|
Key articles on |
|---|
|
General perspective |
|
Specific views |
Mariology is the theological study of Mary, which methodically presents teachings about her and her veneration to other parts of the faith, such as teachings about Jesus Christ, redemption and grace. This ecumenical article is about general Christian views on and veneration of the Virgin Mary Anglican Marian theology is the summation of the doctrines and beliefs of Anglicanism concerning the Blessed Virgin Mary. Theotokos (Θεοτόκος translit Theotókos) is a title of Mary the mother of Jesus used especially in the Eastern Orthodox, This article is about the Roman Catholic understanding of Mary and her veneration; for other views see Mary (mother of Jesus and Islamic view Protestant views of Mary include Theological positions of major Protestant representatives such as Martin Luther John Calvin but also some modern representatives Ecumenism (also oecumenism, œcumenism) refers to initiatives aimed at greater Religious unity or cooperation Ecumenical meetings and documents on Mary is a review of the status of Mariology in Orthodox, Protestant, Anglican, and Roman Catholic Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective There exists variety of Christian views on Mary (Marian views), which do not constitute mariology.
Mariology is a mainly Roman Catholic discipline, based on four dogmas on Mary which are a part of Roman Catholic theology and need to be explained in this context. This article is about Roman Catholic views on dogma For general views see Dogma Dogma (Roman Catholic explains the concept
Roman Catholic Mariology is summarized in the document Lumen Gentium of the Second Vatican Council Within the Catholic Church, the focus is on veneration of the Mother of God. For an English translation of the text see Dogmatic Constitution on the Church ''Lumen Gentium'' The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. This article is about the Roman Catholic understanding of Mary and her veneration; for other views see Mary (mother of Jesus and Islamic view Roman Catholic Mariology received additional input from Liberation Theology, which emphasizes popular Marian piety, and from feminist theology, stressing both the dignity of women and gender differences.
Contents |
Marian views
Eastern Orthodox theology calls her the Theotokos, emphasizing her status as the mother of God incarnate in Jesus, but not the mother of God from eternity. Eastern Orthodox Christian theology is the Theology particular to the Eastern Orthodox Church. Theotokos (Θεοτόκος translit Theotókos) is a title of Mary the mother of Jesus used especially in the Eastern Orthodox, The Incarnation is the belief in Christianity that Jesus Christ is the God of Israel in the flesh Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) The term "Godhead" The term Godhead is a term denoting deity or divinity
Protestant views of Mary vary from denomination to denomination. Protestant views of Mary include Theological positions of major Protestant representatives such as Martin Luther John Calvin but also some modern representatives They focus generally on interpretations of Mary in the bible, the Creed, (which professes the virgin birth), and the Ecumenical Council of Ephesus, in 431, calling Mary the Mother of God. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin A creed is a statement of Belief — usually Religious belief — or Faith often recited as part of a religious service This article covers the Ecumenical council of 431 For the council of 449 see Second Council of Ephesus. Theotokos (Θεοτόκος translit Theotókos) is a title of Mary the mother of Jesus used especially in the Eastern Orthodox, While some early Protestants created Marian art and allowed limited forms of Marian veneration, [1] today's Protestants do not share the veneration of Mary practiced by Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox. In Christianity, veneration ( Latin veneratio, Greek &delta&omicron&upsilon&lambda&iota&alpha dulia) or veneration of saints Martin Luther's views on Mary, John Calvin's views on Mary, Karl Barth's views on Mary and others have all formed modern Protestant views. Martin Luther 's views of Jesus ' mother Mary developed out of the deep and pervasive medieval Christian Marian devotion on which he was reared and John Calvin (July 10 1509 – May 27 1564 was a French born Protestant Theologian during the Protestant Reformation, and next to Martin Luther Karl Barth 's views on Mary agreed with several Roman Catholic dogmas but disagreed with the Catholic veneration of Mary. Anglican Marian theology also varies greatly, from the Anglo-Catholic (very close to Roman Catholic views) to the far more typically Protestant Evangelical views. Anglican Marian theology is the summation of the doctrines and beliefs of Anglicanism concerning the Blessed Virgin Mary. The terms Anglo-Catholic and Anglo-Catholicism (or sometimes possibly incorrectly High Church &mdashsee below describe people
A better mutual understanding among different Christian groups regarding their Mariology has been sought in a number of ecumenical meetings which produced common documents. Ecumenical meetings and documents on Mary is a review of the status of Mariology in Orthodox, Protestant, Anglican, and Roman Catholic
Outside Christianity, the Islamic view of the Virgin Mary, known as Maryam in Arabic, is that she was an extremely pious and chaste woman who miraculously gave birth while still a virgin to the prophet Jesus, known in Arabic as Isa. Etymology The Anglicized name of Jesus is derived from the Latin Iēsus, which in turn comes from the Greek (Iēsoûs
