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Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr.

Garvey in 1924
Born August 17, 1887(1887-08-17)
Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica
Died June 10, 1940 (aged 52)
London, England
Occupation Publisher, Journalist
Known for Activism, National Hero of Jamaica
Parents Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Sr. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Brief history St Ann is one of the oldest populated areas in the island of Jamaica tracing back to 600 - 650 A Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change The Order of National Hero is an honour awarded by the government of Jamaica.
Sarah Jane Richards
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Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa African American history is the portion of American history that specifically discusses the African American or Black American ethnic group in the United The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World The word Maafa (also known as the African Holocaust or Holocaust of Enslavement) is derived from a Swahili word meaning disaster terrible occurrence or Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth The Military history of African Americans spans from the arrival of the first black slaves during the colonial history of the United The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted primarily but not exclusively in the Southern and border states of the United States between 1876 and 1965 Redlining is the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services such as Banking, Insurance, access to jobs access to health care or even Supermarkets The American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968 refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Afrocentrism or Afrocentricity is a World view that emphasizes the importance of African people in culture philosophy and history Reparations for Slavery is a proposal by some in the United States that some type of compensation should be provided to the descendants of enslaved people in African American culture in the United States refers to the cultural contributions of African ethnic groups to the culture of the United States either as part of or distinct from African American studies is a subset of Black studies or Africana studies. African American neighborhoods or black neighborhoods are types of Ethnic enclaves found in many cities in the United States. Historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs) are institutions of Higher education in the United States that were established before 1964 with the intention Kwanzaa is a week-long holiday celebrated primarily in the United States, honoring African-American heritage African American art is a broad term describing the visual arts of the American black community This is an incomplete list of museums which can or may never satisfy any objective standard for completeness African American dances in the vernacular tradition (academically known as "African American vernacular dance" are those dances which have developed within African African American literature is the body of Literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent African American music (also called black music) is an umbrella term given to a range of Music and Musical genres emerging from or influenced by the The term black church or African American church refers to predominantly African-American Christian churches that minister to predominantly black congregations This theology maintains that African Americans must be liberated from multiple forms of bondage — social political economic and religious Black theology refers to a variety of Christian theologies which has as its base in the The Doctrine of Father Divine is the teachings of the late Father Divine (d The Nation of Islam ( NOI) (أمة الإسلام Ummah al-Islāmu) is a group founded in Detroit, Michigan, Black Hebrew Israelites (also Black Hebrews, African Hebrew Israelites, and Hebrew Israelites) are groups of people of Black African ancestry Vodou ( Anglicized: Voodoo) or Vaudoo is a family of New World syncretistic religions primarily based on the faiths of the Hoodoo is a form of predominantly African-American traditional folk magic. Santería, also known as La Regla de Lukumi (Lukumi's Rule and The Way of the Saints is an Afro-Cuban religious tradition derived from traditional beliefs Pan-Africanism is a Sociopolitical World view, and Philosophy, as well as a movement which seeks to unify both Native Africans and those of Black nationalism (BN advocates a racial definition (or redefinition of black national identity as opposed to Multiculturalism. Black Power is a racially based Political slogan and a name for various associated ideologies Black Capitalism is a movement among African Americans to build wealth through the ownership and development of businesses Black conservatism is an international political and social movement rooted in communities of African descent that aligns largely with the conservative movement Following the collapse of Reconstruction, African Americans created a broad-based independent political movement in the South black populism that influence all The African American left tends to support leftist positions on social issues and an expansive state that aims at bringing about equality of outcome between the African The Black Panther Party (originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was a Marxist / Maoist African-American organization established Garveyism is an aspect of Black Nationalism which takes its source from the works words and deeds of UNIA-ACL founder Marcus Garvey. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, usually abbreviated as NAACP, is one of the oldest and most influential Civil rights organizations The Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC) is an American Civil rights organization The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (or SNCC, pronounced "snick" was one of the principal organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement The National Urban League ( NUL) formerly known as the National League of black men and women, is a Civil rights organization based in New York City The Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH is a non-profit organization founded in Chicago, Illinois, on September 9, The United Negro College Fund ( UNCF) is a Fairfax, Virginia -based American philanthropic organization that fundraises College tuition The National Black Chamber of Commerce was incorporated in 1993 by Harry Alford who in 2007 continues as CEO History The National Pan-Hellenic Council was established in an age when Racial segregation and disenfranchisement plagued African Americans, the rise of each The Links Incorporated is an exclusive non-profit organization based upon the ideals of combining friendship and community service The National Council of Negro Women (NCNW is a Non-profit organization with the mission to advance the opportunities and the quality of life for African American women their Part of the History of baseball in the United States series The Negro leagues were American professional Baseball leagues History The Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association, founded on the campus of Hampton Institute (now Hampton University) in 1912 is the oldest African-American Conference sports Conference member schools Current members Former members Conference Stadia Championships The Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC is a Collegiate athletic conference of historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs in the Southeastern "Southwestern Conference" redirects here For the former major conference in Texas and Arkansas see Southwest Conference; for the Ohio High School Conference English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Gullah language (Sea Island Creole English Geechee is a Creole language spoken by the Gullah people (also called "Geechees" an African Louisiana Creole is a French Creole language spoken by the mixed Louisiana Creole people of the state of Louisiana. African American Vernacular English ( AAVE) – also called African American English; less precisely Black English, Black Vernacular, Notable African-Americans or Black Americans For people from current African countries see lists for individual countries List of first African-American mayors for most mayor listings African Americans are a demographic minority in the United States. This is a list of landmark legislation, court decisions, executive orders and proclamations in the United States significantly affecting African Americans This is an alphabetical list of African-American-related topics: A African American African American culture This is a list of articles that are related to African and black people , National Hero of Jamaica (August 17, 1887–June 10, 1940[1]), was a publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, Black nationalist, orator, and founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL). The Order of National Hero is an honour awarded by the government of Jamaica. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends An entrepreneur is a person who has possession over a company enterprise, or Venture, and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome Black nationalism (BN advocates a racial definition (or redefinition of black national identity as opposed to Multiculturalism. The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA is an international self-help organization founded by Marcus Garvey. [2]

Prior to the twentieth century, leaders such as Prince Hall, Martin Delaney, Edward Wilmot Blyden, and Henry Highland Garnet advocated the involvement of the African diaspora in African affairs. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Prince Hall (c1735 &ndash December 4, 1807) is considered the founder of "Black Freemasonry " in the United States, known today as Martin Robison Delany ( May 6, 1812 January 24, 1885) was an African-American abolitionist, arguably the first proponent Edward Wilmot Blyden ( 3 August, 1832 &ndash 7 February, 1912) was an Americo-Liberian educator writer diplomat and politician Henry Highland Garnet ( December 23, 1815 &ndash February 13, 1882) was an African American Abolitionist and The African diaspora was the movement of Africans and their descendants to places throughout the world - predominantly to the Americas, then later to Europe, the Garvey was unique in advancing a Pan-African philosophy to inspire a global mass movement focusing on Africa known as Garveyism. Pan-Africanism is a Sociopolitical World view, and Philosophy, as well as a movement which seeks to unify both Native Africans and those of Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Mass wasting, also known as slope movement, is the geomorphic process by which Soil, Regolith, and rock move downslope under Garveyism is an aspect of Black Nationalism which takes its source from the works words and deeds of UNIA-ACL founder Marcus Garvey. [2] Promoted by the UNIA as a movement of African Redemption, Garveyism would eventually inspire others, ranging from the Nation of Islam, to the Rastafari movement (which proclaims Garvey to be a prophet). The Nation of Islam ( NOI) (أمة الإسلام Ummah al-Islāmu) is a group founded in Detroit, Michigan, The Rastafari movement (also known as Rastafari, Rastafarianism or simply Rasta) is a monotheistic, Abrahamic, New Testament The intention of the movement was for those of African ancestry to "redeem" Africa and for the European colonial powers to leave it. An ancestor is a Parent or ( recursively) the parent of an ancestor (i His essential ideas about Africa were stated in an editorial in the Negro World entitled “African Fundamentalism” where he wrote:

“ Our union must know no clime, boundary, or nationality… let us hold together under all climes and in every country…[3] ”

Contents

Early years

Garvey was born on August 17, 1887 at 32 Market Street in Saint Ann's Bay, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica to Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Sr. Negro World was a weekly newspaper established in January 1918 in New York City, which served as the voice of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and Brief history St Ann is one of the oldest populated areas in the island of Jamaica tracing back to 600 - 650 A , a mason, and Sarah Jane Richards, a domestic worker and farmer. Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar, and the term "masonry" can also refer to the units themselves A farmer is a person who raises living organisms for food or raw materials Of eleven siblings, only Marcus and his sister Indiana reached maturity. [4] Garvey's father was known to have a large library, and it was from his father that Marcus gained his love for reading. [2][5] Sometime in the year 1900, Garvey entered into an apprenticeship with his uncle, Alfred Burrowes. Apprenticeship is a system of Training a new generation of practitioners of a skill Like Garvey Sr, Mr. Burrowes had an extensive library, of which young Garvey made good use. [6][7]

Near the age of fourteen, Garvey left Saint Ann's Bay for Kingston, where he found employment as a compositor in the printery of P. Kingston is the Capital and largest city of Jamaica and is located on the southeastern coast of the island country A. Benjamin Limited. He was a master printer and foreman at Benjamin when, in November of 1907, he was elected vice-president of the Kingston Union. However, he was fired when he joined a strike by printers in late 1908. Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by Employees to perform work. Having been blacklisted for his stance in the strike, he later found work at the Government Printing Office. In 1909, his newspaper The Watchman began publication, but it only lasted for three issues.

In 1910, Garvey left Jamaica and began traveling throughout the Central American region. He lived in Costa Rica for several months, where he worked as a time-keeper on a banana plantation. Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco He began work as editor for a daily newspaper entitled 'La Nacionale' in 1911. Later that year, he moved to Colón, Panama, where he edited a tri-weekly newspaper before returning to Jamaica in 1912. Colón is a Sea port on the Caribbean Sea coast of Panama. The City lies near the Atlantic entrance to the Panama Canal

After years of working in the Caribbean, Garvey left Jamaica to live in London from 1912 to 1914, where, he attended Birkbeck College, worked for the African Times and Orient Review, published by Dusé Mohamed Ali, and sometimes spoke at Hyde Park's Speakers' Corner. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Birkbeck University of London, sometimes referred to by its former (and still legal name Birkbeck College or by the abbreviation BBK, is a constituent college Dusé Mohamed Ali ( Bey Effendi) ( November 21 1866 - June 25 1945)(دوسي محمد علي was an African Hyde Park is one of the largest Parks in central London, England and one of the Royal Parks of London, famous for its Speakers' Corner A Speakers' Corner is an area where Public speaking is allowed

Founding and Projects of the UNIA-ACL

During his travels, Garvey became convinced that uniting Blacks was the only way to improve their condition. Towards that end, he departed England on June 14, 1914 aboard the S. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year S. Trent, reaching Jamaica on July 15, 1914. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was founded in August 1914 as a means of uniting all of Africa and its diaspora into "one grand racial hierarchy. The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA is an international self-help organization founded by Marcus Garvey. " Amy Ashwood, who would later be Garvey's first wife, was among the founders. Amy Ashwood Garvey ( 10 January 1897 - 11 May 1969) was a Jamaican Pan-Africanist activist As the group's first President-General, his goal was "to unite all people of African ancestry of the world to one great body to establish a country and absolute government of their own. "[8]

Following much reflection the following day and night about what he learned, "the vision and thought came" to "name the organization the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities (Imperial) League. "[9]

After corresponding with Booker T. Washington, Garvey arrived in the U. Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5 1856 &ndash November 14 1915 was an American educator orator author and leader of the African-American community S. on March 23, 1916 aboard the S. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year S. Tallac to give a lecture tour and to raise funds for the establishment of a school in Jamaica modeled after Washington's Tuskegee Institute. Tuskegee University is a private, historically black university located in Tuskegee, Alabama, United States. Garvey visited Tuskegee, and afterward, visited with a number of Black leaders. After moving to New York, he found work as a printer by day. He was influenced by Hubert Harrison, and at night he would speak on street corners, much like he did in London's Hyde Park. Hubert Henry Harrison (April 27 1883 - December 17 1927 a St Croix, Virgin Islands -born and Harlem -based writer orator educator critic and It was then that Garvey perceived a leadership vacuum among people of African ancestry, and so on May 9, 1916, he held his first public lecture in New York City at St Mark's Church in-the-Bowery and undertook a 38-state speaking tour. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The City of New York St Mark's Church in-the-Bowery, also known as St-Marks-In-The-Bowery, at 131 East 10th Street is located at the intersection of 10th and Stuyvesant Streets and 2nd Avenue

In May of 1917, Garvey and thirteen others formed the first UNIA division outside Jamaica and began advancing ideas promoting social, political, and economic freedom for Blacks. Economic freedom is freedom to produce trade and consume any goods and services acquired without the use of force fraud or theft On July 2, the East St. Louis riots broke out. East St Louis is a city located in St Clair County Illinois, USA directly across the Mississippi River from St On July 8, Garvey delivered an address, entitled "The Conspiracy of the East St. Louis Riots," at Lafayette Hall in Harlem. Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, long known as a major African American cultural and business center During the speech, he declared the riot was "one of the bloodiest outrages against mankind. " By October, rancor within the UNIA had begun to set in. A split occurred in the Harlem division, with Garvey enlisted to become its leader; although he still technically held the same position in Jamaica.

Garvey next set about the business of developing a program to improve the conditions of those of African ancestry "at home and abroad" under UNIA auspices. On August 17, 1918, publication of the widely distributed Negro World newspaper began. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Negro World was a weekly newspaper established in January 1918 in New York City, which served as the voice of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and Garvey worked as an editor for free up until November 1920. By June of 1919 the membership of the organization had grown to over two million.

On June 27, 1919, the Black Star Line of Delaware, was incorporated by the members of the UNIA with Garvey as President. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Black Star Line was a shipping line incorporated by Marcus Garvey, who organized the UNIA (United Negro Improvement Association By September, it obtained its first ship. Much fanfare surrounded the inspection of the S. S. Yarmouth and its rechristening as the S. S. Frederick Douglass on September 14, 1919. Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, February 14 1818 February 20 1895 was an American abolitionist, editor, Orator Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Such a rapid accomplishment garnered attention from many.

One person who noticed was Edwin P. Kilroe, Assistant District Attorney in the District Attorney's office of the County of New York. A district attorney (DA is in some US jurisdictions the title of the local public official who represents the government in the prosecution of alleged criminals Kilroe began an investigation into the activities of the UNIA, without finding any evidence of wrongdoing or mismanagement. After being called to Kilroe's office numerous times without any resolution, Garvey wrote an editorial on Kilroe's activities for the Negro World. Garvey was arrested and indicted for criminal libel in relation to the article, but charges were dismissed after Garvey published a retraction.

While in his Harlem office at 56 West 156th Street on October 14, 1919, Garvey received a visit from a man by the name of George Tyler, who told him that Kilroe "had sent him" to get Garvey. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Tyler then pulled a . 38-calibre revolver and fired four shots, wounding Garvey in the right leg and scalp. Garvey was taken to the hospital and Tyler arrested. The next day, Tyler apparently committed suicide by jumping from the third tier of the Harlem jail while he was being taken to his arraignment.

By August 1920, the UNIA claimed four million members. That month, the International Convention of the UNIA was held. With delegates from all over the world in attendance, over 25,000 people filled Madison Square Garden on August 1 to hear Garvey speak. Madison Square Garden, often abbreviated as MSG, and known colloquially as The Garden, has been the name of four Arenas in New York City.

Another of Garvey's ventures was the Negro Factories Corporation. Negro Factories Corporation was one of the ventures of the UNIA-ACL which sought to "build and operate factories in the big industrial centers of the United States His plan called for creating the infrastructure to manufacture every marketable commodity in every big U. S. industrial center, as well as in Central America, the West Indies, and Africa. Related endeavors included a grocery chain, restaurant, publishing house, and other businesses.

 A speech by Marcus Garvey:

"Explanation of the Objects of the Universal Negro Improvement Association"

Complete 1921 speech
Problems listening to the file? See media help.

Convinced that Blacks should have a permanent homeland in Africa, Garvey sought to develop Liberia. Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire

The Liberia program, launched in 1920, was intended to build colleges, universities, industrial plants, and railroads as part of an industrial base from which to operate. However, it was abandoned in the mid-1920s after much opposition from European powers with interests in Liberia. In response to suggestions that he wanted to take all Americans of African ancestry back to Africa, he wrote, "We do not want all the Negroes in Africa. Some are no good here, and naturally will be no good there. "[10]

Garvey has been credited with creating the biggest movement of people of African descent. This movement that took place in the 1920s is said to have had more participation from people of African descent than the Civil Rights Movement. See also Protests of 1968 Historically the civil rights movement was a concentrated period of time around the world of approximately twenty years (1960-1980 in In essence the UNIA was the largest Pan-African movement.

Charge of mail fraud

In a memorandum dated October 11, 1919[11], J. Edgar Hoover, special assistant to the Attorney General, and head of the General Intelligence Division (or "anti-radical division"),[12] of The Bureau of Investigation or BOI (after 1935, the Federal Bureau of Investigation)[13] wrote a memorandum to Special Agent Ridgely regarding Marcus Garvey. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Postnominal initials In most Common law jurisdictions the Attorney General, or Attorney-General, is the main legal advisor to the government and in some jurisdictions may in addition In the memo, Hoover wrote that:

“ … he [Garvey] has not as yet violated any federal law whereby he could be proceeded against on the grounds of being an undesirable alien, from the point of view of deportation. [14][15] ”

Sometime around November of 1919 an investigation by the BOI was begun into the activities of Garvey and the UNIA. Towards this end, the BOI hired James Edward Amos, Arthur Lowell Brent, Thomas Leon Jefferson, James Wormley Jones, and Earl E. Jones James Wormley (born September 22, 1884 in Fort Monroe, Virginia, United States - died December 11, 1958 Titus as its first five African-American agents. Although initial efforts by the BOI were to find grounds upon which to deport Garvey as "an undesirable alien", a charge of mail fraud was brought against Garvey in connection with stock sales of the Black Star Line after the U.S. Post Office and the Attorney General joined the investigation. Mail fraud refers to any scheme which attempts to unlawfully obtain money or valuables in which the Postal system is used at any point in the commission of a criminal offense The Black Star Line was a shipping line incorporated by Marcus Garvey, who organized the UNIA (United Negro Improvement Association In most Common law jurisdictions the Attorney General, or Attorney-General, is the main legal advisor to the government and in some jurisdictions may in addition [15]

The accusation centered on the fact that the corporation had not yet purchased a ship with the name "Phyllis Wheatley". A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business Phillis Wheatley (1753 – December 5, 1784) was the first published African American poet whose writings helped create the genre of African American Although one was pictured with that name emblazoned on its bow on one of the company's stock brochures it had not actually been purchased by the BSL and still had the name Orion. The bow (pronounced &mdashrhymes with how) is a nautical term that refers to the forward part of the hull of a Ship or Boat, The prosecution produced as evidence a single empty envelope which it claimed contained the brochure. During the trial, a man by the name of Benny Dancy testified that he didn't remember what was in the envelope, although he regularly received brochures from the Black Star Line. Another witness for the prosecution, Schuyler Cargill, perjured himself after admitting[16] to having been told to mention certain dates in his testimony by Chief Prosecutor Maxwell S. Mattuck. Furthermore, he admitted that he could not remember the names of any coworkers in the office, including the timekeeper who punched employees time cards. Ultimately, he acknowledged being told to lie by Postal Inspector F. E. Shea [17]. He said Shea told him to state that he mailed letters containing the purportedly fraudulent brochures. The Black Star Line did own and operate several ships over the course of its history and was in the process of negotiating for the disputed ship at the time the charges were brought.

Of the four Black Star Line officers charged in connection with the enterprise, only Garvey was found guilty of using the mail service to defraud. His supporters called the trial fraudulent. While there were serious accounting irregularities within the Black Star Line and the claims he used to sell Black Star Line stock could be considered misleading, Garvey's supporters still contest that the prosecution was a politically motivated miscarriage of justice, given the above-mentioned false statement testimony and Hoover's explicit regret that Garvey had committed no crimes. A false statement is a statement that can be either willfully or unknowingly untrue

When the trial ended on June 23, 1923, Garvey had been sentenced to five years in prison. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He initially spent three months in the Tombs Jail awaiting approval of bail. " The Tombs " is the colloquial name for the Manhattan Detention Complex a Jail in Lower Manhattan at 125 White Street as well as the popular name While on bail, he continued to maintain his innocence, travel, speak and organize the UNIA. After numerous attempts at appeal were unsuccessful, he was taken into custody and began serving his sentence at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary on February 8, 1925. Atlanta Federal Penitentiary, is a medium-security prison for men in Atlanta Georgia. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [18] Two days later, he penned his well known "First Message to the Negroes of the World From Atlanta Prison" wherein he makes his famous proclamation:

“ Look for me in the whirlwind or the storm, look for me all around you, for, with God's grace, I shall come and bring with me countless millions of black slaves who have died in America and the West Indies and the millions in Africa to aid you in the fight for Liberty, Freedom and Life. [19] ”

Professor Judith Stein has stated, “his politics were on trial. ”[20]

Garvey's sentence was eventually commuted by President Calvin Coolidge. John Calvin Coolidge Jr (July 4 1872 January 5 1933 was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929 Upon his release in November 1927, Garvey was deported via New Orleans to Jamaica, where a large crowd met him at Orrett's Wharf in Kingston. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. Kingston is the Capital and largest city of Jamaica and is located on the southeastern coast of the island country A huge procession and band converged on UNIA headquarters.

Criticism

While W. E. B. Du Bois expressed the Black Star Line was “original and promising,”[21] he also said: “Marcus Garvey is, without doubt, the most dangerous enemy of the Negro race in America and in the world. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (duːˈbɔɪz ( February 23, 1868 August 27, 1963) was an American Civil rights activist The Black Star Line was a shipping line incorporated by Marcus Garvey, who organized the UNIA (United Negro Improvement Association He is either a lunatic or a traitor. ”[22] Du Bois feared that Garvey's activities would undermine his efforts toward black rights.

Garvey suspected Du Bois was prejudiced against him because he was a Caribbean native with darker skin. Garvey called Du Bois “purely and simply a white man's nigger" and "a little Dutch, a little French, a little Negro … a mulatto … a monstrosity. ” This led to an acrimonious relationship between Garvey and the NAACP. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, usually abbreviated as NAACP, is one of the oldest and most influential Civil rights organizations [23] Garvey accused Du Bois of paying conspirators to sabotage the Black Star Line to destroy his reputation. Du Bois was, nevertheless, a strong supporter of Pan-Africanism. Pan-Africanism is a Sociopolitical World view, and Philosophy, as well as a movement which seeks to unify both Native Africans and those of [24][25]

Garvey recognized the influence of the Ku Klux Klan, and in early 1922, he went to Atlanta, Georgia for a conference with KKK imperial giant Edward Young Clarke. Ku Klux Klan ( KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic terrorist organizations in the United States, generally in the southern states that are The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule

According to Garvey, “I regard the Klan, the Anglo-Saxon clubs and White American societies, as far as the Negro is concerned, as better friends of the race than all other groups of hypocritical whites put together. I like honesty and fair play. You may call me a Klansman if you will, but, potentially, every white man is a Klansman, as far as the Negro in competition with whites socially, economically and politically is concerned, and there is no use lying. ”[26]

After Garvey's entente with the Ku Klux Klan, a number of African American leaders appealed to U. S. Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty to have Garvey incarcerated. Harry Micajah Daugherty ( January 26, 1860 &ndash October 12, 1941) (daw- HER -tee was an American politician [27]

Later years

Garvey travelled to Geneva in 1928 to present the Petition of the Negro Race, which outlined the worldwide abuse of Africans, to the League of Nations. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 In September 1929, he founded the People's Political Party (PPP), Jamaica's first modern political party, which focused on workers' rights, education, and aid to the poor. The People's Political Party (also known as the PPP) was Jamaica's first modern political party Labor rights or workers' rights are a group of Legal rights and claimed Human rights having to do with Labor relations between Workers Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency

Also in 1929, Garvey was elected councilor for the Allman Town Division of the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation (KSAC). He lost his seat, however, because of having to serve a prison sentence for contempt of court, but in 1930, he was re-elected, unopposed, along with two other PPP candidates. Contempt of court is a court ruling which in the context of a court trial or hearing deems an individual as having been disrespectful of the court its process and its invested

In April 1931, Garvey launched the Edelweiss Amusement Company, which he set up to help artists earn their livelihood from their craft. Several Jamaican entertainers — Kidd Harold, Ernest Cupidon, Bim & Bam, and Ranny Williams — went on to become popular after receiving initial exposure that the company gave them.

In 1935, Garvey left Jamaica for London, where he lived and worked until his death in 1940. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. During these last five years, he remained active and in touch with events in war-torn Ethiopia (then known as Abyssinia) and the West Indies. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page The term Habesha ( Ge'ez ሐበሻ ḥabaśā, Amh hābešā, Tgn The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting In 1938, he gave evidence before the West Indian Royal Commission on conditions there. Also in 1938, he set up the School of African Philosophy at 355 College St. , in Toronto, Canada to train UNIA leaders. He continued to work on the magazine The Black Man.

In 1937, a group of his American supporters, called the Peace Movement of Ethiopia, openly collaborated with Mississippi Senator Theodore Bilbo in the promotion of a repatriation scheme introduced in the US Congress as the Greater Liberia Act. Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Theodore Gilmore Bilbo ( October 13, 1877 &ndash August 21, 1947) was an American politician.

Death

See also: List of premature obituaries

On June 10, 1940, Garvey died after two strokes, putatively after reading a mistaken, and negative, obituary of himself in the Chicago Defender. A premature Obituary is an obituary published whose subject is not actually deceased Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain An obituary is an attempt to give an account of the texture and significance of the life of someone who has recently died The Chicago Defender was the United States ’ largest and most influential black weekly newspaper by the beginning of World War I. [28] Because of travel conditions during World War II, he was interred at Kensal Green Cemetery in London. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Kensal Green Cemetery is a burial ground located in Kensal Green, London, England. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.

In 1964, his remains were exhumed and taken to Jamaica. On November 15, 1964, the government of Jamaica, having proclaimed him Jamaica's first national hero, ceremoniously re-interred him at a shrine in National Heroes Park. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. The Order of National Hero is an honour awarded by the government of Jamaica. National Heroes Park is a Botanical garden in Kingston Jamaica.

The UNIA flag uses three colors: red, black and green.
The UNIA flag uses three colors: red, black and green. The Pan-African flag, also referred to as the UNIA flag, Afro-American flag or Black Liberation Flag, is a tri-color Flag consisting of three

Influence

Garvey's memory has been kept alive. Schools, colleges, highways, and buildings in Africa, Europe, the Caribbean, and the United States have been named in his honor. The UNIA red, black, and green flag has been adopted as the Black Liberation Flag. Two different sets of three colours are referred to as the Pan-African colours: the green gold and red first used in the Flag of Ethiopia; (Ghana was the first Since 1980, Garvey's bust has been housed in the Organization of American States' Hall of Heroes in Washington, D.C.

Malcolm X's parents, Earl and Louise Little, met at a UNIA convention in Montreal, Canada. The Organization of American States ( OAS, or as it is known in the three other official languages OEA) is an International organization, headquartered Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little; May 19 1925 February 21 1965 also known as El-Hajj Malik El- Shabazz, was an African American Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Earl was the president of the UNIA division in Omaha, Nebraska and sold the Negro World newspaper while Louise was a contributor to the Negro World. Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and Negro World was a weekly newspaper established in January 1918 in New York City, which served as the voice of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and

Kwame Nkrumah named the national shipping line of Ghana the Black Star Line in honor of Garvey and the UNIA. Kwame Nkrumah ( September 21, 1909 - April 27, 1972) was an influential 20th century advocate of Pan-Africanism, and the leader of The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the Nkrumah also named the national soccer team the Black Stars as well. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The Ghana national football team, popularly known as the Black Stars, is the national Association football team of Ghana and is controlled by the The black star at the center of Ghana's flag is also inspired by the Black Star Line. flag of Ghana was adopted in 1957 It was replaced with a variant with a white stripe in the middle from 1964 to 1966

Flag of Ghana
Flag of Ghana

During a trip to Jamaica, Martin Luther King and his wife Coretta Scott King visited the shrine of Marcus Garvey on June 20, 1965 and laid a wreath. Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader Coretta Scott King (April 27 1927 January 30 2006 was an American Author and Activist, perhaps most recognized as the wife of Martin Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. [29] In a speech he told the audience that Garvey "was the first man of color to lead and develop a mass movement. He was the first man on a mass scale and level to give millions of Negroes a sense of dignity and destiny. And make the Negro feel he was somebody. "[30]

King was also the posthumous recipient of the first Marcus Garvey Prize for Human Rights on December 10, 1968 issued by the Jamaican Government and presented to King's widow. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Coretta Scott King (April 27 1927 January 30 2006 was an American Author and Activist, perhaps most recognized as the wife of Martin

The United States of Africa first saw light in a 1924 poem by Garvey and is still discussed. The United States of Africa is a name sometimes given to one version of the possible future unification of Africa as a national and sovereign Federation of states

There have been pop culture references to Marcus Garvey since he first came on the international scene. Garvey is cited repeatedly in a diverse variety of books, songs and films. He is mentioned particularly frequently in blues, reggae, jazz and hip hop music. The Blues is a vocal and instrumental form of Music based on the use of the Blue notes It emerged as an accessible form of self-expression Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Hip hop is a cultural movement which developed in New York City in the 1970s primarily among African Americans and Latinos.

Garvey and Rastafari

Rastafarians consider Garvey a religious prophet, and sometimes even the reincarnation of Saint John the Baptist. The Rastafari movement (also known as Rastafari, Rastafarianism or simply Rasta) is a monotheistic, Abrahamic, New Testament A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos In Religion, a prophet (or prophetess) is a person who has encountered the Supernatural or the divine and serves as an intermediary Saint John the Baptist ( heb. Jochanan ben Sacharja, arab. يحيى Yaḥyā or يوحنا Yūḥanna, aram. This is partly because of his frequent statements uttered in speeches throughout the 1920s, usually along the lines of "Look to Africa, when a black king shall be crowned for the day of deliverance is at hand!"[31]

His beliefs deeply influenced the Rastafari, who took his statements as a prophecy of the crowning of Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia. Haile Selassie I ( Ge'ez: am ኃይለ፡ ሥላሴ "Power of the Trinity " 23 July 1892 &ndash 27 August 1975 born Tafari Makonnen, was Early Rastas were associated with his Back-to-Africa movement in Jamaica. The Back-to-Africa movement, also known as the Colonization movement, originated in the United States in the Nineteenth century, and encouraged those This early Rastafari movement was also influenced by a separate, proto-Rasta movement known as the Afro-Athlican Church that was outlined in a religious text known as the Holy Piby — where Garvey was proclaimed to be a prophet as well. The Holy Piby is a proto- Rastafarian text written by an Anguillan Robert Athlyi Rogers (d Thus, the Rastafari movement can be seen as an offshoot of Garveyite philosophy. Garveyism is an aspect of Black Nationalism which takes its source from the works words and deeds of UNIA-ACL founder Marcus Garvey. As his beliefs have greatly influenced Rastafari, he is often mentioned in reggae music. Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s

Garvey himself never identified with the Rastafari movement, and was, in fact, raised as a Methodist who went on to become a Roman Catholic. Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations

Memorials to Garvey

There are a number of memorials worldwide which honor Marcus Garvey. Most are in Jamaica and the United States.

Jamaica

Trinidad

United States of America

Africa

Europe

GARVEY, Marcus (1887-1940) Pan-Africanist Leader, lived and died here, 53 Talgarth Road, W14. [Hammersmith and Fulham 2005]

See also

References

  1. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica Online. African American literature is the body of Literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent Black nationalism (BN advocates a racial definition (or redefinition of black national identity as opposed to Multiculturalism. The term right of return refers to the principle in International law that members of an Ethnic or National group have a right to Immigration Pan-Africanism is a Sociopolitical World view, and Philosophy, as well as a movement which seeks to unify both Native Africans and those of "Marcus Garvey." Retrieved on 2008-02-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment
  2. ^ a b c The "Back to Africa" Myth. UNIA-ACL website (2005-07-14). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Retrieved on 2007-04-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
  3. ^ Garvey, Marcus; Jacques-Garvey, Amy (ed. ) (1986). The philosophy and opinions of Marcus Garvey or Africa for the Africans. Dover (Mass. ): Majority Press, 163. ISBN 0-912469-24-2.  
  4. ^ Crowder, Ralph L. (January 1, 2003). "Grand old man of the movement:" John Edward Bruce, Marcus Garvey, and the UNIA." Afro-Americans in New York Life and History. Retrieved through freelibrary. com on 2008-02-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  5. ^ UNIA-ACL website from Archive.org, The "Back to Africa" Myth., Accessed November 19, 2007.
  6. ^ UNIA ACL Website Historical Facts about Marcus Garvey and the UNIA [1]. Published January 28, 2005 BY THE UNIA-ACL. Accessed 2007-04-01.
  7. ^ Historical Facts about Marcus Garvey and the UNIA From Archive.org. Accessed November 19, 2007.
  8. ^ "African American Political Thought, 1890-1930: Washington, Du Bois, Garvey", pg 169, M. E. Sharpe (Armonk NY) 1996.
  9. ^ The Negro's Greatest Enemy by Marcus Garvey, Posted/Revised: May 28, 2002, Last Accessed October 31, 2007
  10. ^ Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey Or, Africa for the Africans By Marcus Garvey pg 122, Majority Press Fitchburg, MA;1986 Centennial Edition. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on December 1, 2007. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  11. ^ Memorandum to Special Agent Ridgely on wikisource
  12. ^ Reel 12 Department of Justice-Bureau of Investigation Surveillance of Black Americans, 1916-1925 cont. National Archives and Research Administration, RG 65 Federal Bureau of Investigation cont: 0703 Casefile OG 374217: Memorandum upon Work of the Radical Division, August 1, 1919 to October 15, 1919, Prepared by J. Edgar Hoover; and Other Memoranda. 1919-1920. 263pp. p. 19
  13. ^ Reel 13 Department of Justice-Bureau of Investigation Surveillance of Black Americans, 1916-1925 cont. National Archives and Records Administration, RG 65 Federal Bureau of Investigation cont.: 0626 Casefile OG 391465: Confidential Informants, Memoranda of J. Edgar Hoover, Compensation, Policy, Washington, D.C. 1920. 3pp. p. 22 p. xxi
  14. ^ J. Edgar Hoover to Special Agent Ridgely Washington, D.C., October 11, 1919 MEMORANDUM FOR MR. RIDGELY.
  15. ^ a b Theodore Kornweibel (Ed. ) Federal Surveillance of Afro-Americans (1917-1925): The First World War, the Red Scare, and the Garvey Movement p. x. Retrieved on December 1, 2007. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  16. ^ The Trial Part 1 Page 2. Marcusgarvey. com. Retrieved on December 1, 2007. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  17. ^ The Trial Part 1. Page 3. Marcusgarvey. com. Retrieved on December 1, 2007. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  18. ^ Online Forum: Marcus Garvey vs. United States
  19. ^ First Message to the Negroes of the World from Atlanta Prison"
  20. ^ "New York Times", "Pardon Marcus Garvey by Judith Stein", "November 5, 1983, Page 5
  21. ^ “The Collapse of the Only Thing in the Garvey Movement Which Was Original or Promising”, Last accessed November 2, 2007. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  22. ^ Dubois, "The Crisis", Vol 28, May 1924, pp. 8-9
  23. ^ Grant, Colin (2008). Negro with a Hat: The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey and His Dream of Mother Africa. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536794-2.  
  24. ^ American Experience Marcus Garvey - People & Events W.E.B. Du Bois, 1868-1963 Accessed April 1, 2007.
  25. ^ American Series Introduction Volume I: 1826--August 1919 Accessed April 1, 2007.
  26. ^ Spartucus Educational website, Ku Klux Klan, quoting from Negro World (September, 1923). Accessed December 3, 2007.
  27. ^ Richard B. Moore, "The Critics and Opponents of Marcus Garvey," in Marcus Garvey and the Vision of Africa, ed. John Henrik Clarke with Amy Jacques Garvey (New York, 1974), 228.
  28. ^ Marcus Garvey: Look for Me in the Whirlwind, PBS documentary (transcript). The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Last accessed on December 3, 2007.
  29. ^ June 20, 1965: Martin Luther King Jr. visits Jamaica
  30. ^ The Black 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential African-Americans, