Marcus Junius Brutus (85–42 BC), or Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus, was a Roman senator of the late Roman Republic. The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the He is best known in modern times for taking a leading role in the assassination conspiracy against Julius Caesar. AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. ^[1]

Contents 1 Early life 2 Senate career 3 Conspiracy to kill Caesar 3.1 After the assassination 3.2 Chronology 4 Brutus in popular culture 4.1 Influence 4.2 Fiction 4.3 Drama 4.4 Music 5 Family tree 6 Notes 7 External links

Early life

Brutus was the son of Marcus Junius Brutus the Elder and Servilia Caepionis. Marcus Junius Brutus known by modern historians as Marcus Junius Brutus the Elder, was a Roman man who lived in the 1st century BC. Servilia Caepionis (b c107 BC - d after 42 BC is one of the few Roman women cited by ancient sources mainly due to her being the mistress of Julius Caesar, mother His father was a legatus to Pompey the Great; his mother was the half-sister of Cato the Younger, and later became Julius Caesar's mistress. A legatus (often anglicized as legate) was a general in the Roman army, equivalent to a modern general officer Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'pɑmpi/ Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir ( Classical Latin abbreviation Marcus Porcius Catō Uticensis (95 BC&ndash46 BC known as Cato the Younger ( Cato Minor) to distinguish him from his great-grandfather ( Cato the Elder Some sources refer to the possibility of Caesar being his real father,^[2] but this is unlikely since Caesar was 15 at the time of Brutus' birth and the affair with his mother started some 10 years later. Brutus' uncle, Quintus Servilius Caepio, adopted him when he was a young man and Brutus was known as Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus for an unknown period of time. Adoption is the act of legally placing a child with a Parent or parents other than those to whom they were born

Brutus held his uncle in high regard^[3] and his political career started when he became an assistant to Cato, during his governorship of Cyprus. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía ^[4] During this time, he enriched himself by lending money at high rates of interest. Interest is a fee paid on borrowed capital Assets lent include Money, Shares, Consumer goods through Hire purchase, major assets He returned to Rome a rich man, where he married Claudia Pulchra. Claudia Pulchra was the name of several women of Roman gens of Claudii during the 1st century BC and 1st century. ^[5] From his first appearance in the Senate, Brutus aligned with the Optimates (the conservative faction) against the First Triumvirate of Marcus Licinius Crassus, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Gaius Julius Caesar. Optimates (singular optimas, The Best of Men, Italian: ottimati; also known as the priests or boni, the See also the First Triumvirate (Argentina which came to power in 1811 Marcus Licinius Crassus ( Latin: M·LICINIVS·P·F·P·N·CRASSVS (ca Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'pɑmpi/ Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir ( Classical Latin abbreviation Gaius Julius Caesar most commonly refers to Gaius Julius Caesar (100 BC - 44 BC conqueror of Gaul dictator Gaius Julius Caesar may

Senate career

When the Roman Civil War broke out in 49 BC between Pompey and Caesar, Brutus followed his old enemy and present leader of the Optimates, Pompey. List of Civil wars involving Rome. There were several Roman civil wars, especially during the time of the late Republic. When the Battle of Pharsalus began, Caesar ordered his officers to take him prisoner if he gave himself up voluntarily, and if he persisted in fighting against capture, to let him alone and do him no violence. The Battle of Pharsalus was a decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War. ^[6] After the disaster of the battle of Pharsalus, Brutus wrote to Caesar with apologies and Caesar immediately forgave him. In his letter Brutus declared he was a strong supporter of democracy and continually pushes it throughout the letter. Caesar accepted him into his inner circle and made him governor of Gaul when he left for Africa in pursuit of Cato and Metellus Scipio. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western The Caecilii Metelli were one of the most important and wealthiest families in the Roman Republic. In 45 BC, Caesar nominated Brutus to serve as urban praetor for the following year. Praetor was a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities the commander of an Army, either before

Also, in June 45 BC, Brutus divorced his wife and married his first cousin, Porcia Catonis, Cato's daughter. Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage. Portia Catonis, also known simply as Porcia ( Classical Latin: PORCIA•CATONIS•FILIA ca ^[7][8] According to Cicero the marriage caused a semi-scandal as Brutus failed to state a valid reason for his divorce from Claudia other than he wished to marry Porcia. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman ^[9] The marriage also caused a rift between Brutus and his mother, who resented the affection Brutus had for Porcia. ^[10]

Conspiracy to kill Caesar

Around this time, many senators began to fear Caesar's growing power following his appointment as dictator for life. Vincenzo Camuccini ( February 22 1771 - September 2 1844) was an Italian painter of Neoclassic histories and religious A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator. ^[11] Brutus was pressured into joining the conspiracy against Caesar by the other senators^[12] and he also discovered messages written on the busts of his ancestors. ^[13] Brutus, influenced by his loyalty to Cato and Porcia, finally decided to move against Caesar in 44 BC. ^[14] His wife was the only woman privy to the plot. ^[15][16]

The conspirators planned to carry out their plot on the Ides of March that same year. The Ides of March ( Latin: Idus Martiae is the name of the date 15 March in the Roman calendar. On that day, Caesar was delayed going to the Senate because his wife, Calpurnia Pisonis, tried to convince him not to go. Calpurnia Pisonis ( 1st century BC) daughter of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, was a Roman woman, third and last wife of Julius Caesar ^[17] The conspirators feared the plot had been found out. ^[18] Brutus persisted, however, waiting for Caesar at the Senate, and allegedly still chose to remain even when a messenger brought him news that would otherwise have caused him to leave. ^[19] When Caesar finally did come to the Senate, they attacked him. Publius Servilius Casca was allegedly the first to attack Caesar with a blow to the shoulder, which Caesar blocked. Publius Servilius Casca was one of the assassins of Gaius Julius Caesar in 44 BC ^[20] However, upon seeing Brutus was with the conspirators, he covered his face with his toga and resigned himself to his fate. This article is about the aviation term for the Roman garment see Toga. ^[21] The conspirators attacked in such numbers that they even wounded one another. Brutus is said to have been wounded in the hand. ^[22][23]

After the assassination

After the assassination, Brutus was approached with a compromise: if Caesar was declared a tyrant, then all of Caesar's acts and senatorial appointments - Brutus' urban praetorship among other offices given to some of the assassins before they killed Caesar - would be declared null and void. In modern usage a tyrant is a single ruler holding absolute power over a State or within an Organization. This would have meant that Brutus' urban praetorship was illegal and elections would have had to be held. Conversely, if he agreed to recognize Caesar's appointments, he and the other assassins would be granted amnesty and retain their positions. Amnesty (from the Greek amnestia, oblivion is a legislative or executive act by which a state restores those who may have been guilty of an offense against it to Brutus accepted the offer, and Caesar was not declared a tyrant. Part of the offer was that Brutus had to leave Rome, which he did. After leaving Rome, Brutus lived in Crete from 44 to 42 BC. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the

In 43 BC, after Octavian received his consulship from the Roman Senate, one of his first actions was to have the people that had assassinated Julius Caesar declared murderers and enemies of the state. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected Political office of the Roman Republic and the Empire. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries ^[24] Marcus Tullius Cicero, angry at Octavian, wrote a letter to Brutus explaining that the forces of Octavian and Mark Antony were divided. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman Marcus Antonius (in Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N ( c January 14 83 BC&ndash August 1, 30 BC known in English as Mark Antony had laid siege to the province of Gaul, where he wanted a governorship. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western In response to this siege, Octavian rallied his troops and fought a series of battles in which Antony was defeated. ^[25] Upon hearing that neither Antony nor Octavian had an army big enough to defend Rome, Brutus rallied his troops, which totaled about 17 legions. For other uses see Legion The Roman Legion (from Latin legio "military levy Conscription," When Octavian heard that Brutus was on his way to Rome, he made peace with Antony. ^[26] Their armies, which together totaled about 19 legions, marched to meet Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus. For the Roman consul see Gaius Cassius Longinus (consul 171 BC. The following battles are known as the Battle of Philippi. The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Wars of the Second Triumvirate between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (the Second Triumvirate The First Battle of Philippi was fought on October 3, 42 BC, in which Brutus defeated Octavian's forces, although Cassius was defeated by Antony's forces. The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Wars of the Second Triumvirate between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (the Second Triumvirate Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's The Second Battle of Philippi was fought on October 23, 42 BC and ended in Brutus' defeat. The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Wars of the Second Triumvirate between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (the Second Triumvirate Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC -

After the defeat, he fled into the nearby hills with only about four legions. Knowing his army had been defeated and that he would be captured, Brutus committed suicide. Among his last words were, according to Plutarch, "By all means must we fly; not with our feet, however, but with our hands". Antony, as a show of great respect, ordered his body to be wrapped in his own most expensive cloak. Brutus was cremated, and his ashes were sent to his mother, Servilia Caepionis. Cremation is the act of reducing a Corpse by burning, generally in a crematorium furnace or crematory fire Servilia Caepionis (b c107 BC - d after 42 BC is one of the few Roman women cited by ancient sources mainly due to her being the mistress of Julius Caesar, mother ^[27] His wife Porcia was reported to have committed suicide upon hearing of her husband's death. ^{[28][29][30][31]}

Chronology

• 85 BC – Brutus was born in Rome
• 58 BC – He was made assistant to Cato, governor of Cyprus
• 53 BC – He was given the quaestorship in Cilicia
• 49 BC – Brutus followed Pompey to Greece during the civil war against Caesar
• 48 BC – Brutus was pardoned by Caesar
• 46 BC – He was made governor of Gaul
• 45 BC – He was made Praetor
• 44 BC – Murdered Caesar with other Senators; went to Athens and then to Crete
• 42 BC – Brutus tries for Rome
  • October 3 - First Battle of Philippi – Defeated Octavian, but Antony defeated Cassius, who committed suicide
  • October 23 - Second Battle of Philippi – His army was decisively defeated; Brutus escaped, but committed suicide soon after. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'pɑmpi/ Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir ( Classical Latin abbreviation A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Praetor was a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities the commander of an Army, either before Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Wars of the Second Triumvirate between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (the Second Triumvirate The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Wars of the Second Triumvirate between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (the Second Triumvirate

Brutus in popular culture

Influence

• The phrase Sic semper tyrannis! ("Thus always to tyrants!") is attributed to Brutus at Caesar's assassination. Sic semper tyrannis is a Latin phrase meaning "thus ever (or always to tyrants The phrase is also the official motto of the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state
• John Wilkes Booth, the assassin of Abraham Lincoln, was inspired by Brutus. Abraham Lincoln assassination John Wilkes Booth (May 10 1838 – April 26 1865 was an American stage actor who assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Booth's father, Junius Brutus Booth, was named for Brutus, and Booth (as Mark Antony) and his brother (as Brutus) had performed in a production of Julius Caesar in New York just six months before the assassination. Junius Brutus Booth (May 1 1796&ndashNovember 30 1852 was an English Actor. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous On the night of the assassination, Booth is alleged to have shouted "Sic semper tyrannis" while leaping to the stage of Ford's Theater. Ford's Theatre is a historic Theatre in Washington DC, used for various Lamenting the negative reaction to his deed, Booth wrote in his journal on April 21, 1865, while on the run, "[W]ith every man's hand against me, I am here in despair. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year And why; For doing what Brutus was honored for . . . And yet I for striking down a greater tyrant than they ever knew am looked upon as a common cutthroat. "
• The well-known phrase "Et tu, Brute?" (commonly translated as "And you, Brutus?") was said to be Caesar's last utterance, although the sources describing Caesar's death dissent about what his last words were (if he said any at all). " Et tu Brute? " ("You too Brutus?" or "And you Brutus?" or "Even you Brutus?" is a Latin phrase often used poetically to represent

Fiction

• Dante Alighieri considered Brutus to be the epitome of betrayal, and in his Inferno section of the Divine Comedy (Inf. An epitome ( Greek epitemnein —to cut short is a summary or miniature form also used as a Synonym for embodiment The Divine Comedy , XXXIV, 64-67), portrayed Brutus being chewed, but never consumed, by Satan, along with Judas Iscariot and Gaius Cassius Longinus at the very lowest level of Hell. Satan, ( Standard Hebrew Satan'el, English accuser) is a term that originates from the Abrahamic faiths, being traditionally Judas Iscariot, יהודה איש־קריות Yəhûḏāh ʾΚ-qəriyyôṯ was according to the New Testament, one of the twelve original apostles For the Roman consul see Gaius Cassius Longinus (consul 171 BC. Hell, according to many Religious beliefs, is a location in the Afterlife, which may be described as a place of suffering
• Shakespeare has Mark Antony describe Brutus as "the noblest Roman of them all" in the final scene of Julius Caesar.
• In the Masters of Rome novels of Colleen McCullough, Brutus is portrayed as a timid intellectual who hates Caesar for personal reasons. Masters of Rome is a series of Historical fiction Novels by author Colleen McCullough (b Colleen McCullough AO (born 1 June 1937 is an internationally acclaimed Australian author Cassius and Trebonius use him as a figurehead because of his family connections. Gaius Trebonius (died 43 BC was a military commander and politician of the late Roman Republic, a trusted associate of Julius Caesar who later participated in his He appears in Fortune's Favourites, Caesar's Women, Caesar and The October Horse. Fortune's Favourites is the third Historical novel in Colleen McCullough 's Masters of Rome series Caesar's Women is the fourth Historical novel in Colleen McCullough 's Masters of Rome series published on 21 March 1996  Caesar (also known by its subtitle Let the Dice Fly) is the fifth Historical novel in Colleen McCullough 's Masters of Rome The October Horse is the sixth novel in Colleen McCullough 's Masters of Rome series.
• A highly fictionalized Brutus is one of the prominent characters in the Emperor series by Conn Iggulden. Conn Iggulden is a British Author, who mainly writes Historical fiction.
• Ides of March is an epistolatory novel by Thornton Wilder dealing with characters and events leading to, and culminating in, the assassination of Julius Caesar. Ides of March is an Epistolary novel by Thornton Wilder. It is in the author's words 'a fantasia on certain events and persons of the last days of the An epistolary novel German Briefroman ---> is a Novel written as a series of documents Thornton Niven Wilder ( April 17, 1897 &ndash December 7, 1975) was an American Playwright and Novelist.
• In a parody of the Shakespeare play featured in Simpsons Comics, Brutus is portrayed by Waylon Smithers (as Caesar is portrayed by Mr. Burns). Waylon Smithers Jr is a recurring Fictional character in the animated series The Simpsons, who is voiced by Harry Shearer. Charles Montgomery Burns, also referred to as Mr Burns is a recurring Fictional character and Antagonist in the animated television series At one point, the conspirator (played by Homer Simpson) mistakenly addresses him as Bluto, in reference to the naming confusion of Popeye's nemesis. Homer Jay Simpson is a main fictional character in the animated television series The Simpsons and father of the eponymous family. Bluto (sometimes known as Brutus) is a cartoon character created in 1932 by Elzie Crisler Segar as a one-time character named "Bluto the Terrible" in his Popeye the Sailor Man is a fictional hero famous for appearing in comic strips and animated films as well as numerous TV shows
• Asterix comics sometimes portray a bored Brutus sitting next to Julius Caesar. The Adventures of Asterix ( French: Astérix or Astérix le Gaulois) is a series of French Caesar's words to him are often unintentionally prophetic, but apply only to comically mundane, everyday situations. Examples include "I don't like your habits with that knife" in response to Brutus playing with a dagger, and "et tu, brute" ("you too, Brutus", Shakespeare's version of Caesar's last words) as an instruction when Brutus doesn't applaud with a crowd. Generally a very minor character, Brutus is the main antagonist in the comic Asterix and Son. Asterix and Son is the twenty-seventh volume of the Asterix comic book series, created by René Goscinny (stories and Albert Uderzo The character appears in the live action adaptations Asterix and Obelix vs Caesar (played by Didier Cauchy) and Asterix at the Olympic Games . Asterix and Obelix vs Caesar (Aust or Asterix & Obelix take on Caesar (UK (French Astérix et Obélix contre César) is a Franco Asterix at the Olympic Games (French Astérix aux Jeux Olympiques) is a French movie adapted from René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo In the latter film, he is portrayed as a comical villain by Belgian actor Benoît Poelvoorde . The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Benoît Poelvoorde (born September 22, 1964, in Namur, Belgium) is a Belgian Actor. He is a central character to the film, even though he was not depicted in the original Asterix at the Olympic Games comic book. Asterix at the Olympic Games is the 12th Comic book album in the Asterix series. In contradiction with historical facts, he is implied in that film to be Julius Caesar's biological son.
• Brutus is a frequent supporting character in Xena: Warrior Princess. Xena Warrior Princess is an American Television series that aired from September 15 1995 until June 18 2001 Early on, played by Grant Triplow, he is the loyal right hand of Caesar. Caesar is a Fictional character from the television series Xena Warrior Princess loosely based on the Roman leader of the same name. Later, played by David Franklin, he becomes a more complex character, torn between his sense of honor and justice and his loyalty to Caesar. David Franklin (born May 7, 1962) is an Australian actor best known to audiences for his role as Meeklo Braca in the Science fiction He is convinced by Xena and Gabrielle, to whom he is somewhat endeared, of Caesar's treachery. That was the prime consideration in killing him. Later, during a plot to conquer Egypt against Mark Antony and Augustus, he kills Cleopatra by sending her an asp, and is killed in turn by Gabrielle in a gory duel. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Cleopatra VII Philopator (in Greek, Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; January 69 BC &ndash 30 BC was a Hellenistic ruler of Egypt
• In the film Mean Girls, the character of Gretchen feels undermined by a popular friend and reads an essay in English class, saying Why should Caesar get to stomp around like a giant, while the rest of us try not to get smushed under his big feet? What's so great about Caesar? Brutus is just as cute as Caesar. Mean Girls is a 2004 American teen Comedy film, directed by Mark Waters and starring Lindsay Lohan Brutus is just as smart as Caesar. People totally like Brutus just as much as they like Caesar. And when did it become okay for one person to be the boss of everybody, huh? Because that's not what Rome is about. We should totally just stab Caesar!

Drama

• A slightly fictionalized Marcus Junius Brutus appears in the 2005 HBO television series Rome, played by Tobias Menzies. Marcus Junius Brutus is a historical figure who features as a character in the HBO / BBC2 original Television series ''Rome'', played by Rome is a BAFTA, Golden Globe and Emmy -nominated historical drama Television series co-created by John Milius Tobias Menzies, (born 7 March 1974 in London, England) is an British stage television and film actor best known for his role as
• Marcus Brutus also appears in the highly fictionalized 2005 six-part mini series Empire, played by James Frain. A miniseries (also mini-series) in a serial Storytelling medium is a production which tells a story in a pre-planned limited number of episodes Empire is a six part Miniseries that first aired on ABC in 2005 James Frain (born March 14, 1968) is an English stage and screen Actor.

Music

• Swedish Rock & Roll band The Hives have a song titled "B is for Brutus" on their 2004 album Tyrannosaurus Hives. The Hives are a Swedish Rock band that first rose to prominence in the early 2000s as a leading group of the garage rock revival, playing Garage punk. Tyrannosaurus Hives is the third full-length album by The Hives, released on July 20, 2004.

Family tree

• (1)=1st husband/wife
• (2)=2nd husband/wife
• x=assassin of Caesar

Salonia (2)

Cato the Elder

Licinia (1)

Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus

Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus

Marcus Livius Drusus

Marcus Porcius Cato (2)

Livia Drusa

Quintus Servilius Caepio the Younger(1)

Marcus Livius Drusus

Atilia (1)

Cato the Younger

Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus, adoptive son

Marcus Junius Brutus the Elder (1)

Servilia Caepionis

Decimus Junius Silanus (2)

Servilia the younger

Quintus Servilius Caepio

Porcia Catonis

Marcus Junius Brutus x

Junia Prima

Junia Tertia

Gaius Cassius Longinus x

Marcus Porcius Cato (II)

Junia Secunda

Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)

Descendant of Pompey and Lucius Cornelius Sulla

Lepidus the Younger

Manius Aemilius Lepidus

Aemilia Lepida II

Notes

External links

• Information on Marcus Junius Brutus from www.Greektext.com
• Livius.org: Brutus

• Media related to Marcus Junius Brutus from the Wikimedia Commons.

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