Mariachi
Stylistic origins	Son Jaliscense
Cultural origins	18th century Cocula, Jalisco
Typical instruments	Violin, guitarrón, guitarra de golpe, vihuela, guitar, trumpet, and occasionally a harp
Mainstream popularity	Popularity of this Mexican genre has grown much. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Cocula is a municipality and town in the Mexican state of Jalisco. The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member The guitarrón (literally "large guitar" in Spanish, the suffix "-ón" denoting "large" is a very large deep-bodied Mexican 6-string acoustic Vihuela is the name of two different guitar-like String instruments the historical Vihuela (proper of 16th century Spain, usually with 12 paired strings The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles The harp is a Stringed instrument which has the plane of its strings positioned perpendicular to the soundboard. Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico hosts an annual Mariachi festival every September, which draws Mariachis from throughout the world.
Subgenres
Ranchera, Traditional,
Fusion genres
Nortec
Other topics
Charro - Jarabe tapatío(also the name of a song) - Zapateado - Son Huasteco - Huapango

Mariachi is a type of musical group, originally from Cocula, Jalisco, Mexico. The ranchera is a genre of the traditional Music of Mexico. Although closely associated with the Mariachi groups which evolved in Jalisco The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of Nortec (from the combination of " norteño " and " Techno " is an electronic Musical genre from Tijuana (a border In Mexico charro is a term referring to a traditional Horseman or Cowboy of Mexico, originating in the State of Jalisco. The Jarabe Tapatío, known in English as the Mexican hat Dance, is the title of the musical piece and the dance that accompanies it which is accorded the title of the "national The zapateado is a Dance of Spanish origin characterized by a lively rhythm punctuated by the striking of the dancer's shoes akin to Tap dance Son Huasteco is a traditional Mexican musical style originating in the area of Northeastern Mexico called La Huasteca. The huapango is the name of a Mexican musical style and the accompanying lively dance of Spanish origin that is especially popular in the lands along the Cocula is a municipality and town in the Mexican state of Jalisco. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Usually a mariachi consists of at least three violins, two trumpets, one Mexican guitar, one vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar) and one guitarrón (a small-scaled acoustic bass). The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member Vihuela is the name of two different guitar-like String instruments the historical Vihuela (proper of 16th century Spain, usually with 12 paired strings The guitarrón (literally "large guitar" in Spanish, the suffix "-ón" denoting "large" is a very large deep-bodied Mexican 6-string acoustic They dress in silver studded charro outfits with wide-brimmed hats. In Mexico charro is a term referring to a traditional Horseman or Cowboy of Mexico, originating in the State of Jalisco. The original Mariachi were Mexican street musicians or buskers. Busking is the practice of performing in Public places for Tips and Gratuities. ^[1] Many mariachis are professional entertainers doing paid gigs in the mainstream entertainment industry. Professionals are normally skilled at more than one instrument, and they also sing. They sometimes accompany ranchera singers such as Vicente Fernandez. Vicente Fernandez may refer to Vicente Fernández, Mexican singer Vicente Fernandez (golfer, Argentine golfer Although ranchera singers dress in a traje de charro, they are not mariachis.

Although mariachis are hired to play at events such as weddings and other formal occasions, such as a quinceañera (fifteenth birthday celebration for girls), they are very often used to serenade women because many of the songs in a typical repertoire have as a theme the desire to touch the heart of the opposite sex. A wedding is the Ceremony in which two people are united in Marriage. The Quinceañera or Quince años is in some Spanish -speaking regions of the Americas, a young woman's celebration of her fifteenth birthday Some of the songs are sad; others are about how much that special someone appreciates your company. Trios of mariachis can be found for hire in different places at night (the best known venues are Plaza de los Mariachis in Guadalajara and Plaza Garibaldi in Mexico City) for the purposes of serenading. Guadalajara (ˌgwɑːdləˈhɑːrə Spanish pronunciation) is the capital city of the Mexican state of Jalisco, and the seat of the municipality Plaza Garibaldi is a Plaza in Mexico City famous for its gatherings of itinerant Mariachi and Jarocho bands ( Buskers. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Mother's days are also another popular occasion for mariachis.

Tourists frequently confuse mariachis with all types of buskers seen in Mexico, such as jarochos. A jarocho is a person item or style of music from Veracruz, Mexico. Mariachi refers to musicians who dress and play in a style typical of the Mexican state of Jalisco, although the style and music played has spread far beyond the limits of Jalisco and jalisciense music itself. Jalisco is a state in Mexico. The capital of Jalisco is the city of Guadalajara. Generally a guitarrón and a vihuela must be included for a group to be considered a mariachi.