Mariology as a theological discipline
Mariology has the task, to connect scripture, tradition and the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church on Mary. Ecumenical differences continue to exist in substance and style but are easier understood because of the very existence of mariology. Mariology is mainly a Roman Catholic undertaking, as Orthodox views on Mary are mostly expressed in liturgy and are not subject to a central dogmatic teaching office. While systematic Marian theology is not new, Pope Pius XII credited with promoting the independent theological study of Mary on a large scale with the creation or elevation of four papal mariological research centres. Pope [2] The papal institutes were created to foster mariological research and to explain and support the Roman Catholic veneration of Mary. This new orientation was continued by Popes John XXIII, Paul VI and John Paul II with the additional creation of Pontifica Academia Mariana Internationale and Centro di Cultura Mariana, a pastoral center to promulgate Marian teachings of the Church, and, Societa Mariologica Italiana, an Italian mariological society with interdisciplinary orientation. John XXIII can refer to Antipope John XXIII, claimant to papacy in 15th century Western Schism Pope John XXIII (1958-1963 Pope Pope
Mariological methodology
Mariology, being a part of Roman Catholic theology, uses the sources, methods and criteria of theology, except, that in mariology the question of scriptural basis is more accentuated. This article is about the Roman Catholic understanding of Mary and her veneration; for other views see Mary (mother of Jesus and Islamic view The history of Roman Catholic Mariology traces theological developments and views regarding Mary from the early Church to the twentieth century Catholic Mariology is the area of Theology concerned with Mary the Mother of God, not only with her Life, but her Veneration in daily life Catholic Mariology is the Encyclopedic area of Theology concerned with Mary the Mother of God, not only with her Life, but her Veneration The Rosary (from Latin rosarium, meaning "rose garden" or "garland of roses" is a popular traditional Roman Catholic devotion. The Immaculate Heart of Mary originally The Sacred Heart of Mary is a devotional name used by Roman Catholics and some Anglo-Catholics to refer Roman Catholic tradition and Mariology include specific prayers and devotions as Acts of reparation for insults and blasphemies against the Blessed Virgin Mary See also Mariology (Roman Catholic, Blessed Virgin Mary, Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic The Marian doctrines of the Catholic Church have their See also Mariology (Roman Catholic, Blessed Virgin Mary, Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic The Marian doctrines of the Catholic Church have their Theotokos (Θεοτόκος translit Theotókos) is a title of Mary the mother of Jesus used especially in the Eastern Orthodox, The Perpetual Virginity of Mary, a dogma of the Roman Catholic Church and also of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy, which For dogmatic context see Roman Catholic Mariology. For artistic depictions see Roman Catholic Marian art. This article is about the theological concept For the works of art with this title see Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Art and Roman Catholic Marian art. Mediatrix in Roman Catholic Mariology refers to the role of the Blessed Virgin Mary as a mediator in the salvation process Co-Redemptrix in Roman Catholic Mariology refers to the role of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the redemption process The Blessed Virgin Mary has been one of the major subjects of Christian Art, Catholic Art and Western Art for many centuries Roman Catholic Marian music shares a trait with some other forms of Christian music in adding another emotional dimension to the process of veneration and in being used A Marian apparition is an event in which the Virgin Mary is believed to have Supernaturally appeared to one or more persons regardless of their religious faith This article is about Roman Catholic views on dogma For general views see Dogma Dogma (Roman Catholic explains the concept Our Lady of Guadalupe, also called the Virgin of Guadalupe (Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe or Virgen de Guadalupe is a 16th century Roman Catholic Mexican The apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes began on 11 February 1858 when Bernadette Soubirous, a 14-year old peasant girl from Lourdes admitted when questioned Mariette Beco was a native of Banneux, Belgium in the 1930s She is best known for being associated with the Roman Catholic Marian apparitions The apparitions of Our Lady of Laus between 1664 and 1718 in Saint-Étienne-le-Laus, France by Benoite Rencurel, a young sheperdess are the first Marian Our Lady of Fátima (ˈfatimɐ is the title given to the Blessed Virgin Mary by those who believe that she appeared to three shepherd children at Fátima A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. Ineffabilis Deus ( Latin for "Ineffable God" is the name of an Papal Bull by Pope Pius IX. Munificentissimus Deus ( Latin for "The most bountiful God " is the name of an Apostolic constitution written by Pope Pius XII Bis Saeculari (September 27 1948 is an Apostolic Constitution, of Pope Pius XII on the Sodality of Our Lady. An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Christian church Redemptoris Mater is the title of a Mariological Encyclical by Pope John Paul II, delivered on March 25 1987 in Saint Peter's Basilica Ad caeli reginam is an Encyclical of Pope Pius XII, given at Rome, from St Fulgens corona is an Encyclical by Pope Pius XII, given at St Deiparae Virginis Mariae (May 1 1946, is an Encyclical of Pope Pius XII to all Catholic bishops on the possibility of defining the Assumption of the Blessed Ingruentium Marlorum is an Encyclical of Pope Pius XII on reciting the Rosary, Given in Rome at St Ecclesiastical letters are publications or announcements of the organs of Roman Catholic ecclesiastical authority e Rosarium Virginis Mariae is the title of an Apostolic Letter by Pope John Paul II, issued on October 16 2002 Marialis Cultus is the title of a Mariological Apostolic Letter by Pope Paul VI issued on February 2nd 1974 Marian feast days are specific days of the year declared by the Catholic Church as being significant Marian days for the celebration of events in the life of Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. For dogmatic context see Roman Catholic Mariology. For artistic depictions see Roman Catholic Marian art. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Theotokos (Θεοτόκος translit Theotókos) is a title of Mary the mother of Jesus used especially in the Eastern Orthodox, Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. In Christianity the Annunciation ( grc Ευαγγελισμός της Θεοτόκου, Evangelismós tēs Theotókou in Greek) is the revelation Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed This article is about the theological concept For the works of art with this title see Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Art and Roman Catholic Marian art. [3] Thus, mariology analyzes scriptures and tradition in light of revelation and the overall context of Catholic doctrine and other Church teachings. This article is about Roman Catholic views on dogma For general views see Dogma Dogma (Roman Catholic explains the concept Official Marian pronouncements beginning with the Apostolic Creed to the teachings of Vatican II are the basis for theology and mariology. The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. The Marian Chapter of the document Lumen Gentium of Vatican II includes twenty-six biblical references. For an English translation of the text see Dogmatic Constitution on the Church ''Lumen Gentium'' They refer to the conception, birth and childhood of Jesus, Mary’s role in several events and under the cross. Of importance to mariological methodology is a Vatican II teaching, that these reports are not allegories with symbolic value but historical revelations, a point emphasized by Pope Benedict XVI. [4]
Maximalism versus minimalism
Mariology is a field of theology in which deeply felt pious beliefs of the Catholic faithful and hagiography conflict often with scientific analysis and critical historical reviews of beliefs and practices. This conflict has been recognized early on. Around the year 1300 William of Ware described the tendency to attribute almost everything to Mary [5] Bonaventura warned against Marian maximalism and minimalism. William of Ware (called the Doctor Fundatus; flourished 1290 &ndash 1305) was a Franciscan Friar and Theologian, born at Saint Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (San Bonaventura (1221 &ndash July 15, 1274) born John of Fidanza (Giovanni di Fidanza was the eighth Minister “One has to be careful as to not to minimize the honour of our Lord, Jesus Christ” [6] In the 20th century, Pius XII, "the most Marian Pope in Church history” [7] warned nevertheless against both exuberant exaggerations and timid minimalism in the presentation of Mary. [8]
Relation to other theological disciplines
Christology - who is Christ?
By being the “Mother of God”, Mary has a unique role in the salvation and redemption of the human race. This fact was contemplated and written about and expanded in the early Church and thereafter, creating a rich Marian tradition both in Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic) veneration and theology, which for mariology today is of great importance but also of dispute within the Roman Catholic Church (and between Christian denominations). [9]
Biblical research
Roman Catholic Mariology participates in and benefits from biblical research, employing historical text-critical analysis and all the other methods employed by biblical scholarship. ). Like all scriptures, biblical statements on Mary are not only a part of divine revelation, but were written in a historic and socio-cultural context, which require explanation. Of special importance in this context is the application of biblical hermeneutics (the analysis of synonym words for a better understanding of their meaning). Hermeneutics assists in the analysis of the relation between biblical statements on Mary, the faith of the early Christians and the Marian tradition of the Church. Because of the mother-son relation, The historical Life of Jesus Research is of obvious interest to mariology. [10]
Church history
With in the field of Church history, mariology is concerned with the development of Marian teachings and the various forms of Marian veneration and Marian culture. An important part of Church history is patristics or patrology, the teaching of the early Fathers of the Church. They give indications of the faith of the early Church and are analyzed in terms of their statements on Mary. The history of dogma and the development of dogma within the Church is also of concern. Patrology and dogmatic history provide a basis for popes to justify Marian belief, Marian veneration and Marian dogmas like the Immaculate Conception and the Assumption. For dogmatic context see Roman Catholic Mariology. For artistic depictions see Roman Catholic Marian art. Thus, in Fulgens Corona and Munificentissimus Deus Pope Pius XII explained these two dogmas in terms of existing biblical references to Mary, the patristic tradition, and, the strong historical faith (sensus fidelium). Fulgens corona is an Encyclical by Pope Pius XII, given at St Munificentissimus Deus ( Latin for "The most bountiful God " is the name of an Apostolic constitution written by Pope Pius XII He employed a deductive theological method. ). [11]
Moral theology
There seems to be at first sight no direct relation of Mariology to Moral Theology. Ethics is a branch of Philosophy dealing with right and wrong in human behavior However, in the words of Pius X, as Mary is viewed as the model of virtue, virginity and a life free of sin, her life exemplifies many moral teachings of the Church and is used in pastoral theology and homiletics (sermons). Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the Virtue ( Latin virtus; Greek) is moral Excellence. Personal virtues are characteristics valued as promoting individual Sin is a term used mainly in a religious context to describe an act that violates a moral Rule, or the state of having committed such a violation Moral theology includes teachings on mysticism, to which Marian spirituality relates. Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality Marian charisma, Marian apparitions and other private revelations are subject to Catholic teachings on revelation, mysticism and canon law. The word charisma (origin from the Greek word χάρισμα (kharisma, "gift" or "divine favor" from kharizesthai, "to favor" A Marian apparition is an event in which the Virgin Mary is believed to have Supernaturally appeared to one or more persons regardless of their religious faith Revelation is the act of revealing or disclosing (see etymology or in the theological perception making something obvious and clearly understood through active or passive communication Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches
Organization of Mariology
The presentation of mariology differs among theologians. Some prefer to present its historical development, others divide mariology by its content ( Marian dogmas, Marian grace, Mary’s role in redemption etc. ) Some prefer to present mariology only in terms of her attributes ( honour, titles, privileges ) others attempt to integrate Mary into their overall theology and into the salvation mystery of Jesus Christ. [12] Some prominent theologians such as Karl Barth or Karl Rahner, in the 20th century viewed Mariology only as a part of Christology. Karl Barth ( May 10, 1886 &ndash December 10, 1968) (pronounced "bart" a Swiss Reformed theologian was one Karl Rahner, SJ ( March 5, 1904 &mdash March 30, 1984) was a German theologian one of the most influential Roman Differences exist even within the best of families. Hugo Rahner, the brother of Karl Rahner, disagreed and developed a mariology, based on writers of the early Church, [13] ( Ambrose of Milan, Augustine and others). Hugo Rahner, was a German Jesuit, Theologian, * 3 5 1900 in Pfullendorf (Baden † 21 Saint Ambrose (c 338 &ndash 4 April 397) was a bishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the fourth century He sees in Mary the mother and model for the Church, a view later highlighted by the Popes Paul VI through Benedict XVI. Pope Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger [14] The Wikipedia articles (listed in the templates on the right) use a mainly historical approach, in part, because there exists as of now no solid theological base. Major articles on theology are still missing, and several existing ones lack the theological depth which is required for explaining and understanding mariological concepts.
Sources
- Konrad Algermissen, Lexikon der Marienkunde, Regensburg, 1967 (Roman Catholic mariological Encyclopedia)
- Remigius Bäumer, Marienlexikon, Eos, St. Ottilien, 1992 (Roman Catholic mariological Encyclopedia)
- W Beinert, Lexikon der katholischen Dogmatik, Herder Freiburg, 1988 (Roman Catholic theological Encyclopedia)
- Heinrich Kihn Encyklopaedie und Methodologie der Theologie Freiburg, Herder, 1892(Roman Catholic theological Encyclopedia)
- Joseph Ratzinger Introduction to Christianity, 1968 (Roman Catholic Pope Benedict XVI)
References
- ^ Protestantische Marien Kunst in Bäumer Marienlexikon, V, pp 325-336, Marian veneration in Protestantismus, pp 336-342
- ^ Academia Mariana Salesiana, 1950, Centro Mariano Monfortano to Rome, 1950, Pontifical University Marianum, 1950, and Collegiamento Mariano Nationale, 1958
- ^ Kihn, 63
- ^ Joseph Ratzinger Introduction to Christianity, 1968, in the original German version p. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger 230
- ^ C Balic in the Marian rules of Dun Scotus in Euntes Docete, 9, 1956, 110
- ^ Bonaventura Opera VI, 497
- ^ Bäumer, Kirchenlexikon, Pius XII
- ^ Encyclical Ad Caeli Reginam
- ^ Lexikon der kath. Dogmatik, Mariologie, 1988
- ^ H Kihn, Encyclopedie fer theologie, 1892, 102
- ^ Lexikon der kath. Dogmatik, Mariologie, 1988
- ^ Mariologie,in Bäumer Lexikon der Marienkunde
- ^ Hugo Rahner Kirche und Staat im frühen Christentum,München 1961
- ^ Hugo Rahner in Bäumer, Lexikon der Marienkunde
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic