suited to benefit from the development of large-scale manufacturing and extensive railway systems in Quebec and Ontario, these being the goals of the Macdonald and Laurier governments. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec In the Maritimes the situation was very different. Today New Brunswick has a number of mid-sized centres in Saint John, Moncton, and Fredericton but no significant population centre. Saint John is the largest city in the Province of New Brunswick, and the oldest incorporated city in Canada. Moncton ( is a Canadian city located in Westmorland County, New Brunswick. Fredericton (pronounced ˈfrɛdrɨktɨn is the capital of the Canadian province of New Brunswick, by virtue of the provincial Nova Scotia has a growing metropolitan area surrounding Halifax, but a contracting population in industrial Cape Breton, and several smaller centres in Bridgewater, Kentville, Yarmouth, and Pictou County. Metropolitan Halifax (2006 pop 282924) often referred to as Metro Halifax, or inaccurately Halifax, is the urban part of the Halifax Regional Municipality Cape Breton County is a County in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, on Cape Breton Bridgewater ( 2006 population 7944 is a Town in Lunenburg County Nova Scotia, Canada, at the navigable limit of History Kentville owed its location to the Cornwallis River which downstream from Kentville becomes a large tidal river Yarmouth is a town and major fishing and ferry port located on the Gulf of Maine in southwestern Nova Scotia, Pictou County is a County in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Prince Edward Island's only significant population centres are in Charlottetown and Summerside. Charlottetown (ˈʃɑrlɪtaʊn (2006 population 32174 is a Canadian city and the provincial capital of Prince Edward Island, making it the seat Summerside (2006 pop 14500 is a Canadian city in Prince County, Prince Edward Island. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, just the opposite was the case with little to no population concentration in major industrial centres as the predomoniantly- rural resource-dependent Maritime economy continued on the same path as it had since European settlement on the region's shores.

Despite the region's absence of economic growth on the same scale as other parts of the nation, the Maritimes has changed markedly throughout the 20th century, partly as a result of global and national economic trends, and partly as a result of government intervention. Each sub-region within the Maritimes has developed over time to exploit different resources and expertise. Saint John became a centre of the timber trade and shipbuilding, and is currently a centre for oil refining and some manufacturing. Saint John is the largest city in the Province of New Brunswick, and the oldest incorporated city in Canada. The northern New Brunswick communities of Edmundston, Campbellton, Dalhousie, Bathurst, and Miramichi are focused on the pulp and paper industry and some mining activity. Edmundston (2006 population 16643 is a Canadian city in Madawaska County, New Brunswick. Campbellton (2006 population 7384 is a Canadian city in Restigouche County, New Brunswick. Dalhousie (2006 population 3676 is a Canadian town located in Restigouche County, New Brunswick. Bathurst ( 2006 population 12714 UA 18154 CA population 31424 is a Canadian city in Gloucester Miramichi is the largest city in northern New Brunswick, Canada. Moncton was a centre for railways and has changed its focus to becoming a multi-modal transportation centre with associated manufacturing and retail interests. The Halifax metropolitan area has come to dominate peninsular Nova Scotia as a retail and service centre, but that province's industries were spread out from the coal and steel industries of industrial Cape Breton and Pictou counties, the mixed farming of the North Shore and Annapolis Valley, and the fishing industry was primarily focused on the South Shore and Eastern Shore. The City of Halifax (est 1841 is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia and shire town of Halifax County Cape Breton County is a County in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, on Cape Breton Pictou County is a County in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The Annapolis Valley is a valley in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The South Shore is a region of Nova Scotia, Canada. It is the Atlantic coast running southwest from Halifax Harbour to the western end of the The Eastern Shore is a region of Nova Scotia Canada. It is the Atlantic coast running northeast from Halifax Harbour to the eastern end of the Prince Edward Island is largely dominated by farming, fishing, and tourism.

Given the geographic diversity of the various sub-regions with the Maritimes, policies to centralize the population and economy were not initially successful, thus Maritime factories closed while those in Ontario and Quebec prospered.

The traditional staples thesis, advocated by scholars such as S. The staples thesis is a theory of Canadian Economic development. A. Saunders, looks at the resource endowments of the Maritimes and argues that it was the decline of the traditional industries of shipbuilding and fishing that lead to Maritime poverty, since these processes were rooted in geography, and thus all but inevitable. Kris Inwood, has revived the staples approach and looks at a number of geographic weaknesses relative to Central Canada. He repeats Acheson's argument that the region lacks major urban centres, but adds that the Maritimes were also lacking the great rivers that lead to the cheap and abundant hydro-electric power, key to Quebec and Ontario's urban and manufacturing development, that the extraction costs of Maritime resources were relatively higher (particularly in the case of Cape Breton coal), and that the soils of the region were poorer and thus the agricultural sector weaker. Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water

The Maritimes are the only provinces in Canada which entered Confederation in the 19th century and have kept their original colonial boundaries. All three provinces have the smallest land base in the country and have been forced to make do with resources within. By comparison, the former colony of the United Province of Canada (divided into the District of Canada East, and the District of Canada West) and the western provinces were dozens of times larger and in some cases were expanded to take in territory formerly held in British Crown grants to companies such as the Hudson's Bay Company. The Province of Canada or the United Province of Canada was a British colony in North America from 1841 to 1867 For the Rugby union team that competes in the North America 4 Series, see Canada East (rugby team. The Province of Upper Canada (French Province du Haut-Canada) was a British colony located in what is now the southern portion of the Province of Ontario The economic riches of energy and natural resources held within this larger land base was only realized by other provinces during the 20th century.

One comparison made with the wealthier areas of Canada is that of the region's political and/or work culture. Today few academics make such a claim, but it still a common explanation in other circles. Some writers have also alleged that Maritime business people were unwilling to take risks or invest in manufacturing, a thesis Acheson devotes much attention to debunking.

In recent years dependency theory has been used to examine the situation of the Maritimes, and while it rejects most traditional economic models it does correspond with the evidence. Dependency theory is a body of Social science theories both from developed and Developing nations which are predicated on the notion that resources

Politics

Maritime conservatism since the Second World War has been very much part of the Red Tory tradition, key influences being former Premier of Nova Scotia and federal Progressive Conservative Party leader Robert Stanfield and New Brunswick Tory strategist Dalton Camp. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Red Tory is a term given to a political philosophy tradition and disposition in Canada. The Premier of Nova Scotia is the First minister for the Canadian province of Nova Scotia who presides over the Executive Council of Nova The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian Robert Lorne Stanfield, PC, QC ( April 11, 1914 – December 16, 2003) was Premier of Nova Scotia Dalton Kingsley Camp, PC, OC, MSc, LLD ( September 11, 1920 &ndash March 18, 2002) was a Canadian

In recent years, the social democratic New Democratic Party has made significant inroads both federally and provincially in the region. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Principles policies and electoral achievement The NDP grew from populist, agrarian and democratic socialist roots The NDP has elected Members of Parliament (MPs) from New Brunswick, but most of the focus of the party at the federal and provincial levels is currently in the Halifax area of Nova Scotia. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Industrial Cape Breton has historically been a region of labour activism, electing Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (and later NDP) MPs, and even produced many early members of the Communist Party of Canada in the pre-World War II era. The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF (French Fédération du commonwealth coopératif, then Parti social démocratique du Canada) was a Canadian History Origins The Communist Party was organized with great secrecy in a barn near the city of Guelph Ontario, on May 28 and 29 1921 World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In the 2004 federal election, the NDP captured 28. The Canadian federal election 2004 (more formally the 38th General Election) was held on June 28, 2004 to elect members of the Canadian House of 45% of the vote in Nova Scotia, more than any other province; former NDP leader Alexa McDonough was and is MP for Halifax. Alexa Ann McDonough, née Shaw, MP (born August 11, 1944) is a Canadian politician who led the New Democratic Party of Nova Scotia Halifax is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons since 1867

The Maritimes are generally socially conservative but, unlike the province of Alberta, they also have fiscally socialist tendencies. Social conservatism is a political or moral ideology that affirms the government's role in encouraging or enforcing traditional values or behaviors in the belief that these are what Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution It is because of the lack of support for fiscal conservatism that federal parties such as the Canadian Alliance never had much success in the region, and the level of support for the new Conservative Party of Canada in the region is uncertain. Fiscal conservatism (also known as economic conservatism is a political phrase term used in North America to describe advocacy of lower governmental spending practices and a The Canadian Alliance (in French Alliance Canadienne) formally the Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance (or in French Alliance réformiste-conservateur The Conservative Party of Canada ( Parti conservateur du Canada) colloquially known as the " Tories " is a conservative In the 2004 federal election, the Conservatives had one of the worst showings in the region for a right-wing party, going back to Confederation, with the possible exception of the 1993 election. The Canadian federal election of 1993 (officially the 35th general election) was held on October 25 of that year to elect members to the Canadian House of Commons

An area within the region where both fiscal and social conservatism do coincide and where the federal Reform Party and Canadian Alliance have met success is in the central-western part of New Brunswick, in the St. The Reform Party of Canada ( Parti réformiste du Canada) was a Canadian federal Political party that existed from 1987 to 2000 John River valley north of Saint John and south of Grand Falls. Grand Falls (French Grand-Sault) (2006 population 5650 is a Canadian town in Victoria County, Contributing demographics include a predominantly Anglophone population residing in a largely rural agrarian setting. An Anglophone (or anglophone) is someone who speaks the English language. One influence might be proximity to the International Boundary and the state of Maine. The Canada – United States border is the international Border between Canada and the United States. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean The valley is also settled by descendants of United Empire Loyalists, some of whom established fundamentalist Christian congregations in the area which continue to influence certain segments of society. The name United Empire Loyalists is a honorific name which has been given after the fact to those American Loyalists who resettled in British North America and other Fundamentalist Christianity, also known as Christian Fundamentalism or Fundamentalist Evangelicalism, is a movement that arose mainly within British and There are also a large number of active and retired military personnel located in the Fredericton and Oromocto area as a result of the large military base at CFB Gagetown. This article is about the military base known as CFB Gagetown headquartered in the town of Oromocto with an extensive training area in southwestern New Brunswick Another area in the region with smatterings of coinciding fiscal and social conservatism is the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia. The Annapolis Valley is a valley in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.

The Liberal Party of Canada has done well in the Maritimes in the past due to its interventionist policies. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political In Economics Keynesian economics (ˈkeɪnziən also Keynesianism and Keynesian Theory) is based on the ideas of twentieth-century British economist The Acadian Peninsula region of New Brunswick, long dependent upon seasonal employment in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence fishery, tends to vote for the Liberals or NDP for this reason. Gulf of Saint Lawrence (French golfe du Saint-Laurent) the world's largest Estuary, is the outlet of North America's Great Lakes via the Saint In the 1997 federal election, Prime Minister Jean Chrétien's Liberals endured a bitter defeat to the PCs and NDP in many ridings as a result of unpopular cuts to unemployment benefits for seasonal workers, as well as closures of several Canadian Forces Bases, the refusal to honour a promise to rescind the Goods and Services Tax, cutbacks to provincial equalization payments, health care, post-secondary education and regional transportation infrastructure such as airports, fishing harbours, seaports, and railways. The Canadian federal election of 1997 was held on June 2, 1997, to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 36th Parliament of Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien, (generally known as Jean Chrétien) (born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian politician who was the twentieth Prime Unemployment benefits are payments made by Governments to unemployed people A Canadian Forces Base or CFB ( French Base des forces canadiennes or BFC) refers to a military installation of the Canadian Forces Equalization payments are cash payments made in some federal systems of government from the federal government to state or provincial governments with the objective of offsetting differences Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing Tertiary education, also referred to as third stage third level and' post-secondary education', is the educational level following the completion of a school providing An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land A harbor or harbour (see spelling differences) or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the Weather or are stored ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. The Liberals held onto seats in Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador and New Brunswick, while being shut out of Nova Scotia entirely, the second time in history (the only other time being the Diefenbaker sweep). The Canadian federal election of 1958 was the 24th general election in Canada's history

The Maritimes is currently represented in the Canadian Parliament by 25 Members of the House of Commons (Nova Scotia - 11, New Brunswick - 10, Prince Edward Island - 4) and 24 Senators (Nova Scotia and New Brunswick - 10 each, Prince Edward Island - 4). This level of representation was established at the time of Confederation when the Maritimes had a much larger proportion of the national population. The comparatively large population growth of western and central Canada during the immigration boom of the 20th century has reduced the Maritimes' proportion of the national population to less than 10%, resulting in an over-representation in Parliament, with some federal ridings having fewer than 35,000 people, compared to central and western Canada where ridings typically contain 100,000-120,000 people.

The Canadian Senate is structured along regional lines, giving an equal number of seats (24) to the Maritimes, Ontario, Quebec, and western Canada, in addition to the later entry of Newfoundland and Labrador, as well as the three territories. The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general Enshrined in the Constitution, this model was developed to ensure that no area of the country is able to exert undue influence in the Senate. The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's Constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions The Maritimes, with its much smaller proportion of the national population (compared to the time of Confederation) also have an over-representation in the Senate, particularly compared to the population growth of Ontario and the western provinces. This has led to calls to reform the Senate; however, such a move would entail constitutional changes. The Triple-E Senate (standing for equal, elected, and effective) is a topic of Constitutional debate in Canada and a proposed

Another factor related to the number of Senate seats is that a federal court decision in the early 20th century mandated that no province can have fewer Members of Parliament than it has senators. This court decision resulted from a legal challenge by the Government of Prince Edward Island after that province's number of MPs was proposed to change from 4 to 3, accounting for its declining proportion of the national population at that time. When PEI entered Confederation in 1873, it was accorded 6 MPs and 4 Senators; however this was reduced to 4 MPs by the early 1900s. Senators having been appointed for life at this time, these coveted seats rarely went unfilled for a long period of time anywhere in Canada. As a result, PEI's challenge was accepted by the federal court and its level of federal representation was secured. In the aftermath of the 1989 budget, which saw a fillibuster by Liberal Senators in attempt to kill legislation creating the Goods and Services Tax, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney "stacked" the Senate by creating additional seats in several provinces across Canada, including New Brunswick; however, there was no attempt by these provinces to increase the number of MPs to reflect this change in Senate representation. The Canadian Goods and Services Tax ( GST) ( French:) is a multi-level Value-added tax introduced in Canada on January 1, 1991 Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939) was the eighteenth

History

Following the northerly retreat of glaciers at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation over ten thousand years ago, human settlement by Native Americans or First Nations began in the Maritimes with Paleo-Indians during the Early Period, ending around six thousand years ago. "Last glacial" redirects here For the period of maximum glacier extent during this time see Last Glacial Maximum The last glacial period Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people Paleo-Indians or Paleo-Americans were the ancient peoples of the Americas who were present at the end of the last Ice Age.

The Middle Period, starting six thousand years ago, and ending three thousand years ago, was dominated by rising sea levels from the melting glaciers in polar regions. This is also when what is called the Laurentian tradition started among Archaic Indians, existing First Nations peoples of the time. Evidence of Archaic Indian burial mounds and other ceremonial sites existing in the St. John River valley has been uncovered.

The Late Period extended from three thousand years ago until first contact with European settlers and was dominated by the organization of First Nations peoples into the Algonquian-influenced Abenaki Nation which existed largely in present-day interior Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, and theMi'kmaq Nation which inhabited all of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, eastern New Brunswick and the southern Gaspé. The Algonquian (also Algonkian, and pronounced both and) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic The Abenaki ( or Abnaki) are a Tribe of Native American and First Nations people belonging to the Algonquian peoples The Míkmaq or Mi'kmaq (miːgmax sometimes spelled Micmac in English and formerly Mìgmaq ( Mi'gmaq) in Míkmaw) are a The primarily agrarian Maliseet Nation settled throughout the St. Maliseet (or Wolastoqiyik) are a Wabanaki Native American / First Nations people who inhabit the Saint John River valley John River and Allagash River valleys of present-day New Brunswick and Maine. Allagash River is a tributary of the St John River, approximately 92 mi (150 km long in northern Maine in the United States. The Passamaquoddy Nation inhabited the northwestern coastal regions of the present-day Bay of Fundy. The Passamaquoddy ( Peskotomuhkati or Pestomuhkati in the Passamaquoddy language are a Native American Tides Folklore in the Mi'kmaq First Nation claims that the tides in the Bay of Fundy are caused by a giant whale splashing in the water The Mi'kmaq Nation is also assumed to have crossed the present-day Cabot Strait at around this time to settle on the south coast of Newfoundland but were in a minority position compared to the Beothuk Nation. Cabot Strait (détroit de Cabot is a Strait in eastern Canada approximately 110 Kilometres wide between Cape Ray, Newfoundland and Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of The Beothuk (biˈɒθʊk (also spelled Boeothuck, Beothuck, Boethuk, Boeothuk, and Boethuck) were the native inhabitants of the island

Pre-history–1604

The Maritimes was the first area in Canada to be settled by Europeans. There is speculation that Viking explorers discovered and settled in the Vinland region around 1000 AD, which is when the L'Anse aux Meadows settlement in Newfoundland and Labrador has been dated, and it is possible that further exploration was made into the present-day Maritimes and northeastern United States. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas Vinland was the name given to an area of North America by the Norseman Leifr Eiríksson, about the year A L'Anse aux Meadows (from the French L'Anse-aux-Méduses or "Jellyfish Cove" is an Archaeological site on the northernmost tip of the island Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation There have also been undocumented reports of other explorers having sighted the Maritimes in the form of Irish Monks (before 1000 AD) and of Scotland's Prince Henry Sinclair in 1398. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney and feudal baron of Roslin (c

Both Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) and Giovanni da Verrazzano are reliably reported to have sailed in or near Maritime waters during their voyages of discovery for England and France respectively. Giovanni Caboto ( c 1450 - c 1498 known in English as John Cabot, was an Italian Navigator and explorer commonly credited as the Giovanni da Verrazzano (c 1485 &ndash c 1528 was an Italian Explorer of North America, in the service of the French crown. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Several Portuguese explorers have also documented various parts of the Maritimes, namely Diego Homem. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. However, it was French explorer Jacques Cartier who made the first detailed reconnaissance of the region for a European power, and in so doing, claimed the region for the King of France. Jacques Cartier (December 31 1491&ndashSeptember 1 1557 was a French explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France Cartier was followed by nobleman Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts who was accompanied by explorer/cartographer Samuel de Champlain in a 1604 expedition where they established the second permanent European settlement in North America, following Spain's settlement at St. Augustine. Pierre du Gua de Monts, (c 1558 - 1628 was a French merchant explorer and colonizer Samuel de Champlain (c 1575 - 25 December 1635) "The Father of New France " was a French navigator geographer cartographer Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. St Augustine is the County seat of St Johns County, Florida, in the United States. Champlain's settlement at Saint Croix Island, later moved to Port-Royal, survived where the ill-fated English settlement at Roanoke did not, and pre-dated the more successful English settlement at Jamestown by three years. Saint Croix is also an island in the United States Virgin Islands Saint Croix The Habitation at Port-Royal was an early French colonial settlement and is presently a National Historic Site located at Port Royal in the Canadian province of Jamestown, located on Jamestown Island in the Virginia Colony, was founded on May 14 1607 Champlain went on to greater fame as the founder of New France which comprises much of the present-day lower Saint Lawrence River valley in the province of Quebec. The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk

1604–1713

Champlain's success in the region, which came to be called Acadie, led to the fertile tidal marshes surrounding the southeastern and northeastern reaches of the Bay of Fundy being populated by French immigrants who called themselves Acadien. The Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture ( ACADIA) is a Non-profit organization active in the area of Computer-aided architectural design Tides Folklore in the Mi'kmaq First Nation claims that the tides in the Bay of Fundy are caused by a giant whale splashing in the water This article is about the Acadian people and culture The Acadians (Acadiens are the descendants of the seventeenth-century French Acadians eventually built small settlements throughout what is today mainland Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, as well as Ile-Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island), Ile-Royale (Cape Breton Island), and other shorelines of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in present-day Newfoundland and Labrador, and Quebec. Acadian settlements had primarily agrarian economies, although there were many early examples of Acadian fishing settlements in southwestern Nova Scotia and in Ile-Royale, as well as along the south and west coasts of Newfoundland, the Gaspe Peninsula, and the present-day Côte-Nord region of Quebec. Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of Côte-Nord ( French for "Northern Shore" area 24762706  km², or 95609 It should be noted that most Acadian fishing activities were overshadowed by the comparatively enormous seasonal European fishing fleets based out of Newfoundland which took advantage of proximity to the Grand Banks. Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of

The growing English colonies along the American seaboard to the south, and various European wars between England and France during the 17th and 18th centuries saw Acadia, and Acadians at the centre of world-scale geopolitical forces. In 1613, Virginian raiders captured Port Royale and in 1621 Acadia, that being most of present-day Atlantic Canada, Anticosti Island and the Gaspe Peninsula, was ceded to Scotland's Sir William Alexander who renamed it Nova Scotia. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. For others with similar names see William Alexander (disambiguation. By 1632, Acadia was returned from Scotland to France under the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and the Port Royale settlement was moved to the site of nearby present-day Annapolis Royal. For treaties with this name see Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (disambiguation Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a commune in the western Annapolis Royal ( 2006 Population 444 is a Canadian town located in the western part of Annapolis County More French settlers, primarily from the Vienne, Normandie, and Brittany regions of France, continued to populate the colony of Acadia during the latter part of the 17th and early part of the 18th centuries. This article is about the French department Do not confuse with the Austrian capital Vienna. Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Important settlements also began in the Beaubassin region of the present-day Isthmus of Chignecto, and in the St. John River valley, and settlers began to establish communities on Ile-Saint-Jean and Ile-Royale as well. The Tantramar Marshes are a National Wildlife Area on the southern part of the Isthmus of Chignecto, which joins The Isthmus of Chignecto is an Isthmus bordering the Maritime provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia which connects the Nova Scotia The Saint John River (French Fleuve Saint-Jean) is a river approximately 418 mi (673 km long located in the Canadian province of New Brunswick and the

In 1654, New England raiders attacked Acadian settlements on the Annapolis Basin, starting a period of uncertainty for Acadians throughout the English constitutional crises under Oliver Cromwell, and only being properly resolved under the Treaty of Breda in 1667 when France's claim to the region was reaffirmed. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the The Annapolis Basin is a sub-basin of the Bay of Fundy, located on the southwestern shores of the bay along the northwestern shore of Nova Scotia and at the western Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known Colonial administration by France throughout the history of Acadia was contemptuous at best. France's priorities were in settling and strengthening its claim on New France and the exploration and settlement of interior North America and the Mississippi River valley. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to

1713–1745

Further French-English conflict resulted in the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 which saw France formally relinquish Acadia to Britain. The Treaty of Utrecht that established the Peace of Utrecht, rather than a single document comprised a series of individual peace treaties signed in the Dutch The Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture ( ACADIA) is a Non-profit organization active in the area of Computer-aided architectural design The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Confusion over the boundaries between Acadia, New France, and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts left Britain in possession of what is the present-day Nova Scotia peninsula. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. The Nova Scotia peninsula * is a Peninsula on the Atlantic coast of North America. The early British capital of the Colony of Nova Scotia (sometimes referred to as the 14th Colony) was established at Annapolis Royal, where Fort Anne was constructed. For a similarly named fort in New York City see Fort Amsterdam Fort Anne is a typical Star fort built to protect the harbour of Annapolis Royal

France still maintained control over much of present-day New Brunswick and northern Maine, Ile-Saint-Jean, and Ile-Royale. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P Cape Breton Island ( French: île du Cap-Breton - formerly île Royale, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, In 1719, to further protect strategic interests in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and St. Lawrence River, France began the 20-year construction of a large fortress at Louisbourg on Ile-Royale. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for Fortress of Louisbourg (in French, Forteresse de Louisbourg) is a Canadian National Historic Site and the location of a partial reconstruction Massachusetts was increasingly concerned over reports of the capabilities of this fortress, and of privateers staging out of its harbour to raid New England fishermen on the Grand Banks. A privateer was a private Warship authorized by a country's Government by Letters of marque to attack foreign shipping The War of the Austrian Succession saw Britain and France in conflict with each other, and in 1745 several warships and a small contingent of troops were sent from Boston, first to the Nova Scotian fishing port of Canso, and on to Louisbourg where they laid siege to the fortress until the French surrendered and were evacuated. The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748 involved nearly all the powers of Europe A warship is a Ship that is built and primarily intended for Combat. Canso (2001 population 992 is a small Canadian town in Guysborough County, on the north-eastern tip of mainland Nova Scotia

1745–1763

The British returned control of Ile-Royale to France with the fortress virtually intact three years later under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and the French reestablished their forces there. In 1749, to counter the rising threat of Louisbourg, Halifax was founded and the Royal Navy established a major naval base and citadel. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Citadel Hill is a term usually applied to a hilltop military stronghold

The Seven Years' War from 1756 to 1763 was the final struggle for European domination of North America. The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths The French colony of New France was the objective and the present-day Maritime provinces saw conflict beginning in 1755 with the British capture of French forces at Fort Beausejour and Fort Gaspereau, guarding the Isthmus of Chignecto. France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world Fort Beauséjour, also referred to as Fort Cumberland, is a National Historic Site located in Aulac, New Brunswick, Canada. Fort Gaspareaux was a French fort at the head of Baie Verte near the mouth of the Gaspareaux River and just southeast of the modern village of Port Elgin New Brunswick, In 1758, the fortress of Louisbourg was laid siege for a second time within 15 years, this time by in excess of 27,000 British soldiers and sailors with over 150 warships. After the French surrender, Louisbourg was thoroughly destroyed by British engineers to ensure it would never be reclaimed. With the fall of Louisbourg, French resistance in the region crumbled. British forces seized remaining French control over Acadia in the coming months, with Ile-Saint-Jean falling in 1759 to British forces on their way to Quebec City for the Siege of Quebec and ensuing Battle of the Plains of Abraham. Quebec City ( French: Ville de Québec, or simply Québec) (kwɨˈbɛk or /keˈbɛk/ is the Capital of the Canadian province The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, also known as the Battle of Quebec, was a pivotal battle in the French and Indian War, the North American theatre of the

It was also during the course of this war that British administrators in Nova Scotia began the expulsion of the Acadians from their adopted homeland. This article is about the Acadian people and culture The Acadians (Acadiens are the descendants of the seventeenth-century French Many were expelled to Louisiana, but some Acadian families, and sometimes entire communities, escaped British soldiers tasked with their deportation, by hiding for years in hidden forest settlements, aided by the Mi'kmaq First Nations. The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America The Míkmaq or Mi'kmaq (miːgmax sometimes spelled Micmac in English and formerly Mìgmaq ( Mi'gmaq) in Míkmaw) are a These Acadians during the 19th century created new settlements in western Nova Scotia, southwestern and northwestern Cape Breton Island, and western Prince Edward Island, but their most significant concentration was along the New Brunswick shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

1763–1784

Following the Seven Years' War, empty Acadian lands were settled first by New England Planters and then by immigrants brought from Yorkshire. The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths The New England Planters were settlers from the New England colonies who responded to invitations by the Lieutenant governor and subsequently Governor of Ile-Royale was renamed to Cape Breton Island and incorporated into the Colony of Nova Scotia at this time.

Both the colonies of Nova Scotia (present-day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) and St. John's Island (Prince Edward Island) were impacted during the American War of Independence, largely by privateering against American shipping, but several coastal communities were also the targets of American raiders. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Most notably, Charlottetown, the capital of the new colony of St. Charlottetown (ˈʃɑrlɪtaʊn (2006 population 32174 is a Canadian city and the provincial capital of Prince Edward Island, making it the seat John's Island was ransacked in 1775 with the provincial secretary kidnapped and the Great Seal stolen. The largest military action in the maritimes during the revolutionary war was the attack on Fort Cumberland (the renamed Fort Beausejour) in 1776 by a force of American sympathizers led by Jonathan Eddy. The Battle of Fort Cumberland resulted in the defeat of an American army and local rebels trying to invade the British colony of Nova Scotia during the Fort Beauséjour, also referred to as Fort Cumberland, is a National Historic Site located in Aulac, New Brunswick, Canada. The fort was partially overrun after a month long siege but the attackers were ultimately repelled after the arrival of British reinforcements from Halifax.

The most significant impact from this war were the settling of large numbers of Loyalist refugees in the region, especially in Shelburne and Parrtown (Saint John). This article concerns Loyalists in the American Revolution. For information on the role of those Loyalists in Canadian history after their emigration see United Empire Following the Treaty of Paris in 1783, Loyalist settlers in what would become New Brunswick persuaded British administrators to split the Colony of Nova Scotia to create the new colony of New Brunswick in 1784. The Treaty of Paris, signed on September 3, 1783, and approved by the Congress of the Confederation on January 14, 1784, formally New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally At the same time, another part of the Colony of Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island, was split off to become the Colony of Cape Breton Island.

1784–1814

The Colony of St. John's Island was renamed to Prince Edward Island on November 29, 1798. Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

The War of 1812 had some impact on the shipping industry in the Maritime colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Cape Breton Island; however, the significant Royal Navy presence in Halifax and other ports in the region prevented any serious attempts by American raiders. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Maritime and American privateers targeted unprotected shipping of both the United States and Britain respectively, further reducing trade. A privateer was a private Warship authorized by a country's Government by Letters of marque to attack foreign shipping The American border with New Brunswick did not have any significant action during this conflict, although British forces did occupy a portion of coastal Maine at one point. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean The most significant incident from this war which occurred in the Maritimes was the British capture and detention of the American frigate USS Chesapeake in Halifax.

1814–1865

In 1820, the Colony of Cape Breton Island was merged back into the Colony of Nova Scotia for the second time by the British government. Cape Breton Island ( French: île du Cap-Breton - formerly île Royale, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn,

British settlement of the Maritimes, as the colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island came to be known, accelerated throughout the late 18th century and into the 19th century with significant immigration to the region as a result of Scottish migrants displaced by the Highland Clearances and Irish escaping the Great Irish Famine (1845-1849). Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Highland Clearances ( Scottish Gaelic: Fuadaich nan Gàidheal the expulsion of the Gael were Forced displacements of the population of the Scottish The Irish diaspora (Diaspóra na nGael consists of Irish Emigrants and their descendants in countries such as Great Britain, the United States As a result, significant portions of the three provinces are influenced by Celtic heritages, with Scottish Gaelic having been widely spoken, particularly in Cape Breton, although it is less prevalent today. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages.

The American Civil War saw some Maritimers emigrate to the United States for participating in military service. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South However, the majority of the conflict's impact was felt in the shipping industry since diplomatic tensions between Britain and the Unionist North had deteriorated after Britain expressed support for the secessionist Confederate South. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Northern United States is a large geographic region of the United States of America. The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 The Union navy, although much smaller than the Royal Navy, did posture off Maritime coasts at times. Although an amphibious invasion was never in question, blockading by Union naval forces was relatively common, particularly at Halifax, where Confederate navy ships sought refuge and reprovisioning.

The immense size of the Union army (the largest on the planet toward the end of the Civil War), however, was viewed with increasing concern by Maritimers throughout the early 1860s. Another concern was the rising threat of Fenian raids on border communities in New Brunswick by those seeking to end British rule of Ireland. Fianna Éireann The Fenians, both the Fenian Brotherhood and Irish Republican Brotherhood, were fraternal organisations dedicated to the establishment of an independent New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world This combination of events, coupled with an ongoing decline in British military and economic support to the region as the Home Office favoured newer colonial endeavours in Africa and elsewhere, led to a call among Maritime politicians for a conference on Maritime Union, to be held in early September, 1864 in Charlottetown - chosen in part because of Prince Edward Island's reluctance to give up its jurisdictional sovereignty in favour of uniting with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia into a single colony. A Maritime Union refers to a potential political union of the three Maritime provinces of Canada to form a single new province which would be the fifth-largest in Charlottetown (ˈʃɑrlɪtaʊn (2006 population 32174 is a Canadian city and the provincial capital of Prince Edward Island, making it the seat New Brunswick and Nova Scotia felt that if the union conference were held in Charlottetown, they might be able to convince Island politicians to support the proposal.

The Charlottetown Conference, as it came to be called, was also attended by a slew of visiting delegates from the neighbouring colony of Canada, who had largely arrived at their own invitation with their own agenda. The Charlottetown Conference was held in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island for representatives from the colonies of British North America to discuss The Province of Canada or the United Province of Canada was a British colony in North America from 1841 to 1867 This agenda saw the conference dominated by discussions of creating an even larger union of the entire territory of British North America into a single new nation. British North America consisted of the colonies and territories of the British Empire in continental North America after the end of the American Revolutionary The Charlottetown Conference ended with an agreement to meet the following month in Quebec City, whereby more formal discussions ensued, culminating with meetings in London and the signing of the British North America Act. Quebec City ( French: Ville de Québec, or simply Québec) (kwɨˈbɛk or /keˈbɛk/ is the Capital of the Canadian province London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The British North America Acts 1867&ndash1975 are the original names of a series of Acts at the core of the Constitution of Canada. Only Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were initially party to the BNA Act, Prince Edward Island's reluctance, combined with a booming agricultural and fishing export economy having led to that colony opting not to sign on.

See also

• Atlantic Canada
• Central Canada
• List of regions of Canada
• Maritime Film Classification Board
• Vegetation of the Maritimes

External links

• The Maritime Provinces, the Maritime Rights Movement and Canadian Federalism
• Atlantic Provinces Economic Council
• Atlantic Institute of Market Studies
• Genuine Progress Indicator Atlantic
• Atlantic Provinces Communities: Towns & Cities. Basic Information, Facts, Figures, Pictures
• Atlantic Canada Portal/Portail du Canada Atlantique
• Maritime Series - The State of the Regions. From the Canadian Institute for Research on Public Policy and Public Administration

Atlantic Canada, also known as the Atlantic provinces, is the region of Canada comprising four provinces located on the Atlantic coast: Central Canada (sometimes the Central provinces) is a region consisting of Canada 's two largest and most populous provinces: Ontario and National regions Provinces and territories are normally grouped into the following Regions (generally from west to east Northern Canada The Maritime Film Classification Board is a government organization responsible for reviewing Films and granting Film ratings in New Brunswick, Nova This area is dominated by a Forest Ecoregion called the New England-Acadian forests which is a temperate broadleaf and mixed forest.

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