Origins

Mariachi in Guadalajara, Jalisco

Mariachi music as we know it today results from the confluence of several different influences: European styled concert ensembles on haciendas composed of violins, harp, guitars, jawharps and other instruments, simpler coastal folk ensembles whose African influence gives mariachi some of its key rhythmic elements, and the harp and violin ensembles of the tierra caliente. ^[2] It originated in the Mexican state of Jalisco, in the town of Cocula, in the 19th century, the first example cited in print dates from 1880. Jalisco is a state in Mexico. The capital of Jalisco is the city of Guadalajara. Cocula is a municipality and town in the Mexican state of Jalisco. ^[3] By the end of the nineteenth century, the vihuela, two violins, and the guitarrón which had replaced the harp, were the instruments of the mariachi(s). Vihuela is the name of two different guitar-like String instruments the historical Vihuela (proper of 16th century Spain, usually with 12 paired strings The guitarrón (literally "large guitar" in Spanish, the suffix "-ón" denoting "large" is a very large deep-bodied Mexican 6-string acoustic Trumpets, now a key part of the mariachi sound were introduced later, during the early days of broadcast radio.

Etymology

Musicologists and folklorists have argued for years over the origin of mariachi.

Standard Spanish dictionaries and encyclopedias name the French word mariage (meaning wedding or marriage) as a possible origin, and date it back to the 1860s, when Maximillian of Habsburg was Emperor of Mexico. Maximilian I Emperor of Mexico (Emperador Maximiliano I de México (6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867 (born Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph was a member of Austria This is a list of Emperors and Pretenders to the Throne of Mexico. This theory was probably first put forward by Alfonso Reyes. For the professional basketball player see Alfonso Reyes (basketball Alfonso Reyes Ochoa ( 17 May 1889, Monterrey

Another probable theory of the origin of the word mariachi is that it originated in the language of the Cora, an indigenous people of Nayarit (not Jalisco where the band originated). The Cora are an indigenous ethnic group of Western Central Mexico that live in the Sierra de Nayarit and in La Mesa de Nayar in the Mexican states of It may refer to the wood used to make the instruments

History

A group of mariachi at the Guadalajara festival.

In the 19th century, many Mariachi were roaming laborers moving from one hacienda to another, often more than the average laborer. Hacienda is a Spanish word for an estate usually but not always a vast Ranch. With the revolution, however, many of the haciendas were forced to dismiss the mariachi, who then wandered from town to town singing songs (corridos) of revolutionary heroes and enemies, and carrying news from one place to another. The Mariachi took to playing in public venues for tips. One of the most popular of these venues was San Pedro Tlaquepaque in the state of Jalisco, a fashionable place for the residents of Guadalajara to spend the summer. Sister cities Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala Atwater, California, United States Jalisco is a state in Mexico. The capital of Jalisco is the city of Guadalajara. Guadalajara (ˌgwɑːdləˈhɑːrə Spanish pronunciation) is the capital city of the Mexican state of Jalisco, and the seat of the municipality

From the beginning, mariachi music was dance music. The traditional dance technique associated with both the son jalisciense and son jarocho is the zapateado. The zapateado is a Dance of Spanish origin characterized by a lively rhythm punctuated by the striking of the dancer's shoes akin to Tap dance When dancing the zapateado, which originated in Spain, the performers drive the heels of their boots into the dance-floor, pounding out swift, often syncopated rhythms which complement that of the musical instruments. Another typical mariachi dance, the Jarabe tapatío or Mexican Hat Dance, from Guadalajara in the state of Jalisco, has become the national dance of Mexico. The Jarabe Tapatío, known in English as the Mexican hat Dance, is the title of the musical piece and the dance that accompanies it which is accorded the title of the "national Guadalajara (ˌgwɑːdləˈhɑːrə Spanish pronunciation) is the capital city of the Mexican state of Jalisco, and the seat of the municipality Jalisco is a state in Mexico. The capital of Jalisco is the city of Guadalajara. It is highly stylized, with prescribed movements and costumes. The male wears the classic outfit of the Jalisco horsemen, similar to the outfit of a cowboy, or charro, while the female wears a hand-woven shawl and a bright sequined skirt. In Mexico charro is a term referring to a traditional Horseman or Cowboy of Mexico, originating in the State of Jalisco.

Until the 1930s, Mariachis were semi-professional and almost entirely unknown outside their own region. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. This began to change when Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán, founded by Gaspar Vargas in 1898, went from Jalisco to Mexico City. Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán is a Mariachi group that was founded in Tecalitlán, Jalisco, Mexico by Gaspar Vargas in 1898. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico President Lázaro Cárdenas invited them to play at his inauguration in 1934, and later to accompany him in his campaign in 1936. This article is about Gen Lázaro Cárdenas del Río For his grandson see Lázaro Cárdenas Batel. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Silvestre Vargas, who had taken over from his father as leader of the Mariachi Vargas in 1928, soon hired a trained musician, Rubén Fuentes, as musical director. Silvestre Vargas (died Guadalajara, October 7 1985 was a Mexican Mariachi musician Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Rubén Fuentes Gassón (* Ciudad Guzmán, February 15 1926) is a Mexican classical Violinist and Composer, who is best Together, Vargas and Fuentes standardized musical arrangements for many of the popular sones and insisted on the use of written music, which greatly facilitated the exchange among different mariachi bands. Their arrangements were used by the great singers of their time, including Pedro Infante, Lola Beltran, Jorge Negrete, Javier Solís and José Alfredo Jiménez. José Pedro Infante Cruz ( November 18, 1917 - April 15, 1957) better known as Pedro Infante, is perhaps the most famous actor Lola Beltrán (born María Lucila Beltrán Ruiz on March 7, 1932 in Rosario, Sinaloa &ndash died March 24, 1996 in Jorge Alberto Negrete Moreno ( November 30, 1911 &ndash December 5, 1953) is considered one of the most popular Mexican Javier Solís (Born September 1, 1931, Mexico City Mexico, Died April 19, 1966, Mexico City, Mexico) was José Alfredo Jiménez (born January 9, 1926 in Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato, died November 23, 1973 in Mexico Influenced by jazz and Cuban music in the 1950s, they introduced the trumpet into the standard ensemble, which now included six to eight violins, a guitarrón, a vihuela, a guitar, two trumpets, and occasionally a harp as well. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States The Caribbean island of Cuba has developed a wide range of creolized musical styles based on its cultural origins in Europe and Africa The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive The guitarrón (literally "large guitar" in Spanish, the suffix "-ón" denoting "large" is a very large deep-bodied Mexican 6-string acoustic Vihuela is the name of two different guitar-like String instruments the historical Vihuela (proper of 16th century Spain, usually with 12 paired strings Trumpets were also introduced to mariachi music to accommodate the technical limitations of music recording equipment available for the cinema. However, nowadays trumpets have become an essential part of the signature mariachi sound, as exemplified by the opening notes of "El Son de la Negra. "

Aided by the advent of radio, television, and the movies, mariachi music went on to become a definitive part of Mexican culture, and the Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán appeared in over 200 films in the 1940s and 1950s, often considered the Golden Age of Mexican cinema. The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949 Events and trends The 1940s was a period between the radical 1930s and the conservative 1950s which also leads the period to be The Golden Age of Mexican cinema (in Spanish: Época de oro del cine mexicano) is the name given to the period between 1935 and 1959 where the quality and The history of Mexican cinema goes back to the beginning of the 20th century when several enthusiasts of the new medium documented historical events &ndash most

Prior to the 1930s, photographs show early mariachis dressed in calzones de manta, and huaraches, homespun white cotton pants and shirts and leather sandals, the clothes worn by most peasants in Jalisco. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. During the 1930s, however, many mariachi took to wearing the traje de charro, consisting of a waist-length jacket and tightly fitted wool pants which open slightly at the ankle to fit over a short riding boot. Both pants and jacket are often ornamented with embroidery, intricately cut leather designs, or silver buttons in a variety of shapes. This outfit is often complemented by a large bow-tie, a wide belt and a large sombrero. In English -speaking countries sombrero typically refers to a type of hat originating in Mexico. It is said that General Porfirio Díaz ordered a mariachi band to wear charro suits while playing for the United States Secretary of State. José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori was a Mexican politician ( September 15, 1830 – 2 July 1915) that would later become the president of Mexico In Mexico charro is a term referring to a traditional Horseman or Cowboy of Mexico, originating in the State of Jalisco. If true, this may be the source of traditional dress for mariachi bands.

The mariachi tradition was further extended to a widespread mainstream audience in the United States when popular American folk rock singer Linda Ronstadt realized her dream of making a record of Mexican Canciones in 1987. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Linda Maria Ronstadt (born July 15 1946 in Tucson Arizona) is an American popular vocalist and Entertainer whose vocal styles in a variety Ronstadt came from a leading Arizona ranch family who had a long tradition of making and singing Mexican folk music. In 1987, her Canciones De Mi Padre disc was a surprise smash hit with the American public and brought Mariachi music to a level of recognition and credibility it had not seen before north of the border. The album went on to multi-platinum status, becoming at the time the biggest selling non-English language disc in United States history. It also spawned a successful videocassette of Linda's elaborate stage show which was later released on DVD. Ronstadt went on to record a sequel titled "Mas Canciones. "

The mariachi tradition has been extensively influenced from Mexico to the United States, Argentina and to other countries, particularly Colombia. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Colombian music is highly influenced by popular Mexican mariachi traditions.

The American composer Jeff Nevin has composed a Concerto for Mariachi and Orchestra, which was premiered by the La Jolla Symphony.

Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlan is one of the oldest mariachi's in mexico's history. Their sones are what makes them unique.

Music

Luis Miguel. Luis Miguel Gallego Basteri (born April 19, 1970) known as Luis Miguel, is a

The contemporary mariachi ensemble plays a wide range of music: sones jalisciences, rancheras, corridos, sones jarocho, sones istmeños, huapangos (or sones huastecos), boleros, canciones, jarabes, danzónes, valses, pasos dobles and recently cumbias and other modern rhythms. The ranchera is a genre of the traditional Music of Mexico. Although closely associated with the Mariachi groups which evolved in Jalisco Corrido is also a type of song in Capoeira music. For the Italian commune see Corrido Italy. Son Jarocho is a traditional musical style of Veracruz, Mexico. A jarocho is a person item or style of music from Veracruz, Mexico. The huapango is the name of a Mexican musical style and the accompanying lively dance of Spanish origin that is especially popular in the lands along the Son Huasteco is a traditional Mexican musical style originating in the area of Northeastern Mexico called La Huasteca. Bolero is a name given to more than one type of Latin-American music and its associated dance and song The jarabe is one of the most traditional song forms of the Mariachi genre Danzón was once called the official dance of Cuba Like the habanera, the danzón evolved from the Contradanza, originally of English origin brought to Cuba The acronym VALS, (for "Values Attitudes and Lifestyles" is a well-known psychographic segmentation Paso Doble or pasodoble is a lively style of Dance to the duple meter march -like Pasodoble music Cumbia is originally a Colombian Folk dance and Dance music and is Colombia 's representative national dance and music along with Vallenato

Mariachi music gets its characteristic sound from the various Jalisco sons (sones jaliscienses) that formed the basis of the early ensembles repertoire. There are two principal catgories of son in Jalisco: those from the South (sones del sur) and those from the North (sones alteñeos). The sones in the South were influenced by African music brought to the coastal regions by slaves who worked sugar plantations there during colonial times, and by the folk traditions of the high plateaus of the tirra caliente. The sones in the North were influenced by the criollo ensembles popular on haciendas. The mixture of the rhythmic complexity of music from the south and the clog-dance driven structure of the music from the north came together to form a village son jalisciense in the larger towns of central Jalisco, and from that the mariachi sound emerged. ^[4]

Technique

Traditional mariachi music is made up of a combination of song-specific melodies and common tropes (introductions, bridges, and codas). The presence of the tropes allows for an ensemble to play a piece without everyone in the ensemble needing to know it well. Much of the ensemble can play basic obligato parts for much of any given piece and still demonstrate virtuosity in the trope figures.

Mariachi violin music is typically played in fixed positions, and the positions are generally limited to I and III. The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member Most mariachi pieces are made up of collections of smaller pieces, and with respect to the violin, it's common to include some in the first and some in the fifth position. For example in the famous Jarabe Tapatío, the first two sections are in first position, followed by two section in third with a short bridge in first, after which the piece finishes in first. The nearly exclusive use of these two relatively stable positions facilitates playing together in tune. ^[5]

Attire

Mariachis play the vihuela and the guitar. The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles

The musicians’ background was from working-class and rural towns, so the first Mariachis dressed in a peasants attire, which included large straw sombreros with a chin strap, a hat band, red sarape or black wool blanket over the shoulder, long straight-cut muslin pants, a cotton shirt of the same material called manta, a red sash around the waist, and simple huaraches (sandals). Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types A peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground In English -speaking countries sombrero typically refers to a type of hat originating in Mexico. A sarape is a colorful garment worn by the people of Mexico. The traditional sarape is made in the Mexican state of Coahuila in north-eastern Mexico near the Muslin is a type of finely-woven Cotton fabric, introduced to Europe from the Middle East in the 17th century Sandals are an open type of Footwear, consisting of a sole held to the wearer's foot by straps or thongs passing over the instep and around the ankle The black wool blanket and the red sash are the only added item. ^[6] The traje de charro evokes gentleman landowners and talented cowboys (charros) of the time of Maximillian's rule. Maximilian I Emperor of Mexico (Emperador Maximiliano I de México (6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867 (born Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph was a member of Austria

Instrumentation

Current mariachi instrumentation includes a guitarrón, a vihuela, a guitar, violins, and trumpets. The guitarrón (literally "large guitar" in Spanish, the suffix "-ón" denoting "large" is a very large deep-bodied Mexican 6-string acoustic Vihuela is a name given to two different Guitar -like String instruments one from 15th and 16th century Spain, usually with 12 paired strings and the The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member Some groups might use a guitarra de golpe, a mariachi harp or even a flute. The harp is a Stringed instrument which has the plane of its strings positioned perpendicular to the soundboard. The flute is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family Unlike other woodwind instruments a flute is a Reedless wind instrument that produces its From the 70's some singers have occasionally added other instruments as accordion, organ, keyboard, harmonica, saxophone and even drums, although they were considered additions, never part of the mariachi instrumentation itself. During the last years ranchera singers as Alejandro Fernandez, Pablo Montero and Pepe Aguilar have made fusions of mariachi with orchestra and drums/percussions giving birth to a mariachi/pop ballads crossover style. Alejandro Fernández (born April 24, 1971) is a popular Latin Grammy -winning Mexican singer nicknamed as "El Potrillo" ("The Little Pablo Montero (born Oscar Daniel Hernandez on August 23 1974 in Torreon, Coahuila, Mexico) is a popular Mexican Singer Pepe Aguilar (born José Aguilar in 1968 San Antonio Texas) is an American singer of Mexican descent who sings Ranchera Music.

Venue

The Mariachi music became the symbol of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) because it represented the Mexican’s national spirit or the Spanish-indigenous blood of Mexican ethnicity. The Mexican Revolution (Revolución Mexicana was a major armed struggle that started with an uprising led by Francisco I Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar The Mariachi has different forms of music such as son, cancion ranchera, bolero ranchero, huapango and polka. The huapango is the name of a Mexican musical style and the accompanying lively dance of Spanish origin that is especially popular in the lands along the The polka is a fast lively Central European Dance and also a genre of dance music familiar throughout Europe and the Americas ^[7] As well, Mariachi is poetic using the copla and seguidilla forms. The seguidilla is a quick triple-time Spanish folksong and dance form ^[7] Mariachi music is played for serenades, baptism, birthdays, quinceañeras, weddings, Mother’s Days, funerals, conventions, store openings, company parties, civic celebrations, political campaigns, Mass, or in restaurants, bars, theaters, radio and television shows. This article is about the musical form See Serenade (disambiguation for other meanings The Quinceañera or Quince años is in some Spanish -speaking regions of the Americas, a young woman's celebration of her fifteenth birthday ^[8] This music is so anchored in Mexico’s history that it is found in all types of celebration. Over time, this popularity has divided Mariachi music into two types: the authentic folk mariachi which consists of only string instruments and the commercial urban Mariachi which has changed the original music the mariachis played. ^[9] The music was at first introduced by men; today, women mariachis have been on the rise. This came with the popularity of Mariachi music among the Mexican community living in the United States, which allowed women to be part of this cultural phenomenon. ^[10] Still, the presence of women in Mariachi bands within Mexico's borders remains scarce.

See also

• Music of Mexico

Notes

1. ^ mariachi - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
2. ^ Chamorro Escalante, Mariachi Antiguo p. 24
3. ^ Antología Del Mariachi Y El Tenampa
4. ^ Chamorro Escalante - Mariachi Antiguo p. 71
5. ^ See Laura Sobrino's transcription in Mariachi Violin Transcriptions - Pacific, MO (2000) Mel Bay Inc.
6. ^ Simonett 137
7. ^ ^{a b} Sheehy 28
8. ^ Sheehy 2, 3
9. ^ Simonett 136
10. ^ Sheehy 59

References

• Chamorro Escalante, J Arturo - Mariachi Antiguo, Jarabe y Son - Guadalajara (2006) Secretaría de Cultra de Jalisco
• Jáuregui, Jesús - El Mariachi. Símbolo Musical de México - México D. F. (2007) Taurus

External links

• Desde la Cuna del Mariachi
• Tucson's Ronstadt Family
• Female Musicians & Female Mariachi's