| Marie de' Medici | |
| Queen of France and Navarre | |
 Portrait of Marie de' Medici by Peter Paul Rubens |
|
| Titles | HMCM The Dowager Queen of France HMCM The Queen of France |
|---|---|
| Born | April 26, 1575 |
| Birthplace | Florence |
| Died | July 3, 1642 |
| Place of death | Cologne |
| Buried | Cologne Cathedral |
| Consort | 17 December 1600 - 14 May 1610 |
| Consort to | Henry IV |
| Royal House | House of Medici |
| Father | Francesco I de' Medici |
| Mother | Johanna, Archduchess of Austria |
Marie de' Medici[1] (April 26, 1575 – July 3, 1642), was queen consort of France. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Cologne Cathedral (Kölner Dom officially de Hohe Domkirche St Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III Francesco I de' Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany ( 25 March 1541 &ndash 17 October 1587) was the second Grand Duke of Tuscany, ruling Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. A queen consort is the title given to the wife of a reigning king. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. She was the second wife of King Henry IV of France, of the Bourbon branch of the kings of France. Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Following his assassination in 1610, she was the regent for her son King Louis XIII of France. A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643)
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Early life, marriage to King Henry IV
Born in Florence, Italy, she was the daughter of Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and of Johanna, Archduchess of Austria. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Francesco I de' Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany ( 25 March 1541 &ndash 17 October 1587) was the second Grand Duke of Tuscany, ruling Her maternal grandparents were Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and Anne of Bohemia. Ferdinand I Holy Roman Emperor ( Alcalá de Henares (near Madrid) Kingdom of Castile (now Spain) 10 March 1503 &ndash Anna Queen of Bohemia and Hungary, also sometimes known as Anna Jagellonica ( Buda (now Budapest) Hungary, July 23, 1503 Anne was a daughter of Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary and his wife Anne de Foix. Anna of Foix (1484 &ndash Buda, Hungary, 26 July 1506) was the Queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia.
Uncommonly pretty in her youth, in October 1600 she married Henry IV of France, following the annulment of his marriage to Marguerite de Valois. Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III Marguerite de Valois ( May 14, 1553 &ndash May 27, 1615) " Queen Margot " ( La reine Margot) was Queen of She brought as part of her dowry 600,000 crowns. Her eldest son, the future King Louis XIII, was born at Fontainebleau the following year. For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) Fontainebleau is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France.
Infighting, unhappy marriage
The marriage was not a successful one. The queen feuded with Henry's mistresses, in language that shocked French courtiers. Her largest infighting was with her husband's leading mistress, Catherine Henriette de Balzac d'Entragues, whom he had promised he would marry following the death of his former official mistress, Gabrielle d'Estrées. Catherine Henriette de Balzac d'Entragues Marquise de Verneuil (1579 &ndash 1633 was the favourite mistress of Henry IV of France after Gabrielle d'Estrées Gabrielle d'Estrées duchesse de Beaufort et Verneuil marquise de Monceaux ( Gabrielle of Estreés Duchess of Beaufort and Vernueil Marchioness of Monceaux) (1571–1599 When he failed to do so, and instead married Marie, the result was constant bickering and political intrigues behind the scenes. Although the king could have easily banished his mistress, supporting his queen, he never did so. She, in turn, showed great sympathy and support to her husband's banished ex-wife, Marguerite de Valois, prompting Henry to allow her back into the realm. Marguerite de Valois ( May 14, 1553 &ndash May 27, 1615) " Queen Margot " ( La reine Margot) was Queen of
During her husband's lifetime Marie showed little sign of political taste or ability. Hours after Henry's assassination in 1610 she was confirmed as Regent by the Parlement of Paris. She banished from the court his mistress, Catherine Henriette de Balzac d'Entragues. However, not very bright, extremely stubborn, and growing obese, she was soon entirely under the influence of her maid Leonora "Galigai" and her unscrupulous Italian husband, Concino Concini, who was created Marquis d'Ancre and Marshal of France, despite never having fought a battle. Obesity is a condition in which excess Body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be negatively affected Concino Concini Count della Penna Marquis and Maréchal d'Ancre (Florence 1575 - Paris 24 April 1617 was an Italian politician best known for being a minister of The Marshal of France (Maréchal de France and pl Maréchaux de France is a military distinction in contemporary France, not a Military rank.
They dismissed Henry IV's able minister the duc de Sully. Maximilien de Béthune Duke of Sully ( December 13, 1560 &ndash December 22, 1641) was the doughty soldier French minister staunch Huguenot Through Concini and the Regent, Italian representatives of the Roman Catholic Church hoped to force the suppression of Protestantism in France. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Half Habsburg herself, she abandoned the traditional anti-Habsburg French policy. Throwing her support with Spain, she arranged the marriage of both the future king Louis and his sister Elisabeth to members of the Spanish Habsburg royal family. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This is a list of Spanish Monarchs &mdashthat is rulers of the country of Spain in the modern sense of the word
The construction and furnishing of the Palais du Luxembourg,which she referred to as her Palais Médicis, formed her major artistic project. The Palais du Luxembourg in the VIe arrondissement of Paris, north of the Jardin du Luxembourg, is where the French Senate meets The site was purchased in 1612 and construction began in 1615, to designs of Salomon de Brosse. Salomon de Brosse (1571 Verneuil-sur-Oise, France &ndash 9 December 1626, Paris) was the most influential early 17th-century Her court painter was Peter Paul Rubens.
Politics
Under the regent's lax and capricious rule, the princes of the blood and the great nobles of the kingdom revolted, and the queen, too weak to assert her authority, consented (15 May 1614) to buy off the discontented princes. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the The opposition was led by Henry de Bourbon-Condé, Duc d'Enghien, who pressured Marie into convoking the Estates General (1614-15), the last time they would meet in France until the opening events of the French Revolution. Henry of Bourbon-Condé (Henry II Prince of Bourbon-Condé ( September 1 1588 – December 26 1646) became Prince of Condé shortly The title of Duke of Enghien (or Duke d'Enghien, or Duc d'Enghien, pronounced /dɑ̃ɡɛ̃/ the i is silent may like many noble titles refer In France under the Ancien Regime, the States-General or Estates-General (French états généraux) was a Legislative assembly The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an
In 1616 her policy was strengthened by the accession to her councils of Richelieu, who had come to the fore at the meeting of the Estates General. This article is about a cardinal For information on the Russian also called The Red Eminence, see Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov. However, in 1617 her son Louis XIII, already several years into his legal majority, asserted his authority. For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) The king effectively overturned the pro-Hapsburg, pro-Spanish policy by ordering the assassination of Concini, exiling the Queen to the Château de Blois and appointing Richelieu to his bishopric. The Royal Château de Blois is located in the Loir-et-Cher département in the Loire Valley, in France.
After two years of virtual imprisonment "in the wilderness" as she put it, she escaped from Blois in the night of 21/22 February 1619 and became the figurehead of a new aristocratic revolt headed by Louis's brother Gaston d'Orleans, which Louis's forces easily dispersed. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Gaston Jean-Baptiste de France, duc d'Orléans, ( April 25, 1608 &ndash February 2, 1660, Blois) was the third son of Through the mediation of Richelieu the king was reconciled with his mother, who was allowed to hold a small court at Angers. She resumed her place in the royal council in 1621.
The portrait by Rubens (above right) was painted at this time. Marie rebuilt the Luxembourg Palace (Palais du Luxembourg) in Paris, with an extravagantly flattering cycle of paintings by Rubens as part of the luxurious decor, called The Marie de' Medici Cycle (detail from one painting on left). The Palais du Luxembourg in the VIe arrondissement of Paris, north of the Jardin du Luxembourg, is where the French Senate meets The Marie de' Medici Cycle is a series of twenty-four paintings by Peter Paul Rubens commissioned by Marie de' Medici, wife of Henry IV of France, for the
After the death of his favorite, the duke of Luynes, Louis turned increasingly for guidance to Richelieu. Marie de Medici's attempts to displace Richelieu ultimately led to her attempted coup; for a single day, the Day of the Dupes, in November 1630, she seemed to have succeeded; but the triumph of Richelieu was followed by her exile to Compiègne in 1630, from where she escaped to Brussels in 1631 and Amsterdam in 1638. Day of Dupes is the name given to the day in November of 1630 on which the enemies of Cardinal Richelieu believed that they had succeeded in persuading Louis Compiègne is a commune in the Oise département of France, of which it is a Sous-préfecture. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west
Her visit to Amsterdam was considered a diplomatic triumph by the Dutch, as her visit lent official recognition to the newly formed Dutch Republic; accordingly she was given an elaborate ceremonial royal entry, of the sort the Republic avoided for its own rulers. "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Royal Entry, also known by various other names including Triumphal Entry and Joyous Entry, embraced the ceremonial and festivities accompanying a Spectacular displays (by Claes Cornelisz. Moeyaert) and water pageants took place in the city’s harbor in celebration of her visit. Claes Corneliszoon Moeyaert or Nicolaes Moyaert or Mooyaert ( Durgerdam, 1592 - Amsterdam, 1655 was an authoritative Catholic Dutch painter There was a procession led by two mounted trumpeters; a large temporary structure erected on an artificial island in the Amstel River was built especially for the festival. The Amstel is a river in the Netherlands which runs through the city of Amsterdam. The structure was designed to display a series of dramatic tableaux in tribute to her once she set foot on the floating island and entered its pavilion. Tableau vivant (plural tableaux vivants) is French for "living picture In Architecture a pavilion (from French, "pavillon" from Latin "papilio" has two main significations Afterwards she was offered an Indonesian rice table by the burgomaster Albert Burgh. An Indonesian rice table ( in Dutch, rijsttafel) consists of Rice accompanied by between twelve and thirty often spicy Side dishes served in Albert Coenraadsz Burgh (1593 &ndash December 24 1647 was a Dutch physician who was mayor of Amsterdam and a councillor in the Admiralty of Amsterdam He also sold her a famous rosary, captured in Brazil. The Rosary (from Latin rosarium, meaning "rose garden" or "garland of roses" is a popular traditional Roman Catholic devotion. The visit prompted Caspar Barlaeus to write his Medicea hospes ("The Medicean Guest") (1638). Caspar Barlaeus ( February 12, 1584 — January 14, 1648) was a Dutch Polymath, humanist theologian
Marie subsequently travelled to Cologne, where she died in 1642, scheming against Richelieu to the end.
Honoré de Balzac encapsulated the Romantic generation's negative view:
- "Marie de' Medici, all of whose actions were prejudicial to France, has escaped the shame which ought to cover her name. Marie de' Medici wasted the wealth amassed by Henry IV; she never purged herself of the charge of having known of the king's assassination; her intimate was d'Épernon, who did not ward off Ravaillac's blow, and who was proved to have known the murderer personally for a long time. Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette (1554 - 1642 created Duke of Épernon, was a powerful member of the French nobility at the turn of the 17th century Marie's conduct was such that she forced her son to banish her from France, where she was encouraging her other son, Gaston, to rebel; and the victory Richelieu at last won over her (on the Day of the Dupes) was due solely to the discovery the cardinal made, and imparted to Louis XIII, of secret documents relating to the death of Henry IV. " – Essay Catherine de Medicis.
Children
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Louis XIII, King of France | September 27, 1601 | May 14, 1643 | Married Anne of Austria (1601 - 1666) in 1615. For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the For the queen consort of Sigismund III of Poland see Anna of Austria (1573-1598 For the queen consort of Philip II of Spain see Anna of Austria Had issue. |
| Elisabeth, Queen of Spain | November 22, 1602 | October 6, 1644 | Married Philip IV, King of Spain (1605 - 1665) in 1615. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus Philip IV (es ''Felipe IV'' pt ''Filipe III'' ( 8 April, 1605 &ndash 17 September, 1665) was King of Spain between 1621 and Had issue. |
| Christine Marie, Duchess of Savoy | February 12, 1606 | December 27, 1663 | Married Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (1587 - 1637) in 1619. Christine Marie de France (Maria Cristina di Francia Madama Reale ( February 10 1606 - December 27 1663) was Regent of Savoy between Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Victor Amadeus I ( Italian: Vittorio Amedeo I di Savoia, 8 May 1587 &ndash 7 October 1637) was the Duke of Savoy from 1630 Had issue. |
| Nicholas Henry, Duke of Orleans | April 16, 1607 | November 17, 1611 | Died young. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers No issue. |
| Gaston, Duke of Orleans | April 25, 1608 | February 2, 1660 | Married (1) Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier (1605 - 1627) in 1626. Gaston Jean-Baptiste de France, duc d'Orléans, ( April 25, 1608 &ndash February 2, 1660, Blois) was the third son of Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Marie de Bourbon duchesse de Montpensier ( 15 October, 1605 &ndash 4 June, 1627) was a French noblewoman and one of the last members of the Had issue. Married (2) Margaret of Lorraine (1615 - 1672) in 1632. Had issue. |
| Henrietta Maria, Queen of England | November 25, 1609 | September 10, 1669 | Married Charles I, King of England (1600 - 1649) in 1625. Henrietta Maria ( 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was Princess of France and Queen Consort of England, Scotland Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Had issue. |
See also Descendants of Marie de' Medici which maps how the Medici became part of the European Royal families, eventually leading to Prince William of Wales. Descendants in three generations See also House of Medici Marie de' Medici House of Stuart
See also
| Preceded by Marguerite de Valois |
Queen consort of Navarre 1600–1610 |
Succeeded by Anne of Austria |
| Queen of France December 17, 1600–May 14, 1610 |
External links
- Rubens cycle of paintings apotheosizing Marie de Medici Definitive statements of Baroque art. Marguerite de Valois ( May 14, 1553 &ndash May 27, 1615) " Queen Margot " ( La reine Margot) was Queen of This is a list of those men and women who have been Royal Consorts of the Kingdom of Navarre. For the queen consort of Sigismund III of Poland see Anna of Austria (1573-1598 For the queen consort of Philip II of Spain see Anna of Austria See also List of French monarchs This is a list of the women who have been Queens consort or Empresses consort of the realm of France. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc
- National Maritime Museum
- Drawing by Claes Cornelisz. Moeyaert the entrance of Maria de Medici in Amsterdam
- Festival Books
"Maria de' Medici". Claes Corneliszoon Moeyaert or Nicolaes Moyaert or Mooyaert ( Durgerdam, 1592 - Amsterdam, 1655 was an authoritative Catholic Dutch painter Catholic Encyclopedia. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Notes
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