Maritime history is a broad thematic element of global history. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology As an academic subject, it crosses the boundaries of standard disciplines, focusing on understanding mankind's various relationships to the oceans, seas, and major waterways of the globe. An ocean (from Greek, ''Okeanos'' (Oceanus) is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the Hydrosphere. This article is about the body of water For other uses see SEA and Seas. A waterway is any navigable Body of water. These include Rivers Lakes Seas Oceans and Canals In order for a waterway Nautical history records and interprets past events involving ships, shipping, navigation, and seamen. Seamanship is the art of operating a ship or boat It involves a knowledge of a variety of topics and development of specialised skills including Navigation and international

Maritime history is the broad overarching subject that includes fishing, whaling, international maritime law, naval history, the history of ships, ship design, shipbuilding, the history of navigation, the history of the various maritime-related sciences (oceanography, cartography, hydrography, etc. For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. Whaling is the hunting of Whales and dates back to at least 6000 BC Admiralty law (also referred to as maritime law) is a distinct body of Law which governs maritime questions and offenses Naval history is the area of Military history concerning War at Sea and the subject is also a sub-discipline of the broad field of Maritime history A ship /ʃɪp/ is a large vessel that floats on water Ships are generally distinguished from Boats based on size See also Shipbuilding (song. Shipbuilding is the construction of Ships It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a Navigation is the process of reading and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another Oceanography (from the greek words Ωκεανός meaning Ocean and γράφω meaning to write also called oceanology or Hydrography focuses on the measurement of physical characteristics of Waters and marginal land ), sea exploration, maritime economics and trade, shipping, yachting, seaside resorts, the history of lighthouses and aids to navigation, maritime themes in literature, maritime themes in art, the social history of sailors and sea-related communities. Shipping is physical process of Transporting goods and Cargo. Yachting is an activity involving boats It may be racing Sailing boats cruising to distant shores or day-sailing along a coast A seaside resort is a Resort located on the Coast. Where a Beach is the primary focus for Tourists it may be called a beach resort A lighthouse is a Tower, building or framework designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses or in older times from a fire and used as an

History

Ancient times

Prehistory

In ancient maritime history, the first boats are presumed to have been dugout canoes, developed independently by various stone age populations, and used for coastal fishing and travel. A dugout is a Boat which is basically a hollowed tree trunk Other names for this type of boat are logboat and monoxylon. The Indigenous of the Pacific Northwest are very skilled at crafting wood. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. The Pacific Northwest is a region in the northwest of North America (the term refers to the land not the ocean Best known for totem poles up to 80 feet (24 m) tall, they also construct dugout canoes over 60 feet (18 m) long for everyday use and ceremonial purposes. Totem poles are monumental Sculptures carved from great Trees usually cedar but mostly Western Redcedar, by a number of Indigenous cultures along ^[1]

The earliest seaworthy boats may have been developed as early as 45,000 years ago, according to one hypothesis explaining the habitation of Australia. The prehistory of Australia is the period between the first human habitation of the Australian continent and the first definitive sighting of Australia by Europeans In the history of whaling, humans began whaling in pre-historic times. The history of whaling is very extensive stretching back for Millennia. The oldest known method of catching whales is to simply drive them ashore by placing a number of small boats between the whale and the open sea and attempting to frighten them with noise, activity, and perhaps small, non-lethal weapons such as arrows. Whales are marine mammals which are neither Dolphins (ie members of the families Delphinidae or Platanistoidae) nor Porpoises Orcas Typically, this was used for small species, such as Pilot Whales, Belugas and Narwhals. The pilot whale is either of two Species of Cetacean in the Genus Globicephala. The Narwhal ( Monodon monoceros) is an Arctic species of Cetacean.

The earliest known reference to an organization devoted to ships in ancient India is to the Mauryan Empire from the 4th century BC. The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military It is believed that the navigation as a science originated on the river Indus some 5000 years ago. The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact refers to interactions between the Americans and peoples of other continents – Europe, Africa, Asia, or Oceania – before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492. Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact describes alleged interactions between the Indigenous peoples of the Americas and peoples of other continents – Africa, The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer Many such events have been proposed at various times, based on historical reports, archaeological finds, and cultural comparisons.

Egypt

The Ancient Egyptians had knowledge to some extent of sail construction. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now A sail is any type of surface intended to generate Thrust by being placed in a Wind &mdashin essence a vertically-oriented Wing. ^[2] This is governed by the science of aerodynamics. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding A primary feature of a properly designed sail is an amount of "draft", caused by curvature of the surface of the sail. In nautical parlance the draft or draught of a Sail is a degree of Curvature in a horizontal cross-section According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Necho II sent out an expedition of Phoenicians, which in three years sailed from the Red Sea around Africa to the mouth of the Nile. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Necho II (sometimes Nekau) was a king of the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt (610 BC - 595 BC and the son of Psammetichus I by his Great Royal Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River Many current historians tend to believe Herodotus on this point, even though Herodotus himself was in disbelief that the Phoenicians had accomplished the act.

Hannu was an ancient Egyptian explorer (around 2750 BC) and the first explorer of whom there is any knowledge. Hannu, alt Hennu Henu Henenu etc was an Egyptian official serving under Mentuhotep III. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Hannu made the first recorded exploring expedition. He wrote his account of his exploration in stone. Hannu travelled along the Red Sea to Punt. The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. See also Puntland The Land of Punt, also called "Pwenet" by the Ancient Egyptians at times synonymous with Ta netjer, the 'land of He sailed to what is now part of eastern Ethiopia and Somalia. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known He returned to Egypt with great treasures, including precious myrrh, metal and wood. Myrrh is a reddish-brown Resinous material the dried sap of the tree Commiphora myrrha, native to Yemen, Somalia The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs

The Sea Peoples was a confederacy of seafaring raiders who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political unrest, and attempted to enter or control Egyptian territory during the late 19th dynasty, and especially during Year 8 of Ramesses III of the 20th Dynasty. The Sea Peoples is the term used for a confederacy of seafaring raiders of the second millennium BC who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Eighteenth Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title New Kingdom. Usimare Ramses III (also written Ramesses and Rameses) was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty and is considered to be the last great The Eighteenth Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title New Kingdom. ^[3] The Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah explicitly refers to them by the term "the foreign-countries (or 'peoples'^[4]) of the sea"^[5][6] in his Great Karnak Inscription. Merneptah (or Merenptah) was the fourth ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. Located on the wall of the Cachette Court, in the Precinct of Amun-Re of the Karnak temple complex, in modern Luxor, the Great Karnak Inscription ^[7] Although some scholars believe that they "invaded" Cyprus, Hati and the Levant, this hypothesis is disputed. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía In Norse mythology, Hati Hróðvitnisson (first name meaning "He Who Hates Enemy" is a wolf that according to Gylfaginning chases the Moon across See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the

The Mediterranean

Minoan traders from Crete were active in the eastern Mediterranean by the 2nd millennium BC. The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which arose on the island of Crete. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the The Phoenicians were an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coast of modern day Lebanon, Syria and northern Israel. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements Canaanites redirects here For the 1940s social and political movement in Israel, see Canaanites (movement. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Phoenician civilization was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC, between the period of 1200 BC to 900 BC. The term thalassocracy (from the θάλασσα meaning sea and κρατείν meaning "to rule" giving θαλασσοκρατία "rule of the sea" Though ancient boundaries of such city-centered cultures fluctuated, the city of Tyre seems to have been the southernmost. Tyre ( Arabic صور Ṣūr, Phoenician Phoenician wawsvg|12px|ו]] Ṣur, Hebrew Sarepta between Sidon and Tyre, is the most thoroughly excavated city of the Phoenician homeland. For the modern Lebanese town on the site see Sarafand Sidon,or Saïda, ( Arabic ar صيدا; Phoenician phoenician yodh The Phoenicians often traded by means of a galley, a man-powered sailing vessel. A galley (from Greek γαλέα - galea is an ancient Ship which can be propelled entirely by human oarsmen, used for Warfare They were the first civilization to create the bireme. A galley (from Greek γαλέα - galea is an ancient Ship which can be propelled entirely by human oarsmen, used for Warfare There is still debate on the subject of whether the Canaanites and Phoenicians were different peoples or not.

The Mediterranean was the source of the vessel, galley, developed before 1000 BC, and development of nautical technology supported the expansion of Mediterranean culture. A galley (from Greek γαλέα - galea is an ancient Ship which can be propelled entirely by human oarsmen, used for Warfare The Greek trireme was the most common ship of the ancient Mediterranean world, employing the propulsion power of oarsmen. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Trireme ( τριήρης sing τριήρεις pl triremis sing An oar is an implement used for water-borne propulsion. Oars have a flat blade at one end Mediterranean peoples developed lighthouse technology and built large fire-based lighthouses, most notably the Lighthouse of Alexandria, built in the 3rd century BC (between 285 and 247 BC) on the island of Pharos in Alexandria, Egypt. A lighthouse is a Tower, building or framework designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses or in older times from a fire and used as an The lighthouse of Alexandria (or The Pharos of Alexandria, Greek:) was a tower built in the 3rd century BC (between 285 and 247 BC on the Island

Many in ancient western societies, such as Ancient Greece, were in awe of the seas and deified them, believing that man no longer belonged to himself when once he embarked on a sea voyage. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca They believed that he was liable to be sacrificed at any time to the anger of the great Sea God. A water deity is a Deity in Mythology associated with Water or various bodies of water. Before the Greeks, the Carians were an early Mediterranean seagoing people that travelled far. The Carians ( Greek: Κάρες Kares) were the inhabitants of Caria. Early writers do not give a good idea about the progress of navigation nor that of the man's seamanship. One of the early stories of seafaring was that of Odysseus. grc-Latn Odysseus or la Ulysses ( Greek grc-Latn Odysseus; Latin: la Ulixes or more commonly Ulysses) oʊˈdɪsiəs

In Greek mythology, the Argonauts were a band of heroes who, in the years before the Trojan War, accompanied Jason to Colchis in his quest to find the Golden Fleece. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance For other uses of this term see Argonaut. In Greek mythology, the Argonauts ( Ancient Greek:) were a band of heroes In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her Jason ( Greek: Ἰάσων, Etruscan: Easun, Laz: Yason) was a late ancient Greek mythological In ancient Geography, Colchis or Kolchis ( Georgian and Laz: კოლხეთი k'olxeti; Greek:, Kolchís In Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece (Χρυσόμαλλον Δέρας is the fleece of the winged ram Chrysomallos (Χρυσόμαλλος Their name comes from their ship, the Argo which in turn was named after its builder Argus. In Greek mythology, the Argo (Ἀργώ was the ship on which Jason and the Argonauts sailed from Iolcus to retrieve the Thus, "Argonauts" literally means "Argo sailors". The voyage of the Greek navigator Pytheas of Massalia is an example of a very early voyage. Dates Pliny says that Timaeus (born about 350 BC believed Pytheas' story of the discovery of Amber. ^[8] A competent astronomer and geographer,^[8] Pytheas ventured from Greece to Western Europe and the British Isles. ^[8]

The periplus, literally "a sailing-around', in the ancient navigation of Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans was a manuscript document that listed in order the ports and coastal landmarks, with approximate distances between, that the captain of a vessel could expect to find along a shore. Periplus is the Latinization of an Ancient Greek word περίπλους ( periplous, contracted from periploos) literally "a sailing-around Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Several examples of periploi have survived.

The concept of an underwater boat has roots deep in antiquity. A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability The very first report of someone attempting to put the idea into practice seems to have been an attempt by Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' According to Aristotle, Alexander the Great had developed a primitive submersible for reconnaissance missions by 332BC. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. A submersible, or Bathyscaphe, is a type of Underwater vessel with limited mobility which is typically transported to its area of operation by a surface

Piracy, which is a robbery committed at sea or sometimes on the shore, dates back to Classical Antiquity and, in all likelihood, much further. Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering Robbery is the Crime of seizing Property through Violence or Intimidation. Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean The Tyrrhenians and Thracians were known as pirates in ancient times. The Tyrrhenians ( Attic Greek Turrēnoi) or Tyrsenians ( Ionic Tursēnoi, Doric Tursānoi) is an Exonym "Thracians" also refers to modern inhabitants of Thrace, regardless of ethnicity Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering The island of Lemnos long resisted Greek influence and remained a haven for Thracian pirates. Lemnos (Λήμνος is an island in the northern part of the Aegean Sea. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca By the 1st century BC, there were pirate states along the Anatolian coast, threatening the commerce of the Roman Empire. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial

The Persian Wars

Main article: Greco-Persian Wars

In Ionia (the modern Aegean coast of Turkey) the Greek cities, which included great centres such as Miletus and Halicarnassus, were unable to maintain their independence and came under the rule of the Persian Empire in the mid 6th century BC. Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient Halicarnassus (Άλικαρνᾱσσός &mdash Halikarnassós or Ἁλικαρνασσός &mdash Alikarnassós Halikarnas modern The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia In 499 BC the Greeks rose in the Ionian Revolt, and Athens and some other Greek cities went to their aid. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The Ionian Revolts were triggered by the actions of Aristagoras, the Tyrant of the Ionian city of Miletus at the end of the 6th century Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's In 490 BC the Persian Great King, Darius I, having suppressed the Ionian cities, sent a fleet to punish the Greeks. Darius I the Great (c 549 BC&ndash486 BC 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayavahuš: "Possessing goodness" Having ascended to power amidst controversy and bloodshed The Persians landed in Attica, but were defeated at the Battle of Marathon by a Greek army led by the Athenian general Miltiades. Attica (Αττική Attikí;) is a periphery (subdivision in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece The Battle of Marathon ( Greek: Μάχη τοῡ Μαραθῶνος Machē tou Marathōnos) during the Greco-Persian Wars took place in 490 The burial mound of the Athenian dead can still be seen at Marathon. Ten years later Darius' successor, Xerxes I, sent a much more powerful force by land. Xerxes I of Persia was a King of Persia (reigned 485–465 BC of the Achaemenid dynasty. After being delayed by the Spartan King Leonidas I at Thermopylae, Xerxes advanced into Attica, where he captured and burned Athens. Leonidas ( Greek:; "Lion's son" "Lion-like" was a king of Sparta, the 17th of the Agiad line one of the sons In the Battle of Thermopylae, which occurred in August 480 BC (and was detailed almost entirely by Herodotus) an alliance of Greek City-states fought But the Athenians had evacuated the city by sea, and under Themistocles they defeated the Persian fleet at the Battle of Salamis. Themistocles ( Greek:; c 524&ndash459 BC was an Athenian soldier and statesman The Battle of Salamis ( Ancient Greek:) was a decisive naval battle between the Greek City-states and Persia in September 480 BC in the A year later, the Greeks, under the Spartan Pausanius, defeated the Persian army at Plataea. Pausanias (Greek = Παυσανίας (d c 470 BC was a Spartan general of the 5th century BC The Battle of Plataea was the final major Battle of the Greco-Persian Wars in southern Greece. The Athenian fleet then turned to chasing the Persians out of the Aegean Sea, and in 478 BC they captured Byzantium. This article is about the city See also Byzantine Empire. Byzantium ( Greek: Βυζάντιον Latin: la BYZANTIVM In the course of doing so Athens enrolled all the island states and some mainland allies into an alliance, called the Delian League because its treasury was kept on the sacred island of Delos. The Delian League was an association of approximately 150 5th-century BC Greek City-states under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue The island of Delos ( Greek: Δήλος Dhilos) isolated in the centre of the roughly circular ring of islands called the Cyclades, near Mykonos The Spartans, although they had taken part in the war, withdrew into isolation after it, allowing Athens to establish unchallenged naval and commercial power. Spartan may refer to pertaining to Sparta Spartan hoplite, heavy infantryman in the Spartan army Spartan

Achaean League

Main article: Achaean League

The Achaean League was a confederation of Greek city states in Achaea, a territory on the northern coast of the Peloponnese. The Achaean League (Ἀχαϊκὴ Συμμαχία or (Ἀχαϊκὴ Συμπολιτεία was a Confederation of Greek city states in Achaea The Achaean League (Ἀχαϊκὴ Συμμαχία or (Ἀχαϊκὴ Συμπολιτεία was a Confederation of Greek city states in Achaea A confederation is a group of empowered states or communities usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία A polis ( πόλις, pronunciation, in English-- plural poleis ( πόλεις, pronunciation, in English --is a City, a Achaea (Αχαΐα Achaïa, axaˈia in Polytonic orthography) is an ancient province and a present prefecture of Greece, on the northern The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula An initial confederation existed during the 5th through the 4th century BC. The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. The Achaean League was reformed early in the 3rd century BC, and soon expanded beyond its Achaean heartland. The League's dominance was not to last long, however. During the Third Macedonian War (171-168 BC), the League flirted with the idea of an alliance with Perseus, and the Romans punished it by taking several hostages to ensure good behavior, including Polybius, the Hellenistic historian who wrote about the rise of the Roman Empire. The Third Macedonian War ( 171 BC - 168 BC) was a war fought between Rome and King Perseus of Macedon. Perseus ( Greek Περσεύς) (ca 212 BC - 166 BC) was the last king ( Basileus) of the Antigonid dynasty The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Polybius (ca 203 &ndash 120 BC, Greek) was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic Period noted for his book called The Histories This article focuses on the cultural aspects of the Hellenistic age for the historical aspects see Hellenistic period. In 146 BC, the league erupted into open revolt against Roman domination. The Romans under Lucius Mummius defeated the Achaeans, razed Corinth and dissolved the league. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Lucius Mummius (2nd century BC was a Roman statesman and general Corinth, or Korinth ( Greek Κόρινθος ( is a city in Greece. Lucius Mummius received the cognomen Achaicus ("conqueror of Achaea") for his role. The cognomen (plural cognomina) was originally the third name of an Ancient Roman in the Roman naming convention.

Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Th Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (Penisola italiana or Penisola appenninica) is one of the three Peninsulas of Southern Europe An empire (from the Latin " Imperium " denoting military Command within the ancient Roman government) is a State that In its twelve-century existence, Roman civilization shifted from a monarchy, to a republic based on a combination of oligarchy and democracy, to an autocratic empire. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Oligarchy' ( Greek, Oligarkhía) is a Form of government where Political power effectively rests with a small elite segment Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial It came to dominate Western Europe and the entire area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea through conquest and assimilation. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' An invasion is a military offensive consisting of all or large parts of the Armed forces of one geopolitical entity aggressively entering territory A region or society where several different groups are spontaneously assimilated is sometimes referred to as a Melting pot.

Punic Wars

Main article: Punic Wars

The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage. The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC and were probably the largest wars yet of the ancient The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC and were probably the largest wars yet of the ancient Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers The main cause of the Punic Wars was the clash of interests between the existing Carthaginian Empire and the expanding Roman sphere of influence. The Romans were initially interested in expansion via Sicily, part of which lay under Carthaginian control. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. At the start of the first Punic War, Carthage was the dominant power of the Mediterranean, with an extensive maritime empire, while Rome was the rapidly ascending power in Italy. The First Punic War ( 264 to 241 BC) was the first of three major wars fought between Carthage and the Roman Republic. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest By the end of the third war, after the deaths of many hundreds of thousands of soldiers from both sides, Rome had conquered Carthage's empire and razed the city, becoming in the process the most powerful state of the Western Mediterranean. With the end of the Macedonian wars — which ran concurrently with the Punic wars — and the defeat of the Seleucid Emperor Antiochus III the Great in the Roman-Syrian War (Treaty of Apamea, [188 BC) in the eastern sea, Rome emerged as the dominant Mediterranean power and the most powerful city in the classical world. The Macedonian and Seleucid wars were a series of conflicts fought by Rome during and after the Second Punic war, in the eastern Mediterranean, the Adriatic The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i Antiochus III the Great, ( Greek; ca 241&ndash187 BC ruled 222&ndash187 BC younger son of Seleucus II Callinicus The Treaty of Apamea of 188 BC, was Peace treaty between the Roman Republic and Antiochus III (the Great ruler of the Seleucid Empire This was a turning point that meant that the civilization of the ancient Mediterranean would pass to the modern world via Europe instead of Africa.

Pre-Roman Britain

The Coracle, a small single passenger sized float has been used in Britain since before the first Roman invasion as noted by the invaders. A coracle (cwrwgl is a small lightweight Boat used mainly in Wales but also in parts of Western and South Western England, Ireland, and Coracles are round or oval in shape, made of a wooden frame with a hide stretched over it then tared to provide waterproofing. Tare (tɛər weight sometimes called unladen weight is the weight of an empty vehicle or container Being so light, an operator can carry the light craft over the shoulder. They are capable of operating in mere inches of water due to the keel-less hull. The early people of Wales used these boats for fishing and light travel and updated models are still in use to this day on the rivers of Scotland and Wales. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain.

Early Britons also used the world-common hollowed tree trunk canoe. A canoe is a small narrow Boat, typically human-powered though it may also be powered by sails or small electric or gas motors Examples of these canoes have been found buried in marshes and mud banks of rivers at lengths of upward eight feet. ^[9]

In 1992 a notable archaeological find, named the "Dover Bronze Age Boat", was unearthed from beneath what is modern day Dover, England. Dover Bronze Age boat is one of the few Bronze Age boats to be found in Britain Dover is a town and major ferry port in the county of Kent, England. The Bronze Age boat which is about 9. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for 5 meters long x 2. 3 meters is determined to have been a seagoing vessel. Carbon dating reveals that the craft dating from approximately 1,600 B. Radiocarbon dating is a Radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring Radioisotope Carbon-14 (14C to determine the age of C. is the oldest known ocean-going boat. The hull was of half oak logs and side panels also of oak were stitched on with yew lashings. The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of Trees and Shrubs in the Genus Quercus (from Latin Both the straight grained oak and yew bindings are now extinct as a shipbuilding method in England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A reconstruction in 1996 proved that a crew between four and sixteen paddlers could have easily propelled the boat during Force 4 winds upwards of four knots but with a maximum of 5 knots (9 km/h). The boat could have easily carried a significant amount of cargo and with a strong crew may have been able to traverse near thirty nautical miles in a day. ^[10]

Northern Europe

The Norsemen, or 'people from the North', were people from southern and central Scandinavia which established states and settlements Northern Europe from the late 8th century to the 11th century. Norsemen is used to refer to the group of people as a whole who speak one of the North Germanic languages as their native language Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Vikings has been a common term for Norsemen in the early medieval period, especially in connection with raids and monastic plundering made by Norsemen in Great Britain and Ireland. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas Monasticism (from Greek μοναχός, monachos, derived from Greek monos, alone is the religious practice in which one

Leif Ericson was an Icelandic explorer known to be the first European to have landed in North America (presumably in Newfoundland, Canada). Leif Ericson ( Old Norse: Leifr Eiríksson) (c 970 – c 1020 was a Norse Explorer who was probably the first European to land in Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page During a stay in Norway, Leif Ericsson converted to Christianity, like many Norse of that time. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings He also went to Norway to serve the King of Norway, Olaf Tryggvason. Members of Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish royal families have been Norwegian monarchs. Olaf Tryggvason ( Old Norse: Óláfr Tryggvason, Norwegian: Olav Tryggvason) (960s &ndash September 9 ? 1000 was King of When he returned to Greenland, he bought the boat of Bjarni Herjólfsson and set out to explore the land that Bjarni had found (located west of Greenland), which was, in fact, Newfoundland, in Canada. Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the Bjarni Herjólfsson ( fl 10th century) was a Norwegian explorer who is the first known European discoverer of the mainland of the Americas This article refers to the cardinal direction for other uses see West (disambiguation. The Saga of the Greenlanders tells that Leif set out around the year 1000 to follow Bjarni's route with 15 crew members, but going north. Grœnlendinga saga or the Saga of the Greenlanders is an Icelandic saga. ^[11]

Indian subcontinent

Main article: Indian maritime history

In the Indian maritime history, the world's first tidal dock was built in Lothal around 2500 BC during the Harappan civilisation at Lothal near the present day Mangrol harbour on the Gujarat coast. Indian maritime history begins during the 3rd millennium BCE when the inhabitants of the Indus Valley initiate trading with Mesopotamia. Indian maritime history begins during the 3rd millennium BCE when the inhabitants of the Indus Valley initiate trading with Mesopotamia. Lothal ( Gujarātī: લોથલ ˈloːtʰəl Eng Mound of the Dead was one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus valley civilization. The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin Lothal ( Gujarātī: લોથલ ˈloːtʰəl Eng Mound of the Dead was one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus valley civilization. Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. Other ports were probably at Balakot and Dwarka. Balakot (بالاکوٹ is a town in Mansehra District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Dwarka, also spelled Dvarka, Dwaraka, and Dvaraka, is a city and a Municipality However, it is probable that many small-scale ports, and not massive ports, were used for the Harappan maritime trade. ^[12] Ships from the harbour at these ancient port cities established trade with Mesopotamia,^[13] where the Indus Valley was known as Meluhha. Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Meluhha refers to one of ancient Sumer 's prominent trading partners but precisely which one remains an open question

Emperor Chandragupta Maurya's Prime Minister Kautilya's Arthashastra devotes a full chapter on the state department of waterways under navadhyaksha (Sanskrit for Superintendent of ships) ^[1]. Chandragupta Maurya (चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य sometimes known simply as Chandragupta (born c This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. Chanakya Sanskrit: चाणक्य Cāṇakya) (c 350-283 BC was an adviser and a Prime minister to the first Maurya Emperor The Arthashastra ( IAST: Arthaśāstra) is a Treatise on statecraft, economic policy and Military strategy which Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Public administration can be broadly described as the development implementation and study of branches of government Policy. The term, nava dvipantaragamanam (Sanskrit for sailing to other lands by ships) appears in this book in addition to appearing in the Buddhist text, Baudhayana Dharmasastra as the interpretation of the term, Samudrasamyanam.

Asia and the Far East

Main articles: Naval history of China and Chinese exploration

In ancient China, during the Spring and Autumn Period (722 BC–481 BC), large rectangular-based barge-like ships with layered decks and cabins with ramparts acted as floating fortresses on wide rivers and lakes. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era The Spring and Autumn Period ( was a period in Chinese history which roughly corresponds to the first half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty (from the second half of the 8th century BC BARGE, the Big August RecGambling Excursion is a yearly convention held in Las Vegas during the first weekend of August A cabin or berthing is an enclosed room generally on a Ship or an Aircraft. The rampART is a squatted Social centre in the Whitechapel area of East London. ^[14] These were called 'castle ships' ('lou chuan'), yet there were 4 other ship types known in that period, including a ramming vessel. In warfare ramming is a technique that was used in the air sea and land combat ^[14] During the short-lived Qin Dynasty (221 BC-207 BC) the Chinese sailed south into the South China Sea during their invasion of Annam, modern Vietnam. Not to be confused with the Qing Dynasty, the last dynasty of China The South China Sea is a Marginal sea south of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from Singapore to the Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially

During the Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD), a ship with a stern-mounted steering rudder along with masts and sails was innovated, known as the junk in Western terminology. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The stern is the rear or aft part of a Ship or Boat, technically defined as the area built up over the Sternpost, extending upwards from the Counter A rudder is a device used to steer a Ship, Boat, Submarine, Hovercraft, or other conveyance that move through a fluid (generally air or -HK CityHall Seaview 51217 5png|thumb|300px|A modern junk in Hong Kong]]A junk is a Chinese sailing vessel. ^[15] The Chinese had been sailing through the Indian Ocean since the 2nd century BC, with their travels to Kanchipuram in India. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface Kanchipuram, Kanchi, or Kancheepuram is a city and a Municipality in Kanchipuram district in the Indian state of India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country ^[16][17] This was followed up by many recorded maritime travelers following the same route to India, including Faxian, Zhiyan, Tanwujie, etc. Faxian ( Traditional Chinese:法顯 Simplified Chinese:法显 Pinyin ：Fǎxiǎn also romanized as Fa-Hien or Fa-hsien) (ca ^[18] Like in the Western tradition, the earlier Zhou Dynasty Chinese also made use of the floating pontoon bridge, which became a valuable means to blockade the entire Yangtze River during Gongsun Shu's rebellion against the re-established Han government in 33 AD. The Zhou Dynasty ( POJ: Chiu Tiau 1122 BC to 256 BC was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. A pontoon bridge or floating bridge is a Bridge that floats on water supported by barge-or-boat-like pontoons to support the bridge deck and its dynamic A blockade is any effort to prevent supplies Troops information or aid from reaching an opposing force The naval history of China dates back thousands of years with archives existing since the late Spring and Autumn Period ( 722 BC - 481 BC) about the ^[19] Although first described in ancient Ptolemaic Egypt, the Song Dynasty scientist Shen Kuo (1031-1095) was the first to describe the use of the drydock system in China to repair boats out of water. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Shen Kuo or Shen Kua ( (1031&ndash1095 style name Cunzhong and pseudonym Mengqi Weng, was a Polymathic Chinese A drydock is a narrow basin or vessel that can be flooded to allow a load to be floated in then drained to allow that load to come to rest on a dry platform ^[20] The canal pound lock was invented in China during the previous century, while Shen Kuo wrote of its effectiveness in his day, writing that ships no longer had the grievances of the old flash lock design and no longer had to be hauled over long distances (meaning heavier ships with heavier cargo of goods could traverse the waterways of China). Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways A pound lock is type of lock that is used almost exclusively nowadays on Canals and Rivers A pound lock has a chamber (the pound) with China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Shen Kuo or Shen Kua ( (1031&ndash1095 style name Cunzhong and pseudonym Mengqi Weng, was a Polymathic Chinese Early locks were designed with a single gate known as a flash lock. ^[21] There were many other improvements to nautical technology during the Song period as well, including crossbeams bracing the ribs of ships to strengthen them, rudders that could be raised or lowered to allow ships to travel in a wider range of water depths, and the teeth of anchors arranged circularly instead of in one direction, "making them more reliable". A rudder is a device used to steer a Ship, Boat, Submarine, Hovercraft, or other conveyance that move through a fluid (generally air or An anchor is an object often made out of metal that is used to attach a ship to the bottom of a body of water at a specific point ^[22]

Japan had become a naval power by at least the 6th century, with their invasions and involvement in political alliances during the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The, was a period in the History of Japan lasting from 538 to 710 (or 592-645 although its beginning could be said to overlap with the preceding Kofun period. The Three Kingdoms of Korea ( refer to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula A joint alliance between the Korean Silla Kingdom and the Chinese Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) heavily defeated the Japanese and their Korean allies of Baekje in the Battle of Baekgang in August 27 to August 28 of the year 663 AD. Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by The Battle of Baekgang, also known as Battle of Baekgang-gu or by the Japanese name Battle of Hakusukinoe (白村江の戦い Hakusuki-no-e no Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital This decisive victory expelled the Japanese from Korea and allowed the Silla Kingdom to conquer Goguryeo. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and However, the Japanese invaded Korea again during the Imjin War of the late 16th century, the attack against the Joseon Kingdom led by the famous Japanese warlord Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Two Japanese invasions of Korea and subsequent battles on the Korean peninsula took place during the years 1592-1598 The exploits of the Korean admiral Yi Sun-sin during this war were made famous with his military strategy and use of the armored 'turtle ship'. Yi Sun-sin (April 28 1545 – December 16 1598 also commonly transliterated Yi Soon-shin or Lee Sun-shin, Korean:이순신 was a Korean Military strategy is a National defence policy implemented by Military organisations to pursue desired strategic goals Derived from the Greek Construction According to the Nanjung Ilgi, Yi's wartime diary Yi decided to resurrect the turtle ship in 1591 from pre-existing designs after discussing

Although there were numerous naval battles beforehand, China's first permanent standing navy was established in 1132 during the Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD). The Song Dynasty ( Chinese: 宋朝; Pinyin: Sòng cháo 960 - 1279) of China was a ruling Dynasty that controlled China proper ^[23] Gunpowder warfare at sea was also first known in China, with battles such as the Battle of Caishi and the Battle of Tangdao on the Yangtze River in 1161 AD. Early Modern warfare is associated with the start of the widespread use of Gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons to use the explosive The naval Battle of Caishi (采石之战 took place in 1161 and was the result of an attempt by forces of the Jurchen Jin to cross the Yangtze The naval Battle of Tangdao (唐岛之战 took place in 1161 between the Jurchen Jin and the Southern Song Dynasty of China One of the most important books of medieval maritime literature was Zhu Yu's Pingzhou Table Talks of 1119 AD. Zhu Yu ( was an author of the Chinese Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD Although the Chinese scientist Shen Kuo (1031-1095) was the first to describe the magnetic-needle compass, Zhu Yu's book was the first to specify its use for navigation at sea. Shen Kuo or Shen Kua ( (1031&ndash1095 style name Cunzhong and pseudonym Mengqi Weng, was a Polymathic Chinese In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. A compass, magnetic compass or mariner's compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the earth's Magnetic poles It consists Navigation is the process of reading and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another Zhu Yu's book also described watertight bulkhead compartments in the hull of Chinese ships, which prevented sinking when heavily damaged in one compartment. A bulkhead is an upright wall within the hull of a Ship. Other kinds of partition elements within a ship are decks and Deckheads Etymology A hull is the body of a Ship or Boat. It is a central concept in floating vessels as it provides the Buoyancy that keeps the vessel from sinking ^[24] Although the drydock was known, Zhu Yu wrote of expert divers who were often used to repair boats that were damaged and still submersed in water. Divers in China continued to have a maritime significance, as the later Ming Dynasty author Song Yingxing (1587-1666) wrote about pearl divers who used snorkeling gear (a watertight leather face mask and breathing tube secured with tin rings) to breathe underwater while tied by the waist to the ship in order to be secure while hunting for pearls. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Song Yingxing ( Traditional Chinese:宋應星 Simplified Chinese:宋应星 Wade Giles: Sung Ying-Hsing; 1587-1666 AD was a Chinese Pearl hunting or pearl diving refers to a now largely obsolete method of retrieving Pearls from Pearl oysters Freshwater pearl mussels and on Snorkeling ( British spelling: snorkelling) is the practice of Swimming at the surface of a body of water while equipped with a Diving mask, a Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Underwater is a term describing the realm below the surface of Water where the water exists in a natural feature (called a body of water) such as an Ocean A pearl is a hard roundish object produced within the soft tissue (specifically the mantle) of a living shelled Mollusk. ^[25]

Age of Navigation

Main article: History of navigation

In ancient India and Arabia the lateen-sail ship known as the dhow was used on the waters of the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Persian Gulf. In the pre-modern history of Human migration and discovery of new lands by navigating the Oceans a few peoples have excelled as sea-faring Explorers Prominent examples India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) A lateen (from a la trina, meaning triangular or latin-rig is a triangular Sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle on the mast A dhow ( Arabic, دهو) is a traditional Arab sailing vessel with one or more Lateen Sails They are primarily used along The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the There were also Southeast Asian Seafarers and Polynesians, and the Northern European Vikings, developed oceangoing vessels and depended heavily upon them for travel and population movements prior to 1000 AD. For Seafarers International Union and affiliates see Seafarers International Union of North America. Polynesian culture refers to the aboriginal Culture of the Polynesian -speaking peoples of Polynesia and the A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas China's ships in the medieval period were particularly massive; multi-mast sailing junks were carrying over 200 people as early as 200 AD. -HK CityHall Seaview 51217 5png|thumb|300px|A modern junk in Hong Kong]]A junk is a Chinese sailing vessel. The Astrolabe was the chief tool of Celestial navigation in early maritime history. The astrolabe is a historical Astronomical instrument used by classical astronomers, Navigators Celestial navigation, also known as astronavigation, is a Position fixing technique that was devised to help sailors cross the featureless oceans without having to It was invented in ancient Greece and developed and by Islamic astronomers. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca In ancient China, the engineer Ma Jun (c. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era Ma Jun (fl 220&ndash265 styled Deheng (徳衡 was a Chinese Mechanical Engineer and government official during the Three Kingdoms 200-265 AD) invented the South Pointing Chariot, a wheeled device employing a differential gear that allowed a fixed figurine to always point in the southern cardinal direction. The South Pointing Chariot is widely regarded as one of the most complex Geared mechanism of the ancient Chinese civilization, and was continually used throughout the For the indie band see Figurine (band A figurine (a diminutive form of the word Figure) is a Statuette that represents

The magnetic needle compass for navigation was not written of until the Dream Pool Essays of 1088 AD by the author Shen Kuo (1031-1095), who was also the first to discover the concept of true north (to discern against a compass' magnetic declination towards the North Pole). In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. A compass, magnetic compass or mariner's compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the earth's Magnetic poles It consists Navigation is the process of reading and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another The Dream Pool Essays ( Pinyin: Meng Xi Bi Tan; Wade-Giles: Meng Ch'i Pi T'an Chinese: 夢溪筆談／梦溪笔谈 Shen Kuo or Shen Kua ( (1031&ndash1095 style name Cunzhong and pseudonym Mengqi Weng, was a Polymathic Chinese noted by the Chinese Polymath Shen Kuo in the 11th century and possibly the egyptians over 6 millenia ago The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is subject to the caveats explained below defined as the point in the northern By at least 1117 AD, the Chinese used a magnetic needle that was submersed in a bowl of water, and would point in the southern cardinal direction. The first use of a magnetized needle for seafaring navigation in Europe was written of by Alexander Neckham, circa 1190 AD. Alexander ( of) Neckam ( 8 September 1157 &ndash 1217 was an English scholar and teacher Around 1300 AD, the pivot-needle dry-box compass was invented in Europe, its cardinal direction pointed north, similar to the modern-day mariners compass. There was also the addition of the compass-card in Europe, which was later adopted by the Chinese through contact with Japanese pirates in the 16th century.

Several medieval Arabic sources have suggested that Muslim explorers from the Al-Andalus (Islamic Iberia, comprising modern Spain and Portugal) may have travelled in expeditions across the Atlantic to the Americas between the 9th and 14th centuries. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. ^[26][27]

Ships and vessels

Main articles: Medieval European maritime culture and Medieval ships

Various ships were in use during the Middle Ages. The medieval European maritime culture began with the remnants of the naval tradition of the Roman Empire, included the technological advances that enabled the Vikings Ships were greatly used in the Middle Ages The use of these gigantic ships were mainly for trading purposes The longship was a type of ship that was developed over a period of centuries and perfected by its most famous user, the Vikings, in approximately the 9th century. Longships, or longboats were ships primarily used by the Scandinavian Vikings and the Saxon people to raid coastal and inland settlements during the European A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The ships was clinker-built, utilizing overlapping wooden strakes. Clinker building is a method of constructing hulls of Boats and Ships by fixing Wooden planks and in the early nineteenth century The knaar, a relative of the longship, was a type of cargo vessel. A knarr is a type of Norse Merchant Ship famously used by the Vikings The knarr (also known as knorr or knörr) is of the It differed from the longship in that it was larger and relied solely on its square rigged sail for propulsion. Square rig is a generic type of sail and rigging arrangement in which the primary driving sails are carried on horizontal Spars which are perpendicular or square The cog was a design which is believed to have evolved from (or at least been influenced by) the longship, and was in wide use by the 12th century. It too used the clinker method of construction. The caravel was a ship invented in the Mediterranean in the 15th century. This article is about the Caravel boat type For the carvel type of boat building see Carvel (boat building. Unlike the longship and cog, it used a carvel method of construction. Longships, or longboats were ships primarily used by the Scandinavian Vikings and the Saxon people to raid coastal and inland settlements during the European Cogs (or cog-built vessels are ships that first appeared in the 10th century, and were widely used from around the 12th century on In Boat building, carvel built or carvel planking is a method of constructing Wooden It could be either square rigged (Caravela Redonda) or lateen rigged (Caravela Latina). Square rig is a generic type of sail and rigging arrangement in which the primary driving sails are carried on horizontal Spars which are perpendicular or square A lateen (from a la trina, meaning triangular or latin-rig is a triangular Sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle on the mast The carrack was another type of ship invented in the Mediterranean in the 15th century. A carrack or nau was a three- or four- masted Sailing ship developed in the Atlantic Ocean in the 15th century by the Portuguese It was a larger vessel than the caravel. Columbus’s ship, the Santa María was a famous example of a carrack. The Santa María was the largest of the three Ships used by Christopher Columbus in his first voyage across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492

Hanseatic League

Main article: Hanseatic League

The Hanseatic League was an alliance of trading guilds that established and maintained a trade monopoly over the Baltic Sea, to a certain extent the North Sea, and most of Northern Europe for a time in the Late Middle Ages and the early modern period, between the 13th and 17th centuries. The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hansa) was an alliance of trading cities and their Guilds that established and maintained trade The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hansa) was an alliance of trading cities and their Guilds that established and maintained trade Historians generally trace the origins of the League to the foundation of the Northern German town of Lübeck, established in 1158/1159 after the capture of the area from the Count of Schauenburg and Holstein by Henry the Lion, the Duke of Saxony. Lübeck ( is the second largest City in Schleswig-Holstein, in Northern Germany, and one of the major Henry the Lion ( German: Heinrich der Löwe; 1129 &ndash 6 August 1195) was a member of the Guelph dynasty and Duke of Saxony The mediæval Duchy of Saxony was a late Early Middle Ages "Carolingian Stem duchy " covering the greater part of Northern Germany. Exploratory trading adventures, raids and piracy had occurred earlier throughout the Baltic (see Vikings) — the sailors of Gotland sailed up rivers as far away as Novgorod, for example — but the scale of international economy in the Baltic area remained insignificant before the growth of the Hanseatic League. A raid can refer to either a military tactic, or a larger Grand Tactical or Operational warfare mission which require the execution of a plan where Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas is a county, province and municipality of Sweden and the largest Island in the Baltic Sea. Veliky Novgorod (Вели́кий Но́вгород is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia and the administrative center of Novgorod An economic system is a System that involves the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services between German cities achieved domination of trade in the Baltic with striking speed over the next century, and Lübeck became a central node in all the sea-borne trade that linked the areas around the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf.

The 15th century saw the climax of Lübeck's hegemony. (Visby, one of the midwives of the Hanseatic league in 1358, declined to become a member. Visby is the only city on the Swedish Island of Gotland; it is arguably the best-preserved Medieval city in Scandinavia Visby dominated trade in the Baltic before the Hanseatic league, and with its monopolistic ideology, suppressed the Gotlandic free-trade competition. is a county, province and municipality of Sweden and the largest Island in the Baltic Sea. ) By the late 16th century, the League imploded and could no longer deal with its own internal struggles, the social and political changes that accompanied the Reformation, the rise of Dutch and English merchants, and the incursion of the Ottoman Turks upon its trade routes and upon the Holy Roman Empire itself. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. Only nine members attended the last formal meeting in 1669 and only three (Lübeck, Hamburg and Bremen) remained as members until its final demise in 1862.

Age of Exploration

Main article: Age of Exploration

The Age of Discovery was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century, during which European ships traveled around the world to search for new trading routes and partners to feed burgeoning capitalism in Europe. The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans explored The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans explored Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where They also were in search of trading goods such as gold, silver and spices. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive In the process, Europeans encountered peoples and mapped lands previously unknown to them.

Christopher Columbus was a navigator and maritime explorer who is one of several historical figures credited as the discoverer of the Americas. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer A navigator is the person onboard a ship or aircraft responsible for its Navigation. Introduction This is a list of notable maritime explorers throughout the History of Humanity. The discovery of the Americas is variously attributed to the following people depending on context and definition Indigenous peoples of the Americas It is generally believed that he was born in Genoa, although other theories and possibilities exist. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Columbus' voyages across the Atlantic Ocean began a European effort at exploration and colonization of the Western Hemisphere. The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492 although there was at least one earlier colonization effort The Western Hemisphere, also Western hemisphere or western hemisphere, is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that lies West While history places great significance on his first voyage of 1492, he did not actually reach the mainland until his third voyage in 1498. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Likewise, he was not the earliest European explorer to reach the Americas, as there are accounts of European transatlantic contact prior to 1492. Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact describes alleged interactions between the Indigenous peoples of the Americas and peoples of other continents – Africa, Nevertheless, Columbus's voyage came at a critical time of growing national imperialism and economic competition between developing nation states seeking wealth from the establishment of trade routes and colonies. Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude Competition is a rivalry between individuals groups nations or animals for territory or resources The history of Europe describes the passage of time from humans inhabiting the European continent to the present day A trade route is a logistical network identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism Therefore, the period before 1492 is known as Pre-Columbian. The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences

John Cabot was a Genoese navigator and explorer commonly credited as one of the first early modern Europeans to land on the North American mainland, aboard the Matthew in 1497. Giovanni Caboto ( c 1450 - c 1498 known in English as John Cabot, was an Italian Navigator and explorer commonly credited as the Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English A navigator is the person onboard a ship or aircraft responsible for its Navigation. The early modern period is a term used by historians to refer to the period in Western '''Europe''' and its first colonies which spans the three centuries between Replica To celebrate the 500th anniversary of Cabot's voyage a replica of the Matthew was built in Bristol Sebastian Cabot was an Italian explorer may have sailed with his father John Cabot in May, 1497. Sebastian Cabot may refer to Sebastian Cabot (explorer (1476-1557 Italian explorer Sebastian Cabot (actor (1918-1977 British actor Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest This list of explorers is sorted by surname See also the links below. John Cabot and perhaps Sebastian, sailing from Bristol, took their small fleet along the coasts of a "New Found Land". Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of There is much controversy over where exactly Cabot landed, but two likely locations that are often suggested are Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Cabot and his crew (including perhaps Sebastian) mistook this place for China, without finding the passage to the east they were looking for. Some scholars maintain that the name America comes from Richard Amerik, a Bristol merchant and customs officer, who is claimed on very slender evidence to have helped finance the Cabot voyages. Richard Amerike (or Ameryk) pronounced America (c 1445&ndash1503 was a wealthy English born merchant Royal customs officer and Sheriff of Welsh

Jacques Cartier was a French navigator who first explored and described the Gulf of St-Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named Canada. Jacques Cartier (December 31 1491&ndashSeptember 1 1557 was a French explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( A navigator is the person onboard a ship or aircraft responsible for its Navigation. Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Juan Fernández was a Spanish explorer and navigator. Juan Fernández (c 1536 &ndash c 1604 was a Spanish explorer and navigator Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Probably between 1563 and 1574 he discovered the Juan Fernández Islands west of Valparaíso, Chile. The Juan Fernández Islands is a sparsely inhabited island group reliant on tourism and fishing in the South Pacific Ocean, situated about 667 km off the coast of Chile Valparaíso (literally in Spanish: Valle Paraíso (Paradise Valley and also called "Valpo" locally is a major city in Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the He also discovered the Pacific islands of San Félix and San Ambrosio (1574). The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The Desventuradas Islands (Unfortunate Islands are relatively small oceanic islands located approximately 870 km off the coast of Chile; they are part of the The Desventuradas Islands (Unfortunate Islands are relatively small oceanic islands located approximately 870 km off the coast of Chile; they are part of the Among the other famous explorers of the period were Vasco da Gama, Pedro Álvares Cabral, Yermak, Juan Ponce de León, Francisco Coronado, Juan Sebastián Elcano, Bartolomeu Dias, Ferdinand Magellan, Willem Barentsz, Abel Tasman, Jean Alfonse, Samuel de Champlain, Willem Jansz, Captain James Cook, Henry Hudson, and Giovanni da Verrazzano. Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira ('vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ ( Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca Pedro Álvares Cabral (about 1467/1468/1469 &ndash about 1520 ˈpeðɾʊ ˈaɫvɐɾɨʃ kɐˈβɾaɫ in Portuguese, ˈawvaɾiʃ caˈbɾaw in Brazilian) was Yermak redirects here For the ship see Icebreaker Yermak. Yermak Timofeyevich ( Russian: Ерма́к Тимофе́евич Juan Ponce de León ( IPA: /xwan'ponʒedele'on/ (1460 – July 1521 was a Spanish Conquistador. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado y Luján (Born in 1510 &ndash Died on September 22 1554 was a Spanish Conquistador, who visited New Mexico and other Juan Sebastián del Cano, then Elcano ( Getaria, in the Basque province of Guipúzcoa, former Kingdom of Castile, Spain Bartolomeu Dias (baɾtuluˈmeu ˈdiɐʃ Anglicized Bartholomew Diaz) (c Ferdinand Magellan (Fernão de Magalhães fɨɾˈnɐ̃ũ dɨ mɐgɐˈʎɐ̃ĩʃ Fernando de Magallanes (Spring 1480 &ndash April 27 1521 Mactan Island, Cebu Willem Barentsz (anglicized as William Barents or Barentz) (born c Abel Janszoon Tasman ( 1603 - October 10 1659) was a Dutch seafarer, explorer, and Merchant. Jean Fonteneau dit Alfonse de Saintonge (born 1484 in Saintonge, died in December 1544 off La Rochelle) was a French Navigator, Explorer Samuel de Champlain (c 1575 - 25 December 1635) "The Father of New France " was a French navigator geographer cartographer Not to be confused with Willem Janszoon Blaeu (1571-1638 a contemporary Dutch cartographer Willem Janszoon (c Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was an English Explorer, Navigator and Henry Hudson' (1570 &ndash 1611 was an English Sea explorer and Navigator in the early 17th century Giovanni da Verrazzano (c 1485 &ndash c 1528 was an Italian Explorer of North America, in the service of the French crown.

Peter Martyr d'Anghiera was an Italian-born historian of Spain and of the discoveries of her representatives during the Age of Exploration. Peter Martyr d'Anghiera (in Italian, Pietro Martire d'Anghiera; in Spanish Pedro Mártir De Anghiera, Latin, Petrus Martyr Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans explored He wrote the first accounts of explorations in Central and South America in a series of letters and reports, grouped in the original Latin publications of 1511-1530 into sets of ten chapters called "decades. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. " His Decades are thus of great value in the history of geography and discovery. His De Orbe Novo (published 1530; "On the New World") describes the first contacts of Europeans and native Americans and contains, for example, the first European reference to India rubber. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States.

Richard Hakluyt was an English writer, and is principally remembered for his efforts in promoting and supporting the settlement of North America by the English through his works, notably Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America (1582) and The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation (1598–1600). Richard Hakluyt (, or) (c 1552 or 1553 – 23 November 1616 was an English writer England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English

European expansion

Main article: Maritime history of Europe

The maritime history of Europe is a term used to describe significant past events relating to the northwestern region of Eurasia in areas concerning shipping and shipbuilding, shipwrecks, naval battles, and military installations and lighthouses constructed to protect or aid navigation and the development of Europe. Maritime history of Europe is a term used to describe significant past events relating to the northwestern region of Eurasia in areas concerning Shipping and Maritime history of Europe is a term used to describe significant past events relating to the northwestern region of Eurasia in areas concerning Shipping and For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. Shipping is physical process of Transporting goods and Cargo. See also Shipbuilding (song. Shipbuilding is the construction of Ships It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a A shipwreck can refer to a wrecked ship or to the event that caused the wreck such as the striking of something that causes the ship to sink the stranding of the ship on rocks A naval battle is a Battle fought using Ships or other waterborne vessels A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking A lighthouse is a Tower, building or framework designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses or in older times from a fire and used as an Navigation is the process of reading and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another Although Europe is the world's second-smallest continent in terms of area, is has a very long coastline, and has arguably been influenced more by its maritime history than any other continent. A continent is one of several large Landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by Convention rather than any strict criteria with seven regions Europe is uniquely situated between several navigable seas and intersected by navigable rivers running into them in a way which greatly facilitated the influence of maritime traffic and commerce. "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there

When the carrack and then the caravel were developed in Iberia that European thoughts returned to the fabled East. A carrack or nau was a three- or four- masted Sailing ship developed in the Atlantic Ocean in the 15th century by the Portuguese This article is about the Caravel boat type For the carvel type of boat building see Carvel (boat building. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra These explorations have a number of causes. Monetarists believe the main reason the Age of Exploration began was because of a severe shortage of bullion in Europe. Monetarism is a school of economic thought concerning the determination of national income and monetary Economics. Precious Metal is the eighteenth episode in the of the popular American Crime drama, which is set in Las Vegas, Nevada. The European economy was dependent on gold and silver currency, but low domestic supplies had plunged much of Europe into a recession. Another factor was the centuries long conflict between the Iberians and the Muslims to the south. The eastern trade routes were controlled by the Ottoman Empire after the Turks took control of Constantinople in 1453, and they barred Europeans from those trade routes. The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS ^[28] The ability to outflank the Muslim states of North Africa was seen as crucial to their survival. At the same time, the Iberians learnt much from their Arab neighbours. The carrack and caravel both incorporated the Arab lateen sail that made ships far more manoeuvrable. A lateen (from a la trina, meaning triangular or latin-rig is a triangular Sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle on the mast It was also through the Arabs that Ancient Greek geography was rediscovered, for the first time giving European sailors some idea of the shape of Africa and Asia. This article explores the History of Geography. Ancient geography See also Ancient Greek geography Ancient Greeks environment

European colonization

Main articles: History of colonialism and Chronology of colonialism

See also: Columbian Exchange and European colonization of the Americas

In 1492, Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, after which European exploration and colonization rapidly expanding. The historical phenomenon of Colonisation is one that stretches around the globe and across time including such disparate peoples as the Hittites, the Incas and the This is a non-exhaustive Chronology of Colonialism -related events which may recensed political events cultural events as well as important global events which have The Columbian Exchange has been one of the most significant events in the history of world Ecology, Agriculture, and Culture. The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492 although there was at least one earlier colonization effort Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America The post-1492 era is known as the Columbian Exchange period. The Columbian Exchange has been one of the most significant events in the history of world Ecology, Agriculture, and Culture. The first conquests were made by the Spanish, who quickly conquered most of South and Central America and large parts of North America. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a The Portuguese took Brazil. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The British, French and Dutch conquered islands in the Caribbean Sea, many of which had already been conquered by the Spanish or depopulated by disease. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands For the region see Caribbean. The Caribbean Sea (kəˈrɪbiən or /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ is a tropical Sea in the Western Hemisphere Early European colonies in North America included Spanish Florida, the British settlements in Virginia and New England, French settlements in Quebec and Louisiana, and Dutch settlements in New Netherlands. Spanish Florida ( Spanish: La Florida) refers to the Spanish Colony of Florida. The Colony of Virginia (also known frequently as the Virginia Colony and occasionally as the Dominion and Colony of Virginia) was the English colony History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Louisiana (La celina+mario) was the name of an administrative district of New France. New Netherland (Dutch Nieuw-Nederland, Latin Novum Belgium or Nova Belgica) 1614–1674 is the name of the former Dutch territory on the eastern coast Denmark-Norway revived its former colonies in Greenland from the 18th until the 20th century, and also colonised a few of the Virgin Islands. Denmark–Norway ( Danish: Danmark-Norge Norwegian: Danmark-Norge or Danmark-Noreg is the historiographical name for a former political entity union

From its very outset, Western colonialism was operated as a joint public-private venture. Columbus' voyages to the Americas were partially funded by Italian investors, but whereas the Spanish state maintained a tight reign on trade with its colonies (by law, the colonies could only trade with one designated port in the mother country and treasure was brought back in special convoys), the English, French and Dutch granted what were effectively trade monopolies to joint-stock companies such as the East India Companies and the Hudson's Bay Company. Beginning in the 16th century the Spanish treasure fleets (or simply West Indies Fleet from Spanish Flota de Indias) transported various metal resources and agricultural In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient A joint stock company (JSC is a type of business entity it is a type of Corporation or Partnership. The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or

In the exploration of Africa, there was the proliferation of conflicting European claims to African territory. European exploration of Africa began with Ancient Greeks and Romans, that explored and settled in North Africa By the 15th century, Europeans explored the African coast in search of a water route to India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country These expeditions were mostly conducted by the Portuguese, who had been given papal authority to exploit all non-Christian lands of the Eastern Hemisphere. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Eastern Hemisphere, also Eastern hemisphere or eastern hemisphere, is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that is east of the The Europeans set up coastal colonies to prosecute the slave trade, but the interior of the continent remained unexplored until the 19th century This was a cumulative period resulted in European colonial rule in Africa and altered the future of the African continent. The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history ^[29]

Imperialism in Asia traces its roots back to the late 15th century with a series of voyages that sought a sea passage to India in the hope of establishing direct trade between Europe and Asia in spices. Imperialism in Asia traces its roots back to the late fifteenth century with a series of voyages that sought a sea passage to India in the hope of Before 1500 European economies were largely self-sufficient, only supplemented by minor trade with Asia and Africa. Within the next century, however, European and Asian economies were slowly becoming integrated through the rise of new global trade routes; and the early thrust of European political power, commerce, and culture in Asia gave rise to a growing trade in lucrative commodities—a key development in the rise of today's modern world capitalist economy. European colonies in India were set up by several European nations beginning at the beginning of the 16th century. The colonial era in India began in 1502 when the Portuguese established the first European trading center at Kollam Rivalry between reigning European powers saw the entry of the Dutch, British and French among others.

Clipper route

Main article: Clipper route

During this time, the clipper route was established by clipper ships between Europe and the Far East, Australia and New Zealand. In Sailing, the clipper route was the traditional route sailed by clipper ships between Europe and the Far East, Australia and A clipper was a very fast Sailing ship of the 19th century that had multiple masts and a Square rig. The Far East is a term often used by people in the Western world to refer to the countries of East Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The route ran from west to east through the Southern Ocean, in order to make use of the strong westerly winds of the Roaring Forties. The Southern Ocean, also known as the Great Southern Ocean, the Antarctic Ocean and the South Polar Ocean, comprises the southernmost waters of The Roaring Forties is a name given especially by sailors to the latitudes between 40°S and 50°S so called because of the boisterous and prevailing westerly winds Many ships and sailors were lost in the heavy conditions along the route, particularly at Cape Horn, which the clippers had to round on their return to Europe. Cabo de Hornos redirects here for the Chilean commune see Cabo de Hornos Chile. In September 1578, Sir Francis Drake, in the course of his circumnavigation of the world, discovered Cape Horn. Sir Francis Drake, Vice Admiral, (c 1540 &ndash 27 January 1595 was an English Privateer, navigator, Slaver, and politician This discovery went unused for some time, as ships continued to use the known passage through the Strait of Magellan. ^[30] By the early 1600s, the Dutch merchant Jacob le Maire, together with navigator Willem Schouten, set off to investigate Drake's suggestion of a route to the south of Tierra del Fuego. Jacob Le Maire (c 1585 Antwerp - December 22 1616, at sea was a Dutch mariner who circumnavigated the earth in 1615-16 Willem Cornelisz Schouten (1567? Hoorn - 1625 Antongil Bay) was a Dutch navigator At the time it was discovered, the Horn was believed to be the southernmost point of Tierra del Fuego; the unpredictable violence of weather and sea conditions in the Drake Passage made exploration difficult, and it was only in 1624 that the Horn was discovered to be an island. It is an interesting testament to the difficulty of conditions there that Antarctica, only 650 kilometres (400 mi) away across the Drake Passage, was discovered as recently as 1820, despite the passage having been used as a major shipping route for 200 years. The clipper route fell into commercial disuse with the introduction of steam ships, and the opening of the Suez and Panama Canals. A steamboat or steamship, sometimes called a steamer, is a ship in which the primary method of propulsion is steam power, typically driving a Propeller The Suez Canal is a Canal in Egypt. Opened in 1869 it allows Water transportation between Europe and Asia without circumnavigation The Panama Canal is a man-made Canal in Panama which joins the

End of exploration

The age of exploration is generally said to have ended in the early seventeenth century. By this time European vessels were well enough built and their navigators competent enough to travel to virtually anywhere on the planet. Exploration, of course, continued. The Arctic and Antarctic seas were not explored until the nineteenth century.

Age of Sail

Main article: Age of sail

The age of sail, technically and formally speaking, is the period in which international trade and naval warfare were both dominated by sailing ships. The Age of Sail was the period in which International trade and Naval warfare were dominated by Sailing Ships lasting from the 16th to the mid The Age of Sail was the period in which International trade and Naval warfare were dominated by Sailing Ships lasting from the 16th to the mid International trade is exchange of Capital, Goods, and Services across International borders or Territories. Naval warfare is Combat in and on Seas Oceans or any other major bodies of water such as large Lakes and wide Rivers History A sail is any type of surface intended to generate Thrust by being placed in a Wind &mdashin essence a vertically-oriented Wing. The age of sail mostly coincided with the age of discovery, from the 15th to the 18th century. The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans explored After the 17th century, English naval maps stopped using the term of British Sea for the English Channel. From 15th to the 18th centuries, the period saw square rigged sailing ships carry European settlers to many parts of the world in one of the most important human migrations in recorded history. Square rig is a generic type of sail and rigging arrangement in which the primary driving sails are carried on horizontal Spars which are perpendicular or square The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. Human migration denotes any movement by Humans from one locality to another sometimes over long distances or This period was marked by extensive exploration and colonization efforts on the part of European kingdoms. The sextant, developed in the 1700s, made more accurate charting of nautical position possible. This article is about the sextant as used for Navigation. For the astronomer's sextant, see Sextant (astronomical.

Notable individuals

Juan of Austria was a military leader whose most famous victory was in the naval Battle of Lepanto in 1571. The Battle of Lepanto ( Greek: Ναύπακτος Naupaktos, pron Philip had appointed Juan to command the naval forces of the Holy League which was pitted against the Ottoman Empire. The Holy League of 1571 was arranged by Pope Pius V and included almost all the major Catholic maritime states in the Mediterranean. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Juan, by dint of leadership ability and charisma, was able to unite this disparate coalition and inflict a historic defeat upon the Ottomans and their corsair allies in the Battle of Lepanto. Corsairs were French Privateers from the north-western French port of St-Malo, located on the northern coast of Brittany. The Battle of Lepanto ( Greek: Ναύπακτος Naupaktos, pron His role in the battle is commemorated in the poem "Lepanto" by G. K. Chesterton. Gilbert Keith Chesterton (29 May 1874 – 14 June 1936 was an influential English writer of the early 20th century

Maarten Tromp was an officer and later admiral in the Dutch navy. Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp ( April 23, 1598 &ndash August 10, 1653) was an officer and later Admiral in the Dutch Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands In 1639, during the Dutch struggle for independence from Spain, Tromp defeated a large Spanish fleet bound for Flanders at the Battle of the Downs, marking the end of Spanish naval power. The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. The naval Battle of the Downs took place on 31 October 1639 ( New style) during the Eighty Years' War and was a decisive defeat of the In a preliminary battle, the Action of 18 September 1639, Tromp was the first fleet commander known to deliberately use line of battle tactics. This battle took place between 17 and 19 September 1639 when a Dutch squadron under Admiral Maarten Tromp and Admiral Witte Corneliszoon de With, met with a much larger but poorly In Naval warfare, the line of battle is a tactic in which the ships of the fleet form a line end-to-end His flagship in this period was the Aemilia. In the First Anglo-Dutch War of 1652–1653 Tromp commanded the Dutch fleet in the battles of Dungeness, Portland, the Gabbard and Scheveningen. The First Anglo–Dutch War (Eerste Engelse Zeeoorlog (1652–54 (called the First Dutch War in England and the First English Sea-War in the Netherlands was The naval Battle of Dungeness took place on 10 December 1652 during the First Anglo-Dutch War near the cape of Dungeness in Kent The naval Battle of Portland, or Three Days' Battle took place during 28 February - 2 March, 1653 ( Old style) during the The naval Battle of the Gabbard, also known as the Battle of Gabbard Bank, the Battle of the North Foreland or the second Battle of Nieuwpoort The Battle of Scheveningen (also known as the Battle of Texel or the Battle of Ter Heijde) was the final Naval battle of the First Anglo-Dutch In the last of these, he was killed by a sharpshooter in the rigging of William Penn's ship. Sir William Penn ( 23 April 1621 &ndash 16 September 1670) was an English Admiral, and the father of William Penn His acting flag captain, Egbert Bartholomeusz Kortenaer, on the Brederode kept up fleet morale by not lowering Tromp's standard, pretending Tromp was still alive. Egbert Bartholomeuszoon Kortenaer or Egbert Meussen Cortenaer ( 1604 - 13 June 1665) was an Admiral of the United Provinces Brederode was a Ship of the line of the navy of the United Provinces of the Netherlands and the Flagship of the Dutch fleet in the First

Cornelis Tromp was a Commander in chief of the Dutch and Danish navy. Sir Cornelis Martinus Tromp, 1st Baronet ( September 9 1629 &ndash May 29 1691) was a Commander in chief of the Dutch and Danish "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. In 1656 he participated in the relief of Gdańsk (Danzig). Gdańsk ( Polish pronunciation; 'Danzig', Gduńsk Gedania Dantiscum is the City at the centre of the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in Poland Gdańsk ( Polish pronunciation; 'Danzig', Gduńsk Gedania Dantiscum is the City at the centre of the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in Poland In 1658 it was discovered he had used his ships to trade in luxury goods; as a result he was fined and not allowed to have an active command until 1662. Just before the Second Anglo-Dutch War he was promoted to Vice-Admiral on 29 January 1665; at the Battle of Lowestoft he prevented total catastrophe by taking over fleet command to allow the escape of the larger part of the fleet. The Second Anglo-Dutch War was fought between England and the United Provinces from 4 March, 1665 until 31 July, 1667. Vice Admiral is a naval rank equivalent to Lieutenant General in seniority The naval Battle of Lowestoft took place on 13 June ( New Style) 1665 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. In 1676 he became Admiral-General of the Danish navy and Knight in the Order of the Elephant. The Order of the Elephant (Elefantordenen is the highest order of Denmark. He defeated the Swedish navy in the Battle of Öland, his only victory as a fleet commander. The naval Battle of Öland occurred on 1 June 1676 south off the island of Öland in the Baltic Sea.

Charles Hardy was a British naval officer and colonial governor. Sir Charles Hardy ( c 1714 &ndash May 18, 1780) born Portsmouth, England, was a British Naval officer The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 An officer is a member of an armed force who holds a position of authority A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government He was appointed governor and commander-in-chief of the British colony of Newfoundland in 1744. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation In 1758, he and James Wolfe attacked French posts around the mouth of the St. Lawrence River and destroyed all of the French fishing stations along the northern shores of what is now New Brunswick and along the Gaspé peninsula. General James Wolfe ( 2 January, 1727 &ndash 13 September, 1759) was a British Army officer known for his training reforms Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally The Gaspésie (official name or also Gaspé Peninsula or the Gaspé is a Peninsula constituting part of the south shore of the Saint Lawrence

Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel was a British admiral who held sea commands during the Seven Years' War and the War of American Independence. Admiral Augustus Keppel 1st Viscount Keppel PC ( 25 April 1725 &ndash 2 October 1786) was an officer of the British Royal Navy See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" During the final years of the latter conflict he served as First Lord of the Admiralty. The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty were the members of the Board of Admiralty, which exercised command over the Royal Navy. During the Seven Years' War he saw constant service. He was in North America in 1755, on the coast of France in 1756, was detached on a cruise to reduce the French settlements on the west coast of Africa in 1758, and his ship the Torbay (74) was the first to get into action in the Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759. The naval Battle of Quiberon Bay took place on 20 November 1759 during the Seven Years' War in Quiberon Bay off the coast of France near In 1757 he had formed part of the court martial which had condemned Admiral Byng, but was active among those who endeavoured to secure a pardon for him; but neither he nor those who had acted with him could produce any serious reason why the sentence should not be carried out. John Byng ( October 29, 1704 &ndash March 14, 1757) was a British Admiral who was Court-martialled and executed When Spain joined France in 1762 he was sent as second in command with Sir George Pocock in the expedition which took Havana. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Sir George Pocock, KB ( March 6 1706 - April 3 1792) was a British Admiral, son of Thomas Pocock chaplain in the Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading His health suffered from the fever which carried off an immense proportion of the soldiers and sailors, but the £25,000 of prize money which he received freed him from the unpleasant position of younger son of a family ruined by the extravagance of his father.

Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke was a naval officer of the Royal Navy. Edward Hawke 1st Baron Hawke, KB ( February 21 1705 &ndash October 16 1781) was a naval officer of the Royal Navy The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) During the War of the Austrian Succession he was promoted to Rear Admiral. The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748 involved nearly all the powers of Europe Rear admiral is a Naval Commissioned officer rank above that of a Commodore and Captain, and below that of a Vice Admiral. In the Seven Years' War, Hawke replaced Admiral John Byng as commander in the Mediterranean in 1756. The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths John Byng ( October 29, 1704 &ndash March 14, 1757) was a British Admiral who was Court-martialled and executed

Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe was a British admiral. Richard Howe 1st Earl Howe KG ( 8 March, 1726 &ndash 5 August, 1799) was a British Admiral, notable in particular The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers During the rebellion in North America, Howe was known to be sympathetic to the colonists - he had in prior years sought the acquaintance of Benjamin Franklin, who was a friend of Howe's sister, a popular lady in London society. Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. During his career, Howe displayed a tactical uncommon originality. His performance was unexcelled even by Nelson, who, like Howe's other successors, was served by more highly trained squadrons and benefitted from Howe's example. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson 1st Viscount Nelson 1st Duke of Bronté, KB (29 September 1758– 21 October 1805 was a British

Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson was a British admiral famous for his participation in the Napoleonic Wars, most notably in the Battle of Trafalgar, a decisive British victory in the war, where he lost his life. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson 1st Viscount Nelson 1st Duke of Bronté, KB (29 September 1758– 21 October 1805 was a British The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions The Battle of Trafalgar ( 21 October 1805) was a historic sea battle fought between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the ^[31] Nelson was noted for his considerable ability to inspire and bring out the best in his men, to the point that it gained a name: "The Nelson Touch". His actions during these wars meant that before and after his death he was revered like few military figures have been throughout British history. Alexander Davison was a contemporary and close friend of Horatio Nelson. Alexander Davison was born April 2, 1750 in Lanton, Northumberland, England and died in 1829 in Brighton, England Davison is responsible for several acts that glorified Nelson's public image. These included the creation of a medal commemorating the victory at the Battle of the Nile and the creation of the Nelson Memorial at his estate at Swarland, Northumberland. The Battle of the Nile or Aboukir Bay (August 1-2 1798 saw a British fleet under Rear-Admiral Horatio Nelson defeat a French A relatively obscure memorial to Horatio Nelson 1st Viscount Nelson, victor of the Battle of Trafalgar, is situated by the old A1 (the great road between Swarland is a small village in the county of Northumberland, in the United Kingdom. As a close friend of the Admiral he acted as an intermediary when Nelson's marriage to his wife, Fanny Nelson fell apart due in large part to his affair with Emma Hamilton. Emma Lady Hamilton (born 1761 baptised 26 April 1765 &ndash 15 January 1815 is best remembered as the mistress of Lord Nelson and as the muse of George

Hyde Parker in 1778 was engaged in the Savannah expedition, and in the following year his ship was wrecked on the hostile Cuban coast. For others of the same name see Hyde Parker Vice-Admiral Sir Hyde Parker 5th Baronet ( February 25, 1714 Savannah is a city located in the state of Georgia, United States. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la His men, however, entrenched themselves, and were in the end brought off safely. Parker was with his father at the Dogger Bank, and with Richard Howe in the two actions in the Straits of Gibraltar. Richard Howe 1st Earl Howe KG ( 8 March, 1726 &ndash 5 August, 1799) was a British Admiral, notable in particular The Strait of Gibraltar ( Arabic: مضيق جبل طارق Spanish: Estrecho de Gibraltar) is the Strait that connects the Atlantic In 1793, having just become Rear Admiral, he served under Samuel Hood at Toulon and in Corsica, and two years later, now a Vice Admiral, he took part, under The Lord Hotham, in the indecisive fleet actions on 1795-03-13 and the 1795-07-13. Rear admiral is a Naval Commissioned officer rank above that of a Commodore and Captain, and below that of a Vice Admiral. For other related uses see Admiral Hood Samuel Hood 1st Viscount Hood ( 12 December 1724 &ndash 27 January Toulon ( Provençal Occitan: Tolon in classical norm or Touloun in Mistralian norm is a city in southern France and a large Corsica (Corse Corsican and Italian: Corsica) is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily Vice Admiral is a naval rank equivalent to Lieutenant General in seniority Admiral William Hotham 1st Baron Hotham (1736&ndash1813 was an officer in the Royal Navy. Year 1795 ( MDCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Year 1795 ( MDCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to From 1796 to 1800 he was in command at Jamaica and ably conducted the operations in the West Indies. Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting

Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth was a British naval officer who fought during the American War of Independence, the French Revolutionary, and the Napoleonic Wars. Admiral Edward Pellew 1st Viscount Exmouth, GCB ( April 9, 1757 &ndash January 23, 1833) was a British naval The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts from 1792 until 1802 fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions Pellew is remembered as an officer and a gentleman of great courage and leadership, earning his land and titles through courage, leadership and skill - serving as a paradigm of the versatility and determination of Naval Officers during the Napoleonic Wars.

Antoine de Sartine, a French statesman, was the Secretary of State for the Navy under King Louis XVI. Antoine Raymond Jean Gualbert Gabriel de Sartine comte d'Alby ( July 12, 1729 &mdash September 7, 1801) was a French statesman who served as One of France 's Secretaries of State under the Ancien régime was entrusted with control of the French Navy ( Secretary of State of the Navy (France Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre Sartine inherited a strong French Navy, resurrected by Choiseul after the disasters of the Seven Years' War when France lost Canada, Louisiana, and India, and which would later defeat the British Navy in the War of American Independence. The French Navy, officially the Marine nationale ( National Navy) and often called La Royale ( The Royal Navy) is the maritime arm Étienne-François duc de Choiseul ( June 28, 1719 &mdash May 8, 1785) was a French military officer diplomat and statesman The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths Canada was the name of the French colony that once stretched along the St Louisiana (La celina+mario) was the name of an administrative district of New France. French India is a general name for the former French possessions in India. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) France, despite its financial difficulties used the occasion of the American Revolutionary War (1776–1781 to weaken its arch-rival in European and world

James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez was an admiral of the British Royal Navy, notable for his victory at the Battle of Algeciras. James Saumarez 1st Baron de Saumarez or Sausmarez GCB ( 11 March 1757 &ndash 9 October 1836) was an Admiral of the British Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) The Battle of Algeciras Bay refers to two separate battles in July 1801 between an allied French - Spanish fleet and the British near Gibraltar In 1801 he was raised to the rank of Rear Admiral of the Blue, was created a baronet, and received the command of a small squadron which was destined to watch the movements of the Spanish fleet at Cadiz. Please see “ Admiral ” for other nations which use this rank Between the 6th and 12th of July he performed a brilliant piece of service, in which after a first repulse at Algeciras he routed a much superior combined force of French and Spanish ships at the Battle of Algeciras. The Battle of Algeciras Bay refers to two separate battles in July 1801 between an allied French - Spanish fleet and the British near Gibraltar For his services Saumarez received the order of the Bath and the freedom of the City of London. The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George Freedom of the City is an honour bestowed by some municipalities in Australia, Canada, Ireland, France, Italy, New Zealand

David Porter during the Barbary Wars (1801–07) was 1st lieutenant of Enterprise, New York and Philadelphia and was taken prisoner when Philadelphia ran aground in Tripoli harbor 31 October 1803. For the American Civil War naval hero see David Dixon Porter, for other persons see David Porter. The Barbary Wars (or Tripolitan Wars were two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century First Caribbean tour On 17 December 1799 Enterprise departed the Delaware Capes for the Caribbean to protect United States merchantmen from the depredations Service history Caribbean Departing New York on 22 October 1800 the ship sailed for the Caribbean convoying the Brig Amazon and her cargo to See also See USS ''Philadelphia'' for other Navy ships of the same name Tripolis ( Arabic: طرابلس Ṭarābulus - also طرابلس الغرب Ṭarā-bu-lus al-Gharb Libyan vernacular: Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a After his release 3 June 1805 he remained in the Mediterranean as acting captain of Constitution and later captain of Enterprise. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 1805 ( MDCCCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Construction In August 1785 after the Revolutionary War drew to a close Congress sold, the last ship remaining in the Continental Navy. He was in charge of the naval forces at New Orleans 1808–10. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana As commander of USS Essex in the War of 1812, Captain Porter achieved fame by capturing the first British warship of the conflict, Alert, 13 August 1812 as well as several merchantmen. Service history With the United States involved in naval action against France on 6 January 1800 Essex, under Captain Preble departed New York in company with The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 1812 ( MDCCCXII) a leap year started on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year In 1813 he sailed Essex around Cape Horn and cruised in the Pacific warring on British whalers. Cabo de Hornos redirects here for the Chilean commune see Cabo de Hornos Chile. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions On 28 March 1814 Porter was forced to surrender off Valparaiso after an unequal contest with the frigates HMS Phoebe and Cherub and only when his ship was too disabled to offer any resistance. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Valparaíso (literally in Spanish: Valle Paraíso (Paradise Valley and also called "Valpo" locally is a major city in Chile HMS Phoebe was a 36-gun Fifth-rate 18-pounder Frigate of the British Royal Navy. HMS Cherub was an 18-gun Royal Navy Sloop-of-war built in Dover in 1806

Spanish and English Armadas

Main articles: Spanish Armada and English Armada

The Spanish Armada was the Spanish fleet that sailed against England under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidona in 1588. The Spanish Armada ( Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, "Great and Most Fortunate Navy" or Armada Invencible, "Invincible The English Armada (also known as the Counter Armada, or the Drake-Norris Expedition) was a fleet of warships sent to the Iberian coast by Queen Elizabeth The Spanish Armada ( Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, "Great and Most Fortunate Navy" or Armada Invencible, "Invincible Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Don Alonso Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia ( es: Don Alonso Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno séptimo duque de Medina Sidonia) ( September 10 The Spanish Armada was sent by King Philip II of Spain, who had been king consort of England until the death of his wife Mary I of England thirty years earlier. Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death The purpose of the expedition was to escort the Duke of Parma's army of tercios from the Spanish Netherlands across the North Sea for a landing in south-east England. Alexander Farnese ( Italian: Alessandro Farnese, Spanish: Alejandro Farnesio, ( August 27 1545 &ndash The Tercio (Also known as Tercio Español, literally " Spanish tercio " and from tercio meaning "one-third" The Southern Netherlands (Zuidelijke Nederlanden Países Bajos del Sur Pays-Bas du sud were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain ( Spanish The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. Once the army had suppressed English support for the United Provinces — part of the Spanish Netherlands — it was intended to cut off attacks against Spanish possessions in the New World and the Atlantic treasure fleets. "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Southern Netherlands (Zuidelijke Nederlanden Países Bajos del Sur Pays-Bas du sud were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain ( Spanish The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. Beginning in the 16th century the Spanish treasure fleets (or simply West Indies Fleet from Spanish Flota de Indias) transported various metal resources and agricultural It was also hoped to reverse the Protestant revolution in England, and to this end the expedition was supported by Pope Sixtus V, with the promise of a subsidy should it make land^[32]. Pope Sixtus V ( December 13, 1521 &ndash August 27, 1590) born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was Pope from 1585 to 1590 The command of the fleet was originally entrusted to Alvaro de Bazan, a highly experienced naval commander who died a few months before the fleet sailed from Lisbon in May 1588.

The Spanish Armada consisted of about 130 warships and converted merchant ships. After forcing its way up the English Channel, it was attacked by a fleet of 200 English ships, assisted by the Dutch navy, in the North Sea at Gravelines off the coastal border between France and the Spanish Netherlands. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Southern Netherlands (Zuidelijke Nederlanden Países Bajos del Sur Pays-Bas du sud were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain ( Spanish A fire-ship attack drove the Armada ships from their safe anchorage, and in the ensuing battle the Spanish abandoned their rendezvous with Parma's army. A fire ship, used in the days of wooden rowed or Sailing ships was a ship filled with combustibles deliberately set on fire and steered (or where possible allowed to drift

The Spanish Armada was blown north up the east coast of England and in a hasty strategic move, attempted a return to Spain by sailing around Scotland and out into the Atlantic, past Ireland. But very severe weather destroyed a portion of the fleet, and more than 24 vessels were wrecked on the north and western coasts of Ireland, with the survivors having to seek refuge in Scotland. Of the Spanish Armada's initial complement of vessels, about 50 did not return to Spain. However, the loss to Philip's Royal Navy was comparatively small: only seven ships failed to return, and of these only three were lost to enemy action.

The English Armada was a fleet of warships sent to the Iberian coast by Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1589, during the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604). The English Armada (also known as the Counter Armada, or the Drake-Norris Expedition) was a fleet of warships sent to the Iberian coast by Queen Elizabeth The Anglo–Spanish War (1585–1604 was an intermittent conflict between the kingdoms of Spain and England, which was never formally declared It was led by Sir Francis Drake as admiral and Sir John Norreys as general, and failed in its attempt to drive home the advantage England had won upon the defeat and dispersal of the Spanish Armada in the previous year. Sir Francis Drake, Vice Admiral, (c 1540 &ndash 27 January 1595 was an English Privateer, navigator, Slaver, and politician Sir John Norreys frequently referred to as John Norris (1547? &ndash July 3 1597) was an English soldier of a Berkshire family of court gentry son of The Spanish Armada ( Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, "Great and Most Fortunate Navy" or Armada Invencible, "Invincible With the opportunity to strike a decisive blow against the weakened Spanish lost, the failure of the expedition further depleted the crown treasury that had been so carefully restored during the long reign of Elizabeth I. The Anglo-Spanish war was very costly to both sides, and Spain itself, also fighting France and the United Provinces, had to default on its debt repayments in 1596, following another raid on Cadiz. The Anglo–Spanish War (1585–1604 was an intermittent conflict between the kingdoms of Spain and England, which was never formally declared This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. But the failure of the English Armada was a turning point, and the fortunes of the various parties to this complicated conflict fluctuated until the Treaty of London in 1604, when a peace was agreed. The Treaty of London, signed in 1604, concluded the twenty year Anglo-Spanish War.

Spain's rebuilt navy had quickly recovered and exceeded its pre-Armada dominance of the sea, until defeats by the Dutch fifty years later marked the beginning of its decline. The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries With the peace, the English were able to consolidate their hold on Ireland and make a concerted effort to establish colonies in North America.

See also: Spanish Armada in Ireland

North American maritime

The maritime history of the United States starts in the modern sense with the first successful English colony established in 1607, on the James River at Jamestown. The Spanish Armada in Ireland refers to the landfall made upon the coast of Ireland in September 1588 of a large portion of the 130 strong fleet sent by Philip The James River in the US state of Virginia is a long River, including its Jackson River source It languished for decades until a new wave of settlers arrived in the late 17th century and set up commercial agriculture based on tobacco. The connection between the American colonies and Europe, with shipping as its cornerstone, would continue to grow unhindered for almost two hundred years.

The Continental Navy was formed during the American Revolution in 1775. The Continental Navy was formed during the American Revolution in 1775 In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Through the efforts of the Continental Navy's apparent patron, John Adams and vigorous congressional support in the face of stiff opposition, the fleet cumulatively became relatively substantial when considering the limitations imposed upon the Patriot supply poole. John Adams (October 30 1735 July 4 1826 was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States. The "Six original United States frigates'" were the first United States frigates of the United States Navy, first authorized by the Congress with the Naval Act of 1794 on March 27, 1794 at a cost of $688,888. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For the bird see Frigatebird. A frigate /ˈfrɪgɪt/ is a warship The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The Act to Provide a Naval Armament (1 Stat 350 also known as the Naval Act, was passed by the United States Congress on March 27, 1794 Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a 82.

John Paul Jones was America's first well-known naval hero in the American Revolutionary War. John Paul Jones ( &ndash) was America's first well-known naval hero in the American Revolutionary War. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" John Paul adopted the alias John Jones when he fled to his brother's home in Fredericksburg, Virginia in 1773 in order to avoid the hangman's noose in Tobago after an incident when he was accused of murdering a sailor under his command. Fredericksburg is an Independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia and is located 50 miles south of Washington D Tobago is the smaller of the two main islands that make up the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. He began using the name John Paul Jones as his brother suggested during the start of the American Revolution. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Though his naval career never rose above the rank of Captain in the Continental Navy after his victory over the Serapis with the frigate Bonhomme Richard, John Paul Jones remains the first genuine American Naval hero, and a highly regarded battle commander. The Continental Navy was formed during the American Revolution in 1775 HMS Serapis was a British frigate launched by the Royal Navy in 1779. For the bird see Frigatebird. A frigate /ˈfrɪgɪt/ is a warship

Jonathan Haraden was a privateer during the American Revolution, being the First Lieutenant of the sloop-of-war Tyrannicide, fourteen guns. Jonathan Haraden ( 11 November 1744 &ndash 23 November 1803) was a Privateer during the American Revolution. A privateer was a private Warship authorized by a country's Government by Letters of marque to attack foreign shipping In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" First Lieutenant is a Military rank. The rank of Lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations (see Comparative military ranks In the 18th and the earlier part of the 19th centuries a sloop-of-war was a small sailing Warship (also known as one of the Escort types with a single gun deck On board for two years, he captured many prizes, becoming her commander in 1777.

George H. Preble was an American naval officer and writer, notable for his history of the flag of the United States and for taking the first photograph of the Fort McHenry flag that inspired The Star-Spangled Banner. George Henry Preble ( 25 February 1816 &ndash 1 March 1885) was an American Naval officer and Writer, notable The United States of America —commonly referred to as the An officer is a member of an armed force who holds a position of authority A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms Flags of the United States The Flag of the United States of America consists of 13 equal horizontal stripes of Red (top and bottom alternating Fort McHenry, in Baltimore Maryland, is a star shaped fort best known " The Star-Spangled Banner " is the National anthem of the United States of America George entered the Navy as a midshipman on 10 December 1835, serving on the United States until 1838. For the fish called midshipman see Midshipman fish. The rank of midshipman is one of the oldest ranks still in existence Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Launch United States was the first American warship to be launched under the Naval Act of 1794, four months before the launching of her sister ship USS

Edward Preble was a U.S. naval officer. Edward Preble ( 15 August 1761 - 25 August 1807) was a US naval officer The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Following his Revolutionary War service, he was appointed 1st Lieutenant in the U. First Lieutenant is a Military rank. The rank of Lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations (see Comparative military ranks S. Navy. In January 1799, he assumed command of the 14 gun brig Pickering and took her to the West Indies to protect American commerce during the Quasi-War with France. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The Quasi-War was an Undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Commissioned Captain 7 June 1799, he took command of Essex in December and sailed in January 1800 for the Pacific to provide similar protective services for Americans engaged in the East Indies trade. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 1799 ( MDCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Service history With the United States involved in naval action against France on 6 January 1800 Essex, under Captain Preble departed New York in company with The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term often used to refer to the islands of SE Asia, especially the Malay Archipelago Given command of the 3rd Squadron, with Constitution as his flagship, in 1803, he sailed for the Barbary coast and by October had promoted a treaty with Morocco and established a blockade off Tripoli in the First Barbary War. Construction In August 1785 after the Revolutionary War drew to a close Congress sold, the last ship remaining in the Continental Navy. flagship is the lead ship in a fleet of vessels a designation given on account of being either the largest fastest newest most heavily armed or for publicity purposes the most well The Barbary Coast, or Barbary, was the term used by Europeans from the 16th until the 19th century to refer to the middle and western coastal regions of North Africa—what Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Tripolis ( Arabic: طرابلس Ṭarābulus - also طرابلس الغرب Ṭarā-bu-lus al-Gharb Libyan vernacular: The First Barbary War (1801&ndash1805 also known as the Barbary Coast War or the Tripolitan War, was the first of two wars fought between the United

War of 1812

Main article: War of 1812

Stephen Decatur was an American naval officer notable for his heroism in the Barbary Wars and in the War of 1812. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies Commodore Stephen Decatur Jr ( 5 January 1779 – 22 March 1820) was an American naval officer notable for his heroism The Barbary Wars (or Tripolitan Wars were two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies He was the youngest man to reach the rank of captain in the history of the U.S. Navy, and the first American celebrated as a national military hero who had not played a role in the American Revolution. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots"

James Lawrence was an American naval hero. James Lawrence ( October 1, 1781 &ndash June 4, 1813) was an American naval officer The United States of America —commonly referred to as the During the War of 1812, he commanded the USS Chesapeake in a single-ship action against the HMS Shannon (commanded by Philip Broke). Early service She was launched 2 December 1799 by Gosport Navy Yard, where Josiah Fox had served as her Master Constructor and commissioned This is a list of notable single-ship actions, naval bombardments and other naval events Single-ship actions 1618 about May - Maltese Career Construction and commissioning Shannon was built by Brindley at Frindsbury in Kent, and was launched on 5 May Rear Admiral Sir Philip Bowes Vere Broke 1st Baronet KCB ( 9 September 1776 &ndash 2 January 1841) was a distinguished He is probably best known today for his dying command "Don't give up the ship!", which is still a popular naval battle cry. For other uses see Battle cry (disambiguation A battle cry is a yell or chant taken up in Battle, usually by members of the same

John H. Aulick was an officer in the United States Navy whose service extended from the War of 1812 to the end of the antebellum era. John H Aulick (1787 &ndash 27 April 1873) was an officer in the United States Navy whose service extended from the War of 1812 to the end of The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies " Antebellum " is an expression derived from Latin that means "before war" ( ante, "before" and bellum During the War of 1812, he served in Enterprise and took part in her battle with HMS Boxer on 4 September 1813. First Caribbean tour On 17 December 1799 Enterprise departed the Delaware Capes for the Caribbean to protect United States merchantmen from the depredations See also Capture of HMS ''Boxer'' After that engagement ended in an American victory, Aulick served as prize master of the prize.

Thomas MacDonough was an early 19th century American naval officer, most notably as commander of American naval forces in Lake Champlain during the War of 1812. Thomas MacDonough ( December 21, 1783 – November 10, 1825) was an early-19th-century American naval officer most notable as commander Lake Champlain (French lac Champlain) is a natural freshwater Lake in North America, located mainly within the borders of the United States One of the leading members of "Preble's Boys", a small group of naval officers who served during the First Barbary War, MacDonough's actions during the decisive Battle of Lake Champlain are often cited as a model of tactical preparation and execution. The First Barbary War (1801&ndash1805 also known as the Barbary Coast War or the Tripolitan War, was the first of two wars fought between the United The Battle of Plattsburgh, also known as the Battle of Lake Champlain, ended the final invasion of the northern states during the War of 1812.

End of the sail

Like most periodic eras the definition is inexact and close enough to serve as a general description. List of time periods Historical Eras or classification of history culture and such into thematic groups involving time so as to generate a history by period are intellectual The age of sail runs roughly from the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the last significant engagement in which oar-propelled galleys played a major role, to the Battle of Hampton Roads in 1862, in which the steam-powered CSS Virginia destroyed the sailing ships USS Cumberland and USS Congress, finally culminating with the advance of steam power, rendering sail power obsolete. The Battle of Lepanto ( Greek: Ναύπακτος Naupaktos, pron An oar is an implement used for water-borne propulsion. Oars have a flat blade at one end A galley (from Greek γαλέα - galea is an ancient Ship which can be propelled entirely by human oarsmen, used for Warfare The Battle of Hampton Roads, often called the Battle of Monitor and Merrimack, was a USS Merrimack becomes CSS Virginia When the Commonwealth of Virginia seceded from the Union in 1861 one of the important federal military bases threatened First Mediterranean Cruise She was launched 24 May 1842 by Boston Navy Yard. Built in New Hampshire in 1841 The frigate was launched at the Portsmouth Navy Yard, 16 August 1841, and placed in commission under Captain A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid.

Submarines

The history of submarines covers the historical chronology and facts related to submarines, the ships and boats which operate underwater. The history of submarines covers the historical chronology and facts related to Submarines, manned autonomous boats that operate underwater History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Definition A chronology may be either relative &mdashthat is locating related events relative to each other&mdashor ''absolute'' &mdashlocating A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability The modern underwater boat proposal was made by the Englishman William Bourne who designed a prototype submarine in 1578. William Bourne (c 1535-1582 was an English mathematician innkeeper and former Royal Navy gunner who created an idea for an early Submarine and wrote Unfortunately for him these ideas never got beyond the planning stage. The first submersible proper to be actually built in modern times was built in 1620 by Cornelius Jacobszoon Drebbel, a Dutchman in the service of James I: it was based on Bourne's design. Cornelius Jacobszoon Drebbel ( Alkmaar, Holland, 1572 - London, November 7 1633) was the Dutch Inventor James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James It was propelled by means of oars. The precise nature of the submarine type is a matter of some controversy; some claim that it was merely a bell towed by a boat. Two improved types were tested in the Thames between 1620 and 1624. The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England.

Age of Steam

Steam technology was first applied to boats in the 1770s. With the advent of economical steam engines, efficient external combustion heat engines that makes use of the heat energy that exists in steam and converting it to mechanical work, the prime mover was steam for ships. A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. An external combustion engine (EC engine is a Heat engine where an (internal working Fluid is heated by combustion of an external source through the Engine A heat engine is a physical or theoretical device that converts Thermal energy to mechanical output In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός Uses A Steam engine uses the expansion of steam in order to drive a Piston or Turbine to perform Mechanical work. In Physics, mechanical work is the amount of Energy transferred by a Force. The technology only became relevant to trans-oceanic travel after 1815, the year Pierre Andriel crossed the English Channel aboard the steam ship Élise.

Rise of the steam vessels

A steamboat, sometimes called a steamer, became the primary method of propulsion is the age of steam power, typically driving a propeller or paddlewheel. A steamboat or steamship, sometimes called a steamer, is a ship in which the primary method of propulsion is steam power, typically driving a Propeller A paddle steamer is a ship or boat driven by a Steam engine that uses one or more Paddle wheels to develop thrust for propulsion. Small and large steamboats and riverboats worked on lakes and rivers. Steamships gradually replaced sailing ships for commercial shipping through the 19th century. From 1815 on, steamships increased significantly in speed and size.

Ironclads are steam-propelled warships of the later 19th century, protected by iron or steel armor plates. An ironclad was a steam-propelled Warship of the later 19th century protected by Iron or Steel armor plates A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. A warship is a Ship that is built and primarily intended for Combat. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 ^[33] The ironclad was developed as a result of the vulnerability of wooden warships to explosive or incendiary shells. A shell is a payload-carrying Projectile, which as opposed to shot, contains an explosive or other filling though modern usage includes large solid projectiles The first ironclad battleship, La Gloire, was launched by the French Navy in 1859;^[34] she prompted the British Royal Navy to start building ironclads. See also French ship ''Gloire'' for eponymous ships The French Navy, officially the Marine nationale ( National Navy) and often called La Royale ( The Royal Navy) is the maritime arm The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) After the first clashes of ironclads took place during the American Civil War, it became clear that the ironclad had replaced the unarmored line-of-battle ship as the most powerful warship afloat. The Battle of Hampton Roads, often called the Battle of Monitor and Merrimack, was a Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South A ship-of-the-line was a type of naval warship constructed from the 17th century through the mid-19th century to take part in the the naval tactic known as the Line of battle ^[35]

Greek War of Independence

Main article: Greek_revolution

Greek War of Independence was a successful war waged by the Greeks to win independence for Greece from the Ottoman Empire. The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman Success at sea was vital for the Greeks. If they failed to counter the Ottoman Navy, it would be able to resupply the isolated Ottoman garrisons and land reinforcements from the Ottoman Empire's Asian provinces at will, crushing the rebellion. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Greeks decided to use fireships and found an effective weapon against the Ottoman vessels. A fire ship, used in the days of wooden rowed or Sailing ships was a ship filled with combustibles deliberately set on fire and steered (or where possible allowed to drift Conventional naval actions were also fought, at which naval commanders like Andreas Miaoulis, Nikolis Apostolis, Iakovos Tombazis and Antonios Kriezis distinguished themselves. "Andreas Miaoulis" redirects here For the son of Dimitrios Miaoulis see Andreas Miaoulis (son of Dimitrios. Nikolis Apostolis ( Νικολής Αποστόλης) was a Greek naval commander during the Greek War of Independence. Iakovos "Yiakoumakis" Tombazis (Ιάκωβος Τομπάζης c Antonios Kriezis (Αντώνιος Κριεζής (1796–1865 was a soldier who fought in the Greek War of Independence of 1821 and later served as a Prime Minister The early successes of the Greek fleet in direct confrontations with the Ottomans at Patras and Spetsai gave the crews confidence, and contributed greatly to the survival and success of the uprising in the Peloponnese. Despite victories at Samos and Gerontas, the Revolution was threatened with collapse until the intervention of the Great Powers in the Battle of Navarino in 1827. The naval Battle of Navarino was fought on 20 October 1827, during the Greek War of Independence (1821&ndash32 in Navarino Bay, on the west The Ottoman fleet was decisively defeated by the combined fleets of the Britain, France and the Russian Empire, effectively securing the independence of Greece. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 The July Monarchy (1830-1848 was a period of liberal monarchy rule of France under Louis-Philippe The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya

1850 to the End of the Century

Most warships used steam propulsion until the advent of the gas turbine. Steamships were superseded by diesel-driven ships in the second half of the twentieth century.

The Confederate States Navy (CSN) was the naval branch of the Confederate States armed forces established by an act of the Confederate Congress on February 21, 1861. The Confederate States Navy ( CSN) was the naval branch of the Confederate States Armed forces established by an act of the Confederate Congress The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 For the military meaning see Armed forces. For the Soviet sports society see Armed Forces (sports society Armed Forces The Congress of the Confederate States was the legislative body of the Confederate States of America, existing during the American Civil War between 1861 and 1865 Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common It was responsible for Confederate naval operations during the American Civil War. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The two major tasks of the Confederate Navy during the whole of its existence were the protection of Southern harbors and coastlines from outside invasion, and making the war costly for the North by attacking merchant ships and breaking the Union Blockade. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive During the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the federal government of the United States, which was supported by the twenty-three The Union Blockade refers to the naval actions between 1861 and 1865 during the American Civil War, in which the Union Navy maintained a massive effort on the

David Farragut was the first senior officer of the U.S. Navy during the American Civil War. David Glasgow Farragut ( July 5 1801 &ndash August 14 1870) was the first senior or "flag" officer of the United States Navy Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South He was the first rear admiral, vice admiral, and full admiral of the Navy. Rear admiral is a Naval Commissioned officer rank above that of a Commodore and Captain, and below that of a Vice Admiral. Vice Admiral is a naval rank equivalent to Lieutenant General in seniority Please see " Admiral " for other nations which use this rank In the United States Navy, the United States Coast Guard and the He is remembered in popular culture for his possibly apocryphal order at the Battle of Mobile Bay, usually paraphrased: "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!". Battle Commanding the Union forces was Admiral David Farragut, while Admiral Franklin Buchanan commanded the Confederate fleet ^[36]

Franklin Buchanan was an officer in the United States Navy who became an admiral in the Confederate Navy during the American Civil War, and commanded the ironclad CSS Virginia. Franklin Buchanan ( September 13, 1800 &mdash May 11, 1874) was an officer in the United States Navy who became an Admiral Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers The Confederate States Navy ( CSN) was the naval branch of the Confederate States Armed forces established by an act of the Confederate Congress Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South USS Merrimack becomes CSS Virginia When the Commonwealth of Virginia seceded from the Union in 1861 one of the important federal military bases threatened He was the captain of the ironclad CSS Virginia (formerly the USS Merrimack) during the Battle of Hampton Roads in Virginia. An ironclad was a steam-propelled Warship of the later 19th century protected by Iron or Steel armor plates USS Merrimack becomes CSS Virginia When the Commonwealth of Virginia seceded from the Union in 1861 one of the important federal military bases threatened The Battle of Hampton Roads, often called the Battle of Monitor and Merrimack, was a The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state He climbed to the top deck of the Virginia and began furiously firing toward shore with a carbine as the USS Congress was shelled. A carbine is a Firearm similar to a Rifle or Musket, but generally shorter and of lesser power Built in New Hampshire in 1841 The frigate was launched at the Portsmouth Navy Yard, 16 August 1841, and placed in commission under Captain He soon was brought down by a sharpshooter's minie ball to the thigh. The Minié ball (or minie ball) is a type of muzzle-loading Rifle Bullet named after co-developer Claude-Étienne Minié. In humans the thigh is the area between the Pelvis and the Knee. He would eventually recover from his leg wound. He never did get to command the Virginia against the USS Monitor. Design Monitor was one of three ironclad warships ordered by the U That honor went to Catesby ap Roger Jones. Catesby ap Roger Jones ( April 15, 1821 - June 20, 1877) was an officer in the U But Buchanan had handed the US Navy the worst defeat it would take until Pearl Harbor. Pearl Harbor is a Harbor on the Island of O{{okina}}ahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu.

Raphael Semmes was an officer in the United States Navy from 1826 to 1860 and the Confederate States Navy from 1860 to 1865. For other uses see Semmes (disambiguation. Raphael Semmes ( September 27, 1809 &ndash August 30, 1877) was an officer The Confederate States Navy ( CSN) was the naval branch of the Confederate States Armed forces established by an act of the Confederate Congress During the American Civil War he was captain of the famous commerce raider CSS Alabama, taking a record fifty-five prizes. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South History Construction Alabama was built in secrecy by British shipbuilders John Laird Sons and Company in Liverpool, Merseyside A prize is an Award given to a person or a group of people to recognise and reward actions or achievements Late in the war he was promoted to admiral and also served briefly as a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army. Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers Brigadier General is the lowest ranking General Officer in some countries usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General. The War Department was established by the Confederate Congress in an act on February 21, 1861.

In Italy, Carlo Pellion di Persano was an Italian admiral and commander of the Regia Marina fleet at the Battle of Lissa. Count Carlo Pellion di Persano ( 11 March 1806 - 28 July 1883) was an Italian admiral and politician who was commander of the Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Regia Marina ( Italian Royal Navy) dates from the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 after Italian unification. The Battle of Lissa took place on 20 July 1866 in the Adriatic Sea near the island of Vis ( Italian: Lissa and was He commanded the fleet from 1860 to 1861, and saw action in the struggle for Italian unification. Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian After unification he was elected to the legislature; he became Minister of Marine in 1862 and in 1865 he was nominated a Senator. However, his career was marred during the war with Austria when he commanded the Italian fleet at Lissa. The Austro-Prussian The Battle of Lissa took place on 20 July 1866 in the Adriatic Sea near the island of Vis ( Italian: Lissa and was After the defeat, he was condemned for incapacity, and discharged.

Again in America, Charles Edgar Clark was an officer in the United States Navy during the American Civil War and the Spanish-American War. Rear Admiral Charles Edgar Clark ( 10 August 1843 &ndash 1 October 1922) was an officer in the United States Navy during the Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South He commanded the battleship Oregon at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard, San Francisco, and when war with Spain was deemed inevitable, he received orders to proceed to Key West, Florida, with all haste. A battleship is a large heavily armored Warship with a main battery consisting of the largest Calibre of Guns Battleships were Spanish-American War Leaving drydock on 16 February 1898 she received news that had blown up in Havana harbor the previous day The Mare Island Naval Shipyard (MINS was the first United States Navy Shipyard established on the Pacific Coast The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Key West is a city in Monroe County Florida, United States. The city encompasses Key West, the namesake island the part of Stock Island After a most remarkable voyage of over 14,000 miles (23,000 km), around Cape Horn, he joined the American fleet in Cuban waters on May 26, and on July 3 commanded his ship at the destruction of Cervera's squadron. Cabo de Hornos redirects here for the Chilean commune see Cabo de Hornos Chile. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Pascual Cervera y Topete ( February 18, 1839 - April 3, 1909) served as Almirante (or Admiral) of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron

George Dewey was an admiral of the United States Navy, best known for his victory (without the loss of a single life of his own forces due to combat; one man died of a heart attack) at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War. George Dewey ( December 26, 1837 &ndash January 16, 1917) was an Admiral of the United States Navy, best known for his Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers The Battle of Manila Bay took place on 1 May 1898, during the Spanish-American War. He was also the only person in the history of the United States to have attained the rank of Admiral of the Navy, the most senior rank in the United States Navy. See " Admiral of the Navy " for other uses of this rank Admiral of the Navy is a rank that has only been held once in U

Garrett J. Pendergrast was an officer in the United States Navy during the American Civil War. Garrett Jesse Pendergrast ( 5 December 1802 &ndash 7 November 1862) was an officer in the United States Navy during the American Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South He commanded Boston during the Mexican-American War in 1846. Seven ships of the United States Navy have borne the name Boston, in honor of the city of Boston Massachusetts In 1856, he commissioned Merrimack, the ship that would later become the Virginia.

Lewis Nixon was a shipbuilding executive, naval architect, and political activist. Lewis Nixon (born April 7, 1861 in Leesburg Virginia, USA died September 23, 1940) was a shipbuilding executive Naval architecture is an engineering discipline dealing with the design construction and repair of marine vehicles Nixon graduated first in his class from the Naval Academy in 1882 and was sent to study naval architecture at the Royal Naval College where, again, he graduated first in the class in 1885. In 1890 with help from assistant naval constructor David W. Taylor he designed the Indiana class battleships which included USS Indiana, USS Massachusetts and USS Oregon. Rear Admiral David Watson Taylor, USN ( 4 March 1864 &ndash 28 July 1940) was a Naval architect and Engineer of the Construction Indiana was laid down on 7 May 1891 by William Cramp and Sons of Philadelphia Pennsylvania. History Her keel was laid down on 25 June 1891 by William Cramp and Sons of Philadelphia Pennsylvania. Spanish-American War Leaving drydock on 16 February 1898 she received news that had blown up in Havana harbor the previous day

Patricio Montojo was the Spanish naval commander at the Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898), a decisive battle of the Spanish-American War. Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón ( September 7, 1839 - September 30, 1917) was a career Spanish naval officer most Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers The Battle of Manila Bay took place on 1 May 1898, during the Spanish-American War. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, Montojo was in command of the Spanish Squadron that was destroyed by the U. S. Asiatic Squadron in the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898. Montojo was wounded during this battle, as was also one of his two sons who were participating in this battle. United States naval forces under Commodore George Dewey decisively defeated Spain's Pacific fleet, at anchor in Manila Bay, the Philippines. Commodore is a Military rank used in many navies for officers whose position exceeds that of a navy captain, but is less than George Dewey ( December 26, 1837 &ndash January 16, 1917) was an Admiral of the United States Navy, best known for his Most of the seven Spanish vessels sank or surrendered.

20th century

In the 1900s, the internal combustion engine and gas turbine came to replace the steam engine in most ship applications. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a rotary Engine that extracts energy from a flow of Combustion gas Trans-oceanic travel, transatlantic and transpacific, was a particularly important application, with steam powered Ocean liners replacing sailing ships, then culminating in the massive Superliners which included the RMS Titanic. The term transatlantic refers to something occurring all the way across the Atlantic Ocean. Transpacific is a contemporary term referring to travel over a stretch of water between the Asia-Pacific region and the West Coast of United States, namely the An ocean liner is a ship designed to transport people from one Seaport to another along regular long-distance Maritime routes according to a schedule A superliner is an Ocean liner of over 10000 gross tons The term was coined in the late 19th century when ocean liners were rapidly increasing in size and speed Construction The Titanic was a White Star Line ocean liner built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Ireland The event with the Titanic lead to the Maritime Distress Safety System. The Global Maritime Distress Safety System ( GMDSS) is an internationally agreed-upon set of Safety procedures types of equipment and communication protocols used

Maritime events of World War I

Main articles: World War II, Naval Warfare of World War I, and Battle of the Atlantic (1914-1918)

At the start of the war, the German Empire had cruisers scattered across the globe. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Naval warfare in World War I was mainly characterized by the efforts of the Allied Powers, with their larger fleets and surrounding position to blockade the The First Battle of the Atlantic ( 1914 &ndash 1918) was a naval campaign of World War I, largely fought in the seas around the British A cruiser is a large type of Warship, which had its prime period from the late 19th century to the end of the Cold War. Some of them were subsequently used to attack Allied merchant shipping. The British Royal Navy systematically hunted them down, though not without some embarrassment from its inability to protect allied shipping. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) For example, the detached light cruiser Emden, part of the East-Asia squadron stationed at Tsingtao, seized or destroyed 15 merchantmen, as well as sinking a Russian cruiser and a French destroyer. However, the bulk of the German East-Asia squadron – consisting of the armoured cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, light cruisers Nürnberg and Leipzig and two transport ships – did not have orders to raid shipping and was instead underway to Germany when it was lost at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914. The Battle of the Falkland Islands was a British naval victory over the Imperial German Navy on 8 December 1914 during the First World War ^[37]

HMS Irresistible abandoned and sinking (Battle of Gallipoli)

German U-Boat U 14. Technical characteristics HMS Irresistible was laid down at Chatham Dockyard on 11 April 1898 and launched on 15 December 1898 in a very incomplete state

Soon after the outbreak of hostilities, Britain initiated a Naval Blockade of Germany, preventing supplies from reaching its ports. A blockade is any effort to prevent supplies Troops information or aid from reaching an opposing force The strategy proved effective, cutting off vital military and civilian supplies, although this blockade violated generally accepted international law codified by several international agreements of the past two centuries. A blockade of stationed ships within a three mile (5 km) radius was considered legitimate, however Britain mined international waters to prevent any ships from entering entire sections of ocean, causing danger to even neutral ships. Since there was limited response to this tactic, Germany expected a similar response to its unrestricted submarine warfare.

German U-boats attempted to cut the supply lines between North America and Britain. U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot ( undersea boat) and refers The nature of submarine warfare meant that attacks often came without warning, giving the crews of the merchant ships little hope of survival. The United States launched a protest, and Germany modified its rules of engagement. After the infamous sinking of the passenger ship RMS Lusitania in 1915, Germany promised not to target passenger liners. Construction and trials Owned by the Cunard Steamship Company built by John Brown and Company Lusitania was named for the ancient Roman province of Britain armed its merchant ships. Finally, in early 1917 Germany adopted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, realizing the Americans would eventually enter the war. Unrestricted submarine warfare is a type of Naval warfare in which Submarines sink merchant ships without warning as opposed to attacks per prize regulations Germany sought to strangle Allied sea lanes before the U. S. could transport a large army overseas.

The U-boat threat lessened in 1917, when merchant ships entered convoys escorted by destroyers. A convoy is a group of Vehicles (of any type but usually motor vehicles or ships traveling together for mutual support This tactic made it difficult for U-boats to find targets. The accompanying destroyers might sink a submerged submarine with depth charges. Depth Charge is a character in the Beast Wars: Transformers universe The losses to submarine attacks were reduced significantly. But the convoy system slowed the flow of supplies. The solution to the delays was a massive program to build new freighters. Troop ships were too fast for the submarines and did not travel the North Atlantic in convoys.

The First World War also saw the first use of aircraft carriers in combat, with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a successful raid against the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in July 1918. An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with Genesis She was designed as one of Jackie Fisher 's "large light cruisers" to participate in an amphibious landing on the Baltic coast of Germany WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A Zeppelin is a type of Rigid airship pioneered by the German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin in the early 20th century based on designs he had outlined Tønder ( German: Tondern, North Frisian: Tuner) is a municipality ( Danish, kommune) in Region Syddanmark

Maritime events of World War II

Battle of the Atlantic

Main article: Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945)

In the North Atlantic, German U-boats attempted to cut supply lines to the United Kingdom by sinking merchant ships. The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous Military campaign of World War II, (though some say it was a series of naval Military campaigns U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot ( undersea boat) and refers In the first four months of the war they sank more than 110 vessels. In addition to supply ships, the U-boats occasionally attacked British and Canadian warships. One U-boat sank the British carrier HMS Courageous, while another managed to sink the battleship HMS Royal Oak in her home anchorage of Scapa Flow. An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with Genesis The design was for a light Battlecruiser; while having 15 inch guns she was actually classed by the British Navy as a Light cruiser because of her A battleship is a large heavily armored Warship with a main battery consisting of the largest Calibre of Guns Battleships were Construction The Revenge class to which Royal Oak belonged was ordered in the 1913&ndash14 Estimates Scapa Flow ( Old Norse: Skalpaflói) is a body of water in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, United Kingdom, sheltered by the islands

In the summer of 1941, the Soviet Union entered the war on the side of the Allies. Although the Soviets had tremendous reserves in manpower, they had lost much of their equipment and manufacturing base in the first few weeks following the German invasion. The Western Allies attempted to remedy this by sending Arctic convoys, which travelled from the United Kingdom and the United States to the northern ports of the Soviet Union - Archangel and Murmansk. The Arctic Convoys of World War II travelled from the United Kingdom and the United States to the northern ports of the Soviet Arkhangelsk (Арха́нгельск formerly called Archangel in English, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast Murmansk (Му́рманск Murmanska Muurman is a city and Seaport in the extreme northwest part of Russia, on the Kola Bay, 12 km The treacherous route around the North Cape of Norway was the site of many battles as the Germans continually tried to disrupt the convoys using U-boats, bombers, and surface ships. For other uses see North Cape. North Cape (Norwegian Nordkapp) is a cape on the island of Magerøya in northern

Following the entry of the United States into the war in December 1941, U-boats sank shipping along the East Coast of the United States and Canada, the waters around Newfoundland, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. The East Coast of the United States, also known as the "Eastern Seaboard" or "Atlantic Seaboard" refers to the easternmost coastal states in the central and northern Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Dominion of Newfoundland was a British dominion from 1907 (before which the territory had the status of a British colony to 1949 The Battle of the Caribbean was fought during World War II (1942-1946 The Gulf of Mexico ( Spanish: Golfo de México) is the ninth largest Body of water in the world They were initially so successful that this became known among U-boat crews as the second happy time. The Second Happy Time was the informal name for a phase in the Second Battle of the Atlantic during which Axis Submarines attacked Merchant shipping Eventually, the institution of shore blackouts and an interlocking convoy system resulted in a drop in attacks and U-boats shifted their operations back to the mid-Atlantic. A blackout in time of War, or apprehended war refers to the practice of collectively minimizing external Light, including upward-directed

The tanker MS Pennsylvania Sun, torpedoed by U 571 on 15 July 1942

A U-Boat under attack by Allied aircraft in 1943

The turning point of the Battle of the Atlantic took place in early 1943 as the Allies refined their naval tactics, effectively making use of new technology to counter the U-Boats. Popular culture U-571 was the name of the eponymous U-boat in ''U-571'', a movie released in 2000, starring Matthew McConaughey, Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous Military campaign of World War II, (though some say it was a series of naval Military campaigns Naval tactics is the collective name for methods of engaging and defeating an enemy Ship or fleet in Battle at Sea during Naval warfare The Allies produced ships faster than they were sunk, and lost fewer ships by adopting the convoy system. A convoy is a group of Vehicles (of any type but usually motor vehicles or ships traveling together for mutual support Improved anti-submarine warfare meant that the life expectancy of a typical U-boat crew would be measured in months. Anti-submarine warfare (ASW or in older form A/S is a branch of Naval warfare that uses surface Warships Aircraft, space craft or other Submarines Life expectancy is the average number of years of life remaining at a given age The vastly improved Type 21 U-boat appeared as the war was ending, but too late to affect the outcome. Description The key improvement in the Type XXI was greatly increased battery capacity roughly three times that of the Type VIIC. In December 1943, the last major sea battle between the Royal Navy and the German Navy took place. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) The Kriegsmarine (English "War navy" was the name of the German Navy between 1935 and 1945 during the Nazi regime superseding the At the Battle of North Cape, Germany's last battlecruiser, the Scharnhorst, was sunk by HMS Duke of York, HMS Belfast, and several destroyers. In the World War II naval Battle of the North Cape, ships of the Royal Navy sank the German Battlecruiser ''Scharnhorst'' off Norway For the German armoured cruiser commissioned in 1907 see SMS Scharnhorst The sisters - Scharnhorst and Gneisenau The Early history The Town class cruisers were constrained to less than 10000 tons by the Washington Naval Treaty.

Pacific War

Main article: Pacific War

The Pacific War was the part of World War II—and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands, and in East Asia, between July 7, 1937, and August 14, 1945. The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The most decisive actions took place after the Empire of Japan attacked various countries, later known as the Allies (or Allied powers), on or after December 7, 1941, including an attack on United States forces at Pearl Harbor. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by

USS California sinking

The USS Arizona burning after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

USS Pennsylvania, behind the wreckage of the USS Downes and USS Cassin

Between 1942 and 1945, there were four main theatres in the Pacific War, corresponding with and defined by the major Allied commands in the war against Japan. History Her keel was laid down on 25 October 1916 by the Mare Island Navy Yard. Construction On 4 March 1913 Congress authorized the construction of Arizona, the second and last of the ''Pennsylvania'' class of "super-dreadnought" In the Atlantic Fleet Upon commissioning Pennsylvania was attached to the U Pre-war service Downes was launched 22 April 1936 by Norfolk Navy Yard; sponsored by Miss S History Cassin was launched 28 October 1935 by Philadelphia Navy Yard; sponsored by Mrs In Warfare a theater or theatre is defined as a specific geographical area of conduct of armed conflict bordered by areas where no combat is taking place A Unified Combatant Command ( UCC) is a United States joint military command composed of forces from two or more services has a broad and continuing mission U. S. sources refer to two theaters within the Pacific War: the Pacific Theater of Operations (PTO) and the China Burma India Theater (CBI). The Pacific Theater of Operations (PTO was the World War II military activity in the Pacific Ocean and the countries bordering it a geographic scope China Burma India Theater (CBI (later IBT or India-Burma theater was the name used by the United States Army for its forces operating in conjuction with Allied air However these were not operational commands. In the PTO, the Allies divided operational control of their forces between two supreme commands, known as Pacific Ocean Areas and Southwest Pacific Area. Pacific Ocean Areas was the major Allied military command in the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II. South West Pacific Area (SWPA was the name given to the Allied supreme military command in the South West Pacific Theatre of World War II.

Japanese battleships Yamashiro, Fuso and Haruna (more distant). Commanding Officers Capt Suketomo Nakajima - 31 March 1917 - 1 December 1917 Capt Ship history Fusō took part in no major action during World War I, as the majority of the Japanese Navy was engaged in escort duties and various other Commanding Officers Chief Equipping Officer - Capt Kajihiro Funakoshi - 15 December 1914 - 19 April 1915 Capt

The Japanese aircraft carriers Zuikaku and Zuiho under attack. WWII Service In 1941 Zuikaku, under the command of Captain Yokokawa Ichibei and her sister ship ''Shōkaku'' made up Carrier Division Five History January 1941 Commissioned into the Japanese fleet and assigned to Carrier Division 3 with the ''Hōshō'' December 1941 Participates

Island hopping was an important military strategy in the Pacific Theater of World War II. Island hopping is a term that has several different definitions as it is applied in various fields The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The strategy employed by the Allies of World War II Combined Chiefs of Staff, beginning with Operation Cartwheel, was to bypass heavily fortified Japanese positions and instead concentrate the limited Allied resources on strategically important islands that were not well defended but capable of supporting the drive to the main islands of Japan. In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose The Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS was the supreme military command for the Western Allies during World War II. Operation Cartwheel (1943–1944 was the major Military strategy for the Allies in the Pacific theater of World War II. The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku An island (ˈaɪlənd or isle (/ˈaɪl/ is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions above high tide and isolated from other significant For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. This strategy was possible in part because the Allies used submarine and air attacks to blockade and isolate Japanese bases, weakening their garrisons and reducing the Japanese ability to resupply and reinforce. A blockade is any effort to prevent supplies Troops information or aid from reaching an opposing force Thus troops on islands which had been bypassed, such as the major base at Rabaul, were useless to the Japanese war effort and left to "wither on the vine. Rabaul is a township in East New Britain province Papua New Guinea. "

Hard-fought battles on the Japanese home islands of Iwo Jima, Okinawa, and others resulted in horrific casualties on both sides, but finally produced a Japanese retreat. The, which forms the Country of Japan, extends roughly from northeast to southwest along the northeastern coast of the Eurasia mainland washing upon the northwestern The Battle of Iwo Jima ( February 19, 1945 &ndash March 26, 1945) was the United States capture of the island of Iwo Jima The Battle of Okinawa, also known as Operation Iceberg, was fought on the Ryukyu Islands of Okinawa and was the largest amphibious assault Faced with the loss of most of their experienced pilots, the Japanese increased their use of kamikaze tactics in an attempt to create unacceptably high casualties for the Allies. ( is a word of Japanese origin which in English usually refers to the Suicide attacks by military aviators from the Empire of Japan against In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose Upwards of a third of the U. S. fleet was hit, and the U. S. Navy recommended against an invasion of Japan in 1945. It proposed to force a Japanese surrender through a total naval blockade and air raids.

See also: Second Sino-Japanese War, Pacific Ocean Theater of World War II, South-East Asian Theater of World War II, and South West Pacific Theatre of World War II

Latter half of the 20th century

In the latter half of the 20th century, various vessels, notably aircraft carriers, nuclear submarines, and Nuclear powered icebreakers, made use of Nuclear marine propulsion. The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the The Pacific Ocean theater was one of four major naval theatres of war of the Second World War that pitted forces of the Japan against those of the United The South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was the name given to the campaigns of the Pacific War in India, Thailand, The South West Pacific was one of two theatres of World War II in the Pacific region between 1942 and 1945. An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with A nuclear submarine is a Submarine powered by Atomic energy. Previously conventional submarines used diesel engines that required air for moving on the A nuclear powered Icebreaker is a purpose-built Ship for use in waters continuously covered with Ice. Nuclear marine propulsion is propulsion of a ship powered by a Nuclear reactor. Sonar and radio augmented existing navigational technology. Sonar (which started as an Acronym for sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses Sound propagation (usually underwater to navigate Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light.

Various blockades were set up in international action. A blockade is any effort to prevent supplies Troops information or aid from reaching an opposing force The Egyptian set up blockades of the Straits of Tiran prior to the 1956 Suez War and the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Straits of Tiran ( Arabic: مضيق تيران Hebrew: מיצרי טיראן are the narrow sea passages about 13 km (8 miles wide between the Sinai The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt The United States set up a blockade of Cuba during the Cuban missile crisis in 1962. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba during the Cold War. The Israelis set up a sea blockade of the Gaza Strip since the outbreak of the Second Intifada (2000) and up to the present. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west The Israeli blockades of some or all the shores of Lebanon at various times during the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), the 1982 Lebanon War, and the 1982-2000 South Lebanon conflict - resumed during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990 was a multifaceted Civil war whose antecedents can be traced back to the conflicts and political compromises reached after the end The 1982 Lebanon War (מלחמת לבנון Milhemet Levanon) (الإجتياح Al-Ijtīāḥ, "the invasion" called by Israel the Operation Peace Summary Israel occupied a security zone of varying sizes in Southern Lebanon between 1982 and 2000 Background See also Israel-Lebanon conflict The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO had engaged in cross-border attacks from Southern Lebanon

Cuban Missile Crisis

Main article: Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation during the Cold War between the Government of the United States, the Government of the Soviet Union, and the Government of Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba during the Cold War. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. Council of Ministers of the USSR (Совет Министров СССР tr Politics of Cuba take place within a framework of a socialist republic. After the U. S. started deploying 15 Jupiter IRBM near İzmir, Turkey, U. S. reconnaissance imagery revealed similar installations being installed in Cuba, as a response to the American threat. Reconnaissance (also scouting) is a military and medical term denoting exploration conducted to gain information The event coincided with the Sino-Indian War, which began on the same date that the US declared its blockade on Cuba. The Sino-Indian War ( Hindi: भारत-चीन युद्ध Bhārat-Chīn Yuddh) also known as the Sino-Indian Border Conflict, was a war between Historians speculate the Chinese attack on disputed territory in India was timed to occur at the same time as the Cuban Missile Crisis. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country ^[38] On October 22, the Organization of American States unanimously supported the decision to quarantine Cuba and, by the end of the day, 180 U. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus The Organization of American States ( OAS, or as it is known in the three other official languages OEA) is an International organization, headquartered S. Navy ships were prepared for the blockade. Nikita Khrushchev claimed that the blockade was illegal, and ordered ships to bypass the quarantine.

The blockade went into effect at 10 a. m. on October 24. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat At the time, nineteen ships were en-route to Cuba from the Soviet Union. Sixteen of these were clearly identified as reversing course, and only the tanker Bucharest continued towards the U. S. lines. The other two, the Gagarin and Komiles were later discovered only a few miles from the U. S. lines, and that they were being escorted by a Soviet submarine positioned between the two ships. The USS Essex was instructed to block the progress of the submarine, including the use of "small explosives" if need be. Operational history World War II Following her shakedown cruise the Essex steamed to the Pacific in May 1943 to begin a succession of victories which would At 10:25 a. m. John McCone received an intelligence message and announced that the ships had gone dead in the water. Dean Rusk leaned over to McGeorge Bundy and noted "We're eyeball to eyeball, and I think the other fellow just blinked. David Dean Rusk ( February 9, 1909 &ndash December 20, 1994) was the United States Secretary of State from 1961 to 1969 under presidents McGeorge "Mac" Bundy ( March 30, 1919 – September 16, 1996) was United States National Security Advisor to Presidents " After secret negotiations and after much deliberation between the Soviet Union and Kennedy's cabinet, Kennedy agreed to remove all missiles set in place on the border of the Soviet Union because of NATO in exchange for Khrushchev removing all missiles on Cuba.

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

Main articles: Gulf of Tonkin Incident and Vietnam War

The Gulf of Tonkin Incident was an alleged pair of attacks by naval forces of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (commonly referred to as North Vietnam) against two American destroyers, the USS Maddox and the USS Turner Joy. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident is the name given to two separate incidents involving naval forces of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam and the United States The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam In naval terminology a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance Warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, Convoy Operations Maddox screened the ships of the Fast Carrier Task Force during strikes against enemy targets in the western Pacific where she was struck by an enemy Pre-Vietnam War operational duty Following a pre-shakedown goodwill cruise to Central and South American ports and shakedown out of San Diego, The attacks were alleged to have occurred on 2 August and 4 August 1964 in the Gulf of Tonkin. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. The Gulf of Tonkin, in Vietnamese: Vịnh Bắc Bộ or in Chinese: Beibu Wan is an arm of the South China Sea. Later research, including a report released in 2005 by the National Security Agency, indicated that the second attack most likely did not occur, but also attempted to dispel the long-standing assumption that members of the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson had knowingly lied about the nature of the incident. The National Security Agency/ Central Security Service ( NSA/CSS) is a cryptologic intelligence agency of the United States government ^[39] The outcome of the incident was the passage by Congress of the Southeast Asia Resolution (better known as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution), which granted Johnson the authority to assist any Southeast Asian country whose government was considered to be jeopardized by "communist aggression". The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (officially the Southeast Asia Resolution Public Law 88-408 was addressed by Lyndon B Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The resolution served as Johnson's legal justification for escalating American involvement in the Vietnam Conflict. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

Falklands War

Main article: Falklands War

The Falklands War was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the United Kingdom over the disputed Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The Falklands War (Guerra de las Malvinas/Guerra del Atlántico Sur also called the Falklands Conflict/Crisis, was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the The Falklands War (Guerra de las Malvinas/Guerra del Atlántico Sur also called the Falklands Conflict/Crisis, was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( SGSSI) is a British overseas territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean. Britain was initially taken by surprise by the Argentine attack on the South Atlantic islands, but launched a naval task force to engage the Argentine Navy and Air Force, and retake the islands by amphibious assault. For the computer game see Joint Task Force (computer game. A task force (TF is a temporary unit or formation established to work The Navy of the Argentine Republic or Armada of the Argentine Republic ( Armada de la República Argentina — ARA is the Navy The Argentine Air Force ( Fuerza Aérea Argentina or FAA) is the national aviation branch of the Armed forces of Argentina. The British eventually prevailed and the islands remained under British control.

Panama canal handover

Main article: Panama canal

Though controversial within the United States, a process of handing the Panama canal lead to Panamanian control of the Panama Canal Zone by the Panama Canal Authority (ACP). The Panama Canal is a man-made Canal in Panama which joins the The Panama Canal is a man-made Canal in Panama which joins the Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. The Panama Canal Zone (Zona del Canal de Panamá was a 553 square mile (1432 km² territory inside of Panama, consisting of the Panama Canal and an area generally The Panama Canal Authority ( Spanish: Autoridad del Canal de Panamá, or ACP) is the agency of the government of Panama responsible for the operation It was effective at noon on December 31, 1999. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Before this handover, the government of Panama held an international bid to negotiate a 25-year contract for operation of the Canal's container shipping ports (chiefly two facilities at the Atlantic and Pacific outlets), which was won by the Chinese firm Hutchison Whampoa, a Hong Kong-based shipping concern whose owner Li Ka Shing is the wealthiest man in Asia. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Not to be confused with Martin Lee Ka Shing, the vice-chairman of Henderson Land Development. Conditions on of the handover to the Panama Canal Authority by the United States was the permanent neutrality of the Canal and the explicit statements that allowed the United States to come back at any time.

21st century

Since the turn of the millennium, the construction of stealth ships have occurred. A stealth ship is a Ship which employs Stealth technology construction techniques in an effort to ensure that it is harder to detect by one or more of Radar These are ships which employs stealth technology construction techniques in an effort to ensure that it is harder to detect by one or more of radar, visual, sonar, and infrared methods. Stealth technology also known as LOT (Low Observability Technology is a sub-discipline of military Electronic countermeasures which covers a range of techniques used with Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships Sonar (which started as an Acronym for sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses Sound propagation (usually underwater to navigate These techniques borrow from stealth aircraft technology, although some aspects such as wake reduction are unique to stealth ships' design. Stealth aircraft are Aircraft that use Stealth technology to make it harder to be detected by radar and other means than conventional aircraft by employing a

See also

General

Lists and categories

Armed vessels, British squadrons, List of British frigates, List of fleets, List of naval battles, Maritime historians list, Navy Yard, Spanish ships

Naval

British frigate, Caravel, Carronades, Casemate, Close action, Columbaria, Fifty Guns, Flag ship, Fleet Admiral, Frigates, Galley, Gun frigate, Gunship, Gunboat, Home Fleet, Long ships, Mast, Men-of-war, Naval committee, Naval artillery in the Age of Sail, Naval warfare, planisphere, Pounder, Privateers, Ragut, Raking fire, Rating system of the Royal Navy, Shallops, Tack (sailing), Transatlantic voyage, Union Navy, United States Navy operating forces organization, Viking ship

People

Hamilcar, Hyde Parker, George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington, Henry Keppel, John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent, John Porter, Marseil Pitheas, Ramusio, William Clark Russell, Sir Thomas Troubridge, 1st Baronet

Publications

Sea History (magazine)

Saints

Various saints who were sailors and fishermen

Benno, Nicholas of Myra, Nicholas of Tolentino, Our Lady of Salambao, Peter the Apostle, Saint Christopher, Zeno of Verona

Vessels

Notable vessels and ships

CSS Chicora, Farragut, H. L. Hunley (submarine), HMS Ambuscade, HMS Bellerophon, HMS Somerset (1731) and Admiral Lestock, Ironclad warship and Tinclad warship, Ironsides, Le Vengeur, Minerve, Six original United States frigates, SS St. Louis, USS Andrew Doria (1775), USS Bonhomme Richard, USS Cabot, USS Cyane, USS Deane, USS Kearsarge (and the Kearsarge class battleship), USS Mahan, USS Merrimack, USS Porter, USS St. Louis, HMS Acasta, USS Andrew Doria (1775), Torpedo boat,USS Hornet (1898) and Wompatuck, Spanish Navy, Torpedo boats,Submarine boat,HNLMS Tromp,CSS Virginia [ironclad] USS Moniter [ironclad]

French Navy

French ships, French ship Le Redoutable, French ship Tourville, French ship Téméraire, French Navy admirals,

Miscellaneous

Baton Rouge, Battle of Quiberon Bay, Cervera, Casa de Contratación, Channel Fleet, Close action, Continental Navy, Fort Pickens, Hampton Roads, History of Maine, History of Nova Scotia, History of Puerto Rico, Ionian Islands, Kasos, Machias, Marine committee, Mobile Bay, North Atlantic Squadron, Porto Farina, Preble Hall (United States Naval Academy), South Atlantic Squadron, Submarine torpedo, Gun frigate, Frigates, Pounders, Basque Roads, Hampton Roads, Carronade, Boston Navy Yard, Barbary powers, Privateer, Torpedo, Coast defence, Nordenfelt gun, Torpedo craft, Guncotton, Rudder, Degrees minutes, Flag officer

References

Citations and notes

General resources

Listed by date

External links

Scholarly organisations for the study of maritime history

• International Commission for Maritime History
• Society for Nautical Research
• Canadian Society for Nautical Research
• North American Society for Oceanic History
• Sociéte française d'histoire maritime
• Nederlandse Vereniging voor Zeegeschiedenis
• The Australian Association for Maritime History

Other

• The Institute of Maritime History , a non-profit institute focused on research, preservation and education in maritime history.
• The Sketchbooks of Antoine Roux , Peabody Essex Museum’s interactive feature, showcases sketches and watercolor paintings which depict the maritime culture of Marseille France during the 19th century.
• Maritime Heritage Network, a non-profit collaboration among organizations focused on the maritime history of Puget Sound and the Pacific Northwest. Puget Sound (ˈpjuːʤᵻt is an arm of the Pacific Ocean, connected to the rest of the Pacific by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, in the Pacific Northwest
• The Sextant, an online community of maritime history and nautical archaeology.
• Naval-History.Net, Naval History of the 20th Century, World Wars 1, 2, post-war and Falklands War - navies, ships, ship losses, casualties
• Shipwrecks UK, context for ship losses in the seas surrounding Britain and Ireland.
• National Maritime Historical Society, an American non-profit focusing on education and historic vessel preservation.

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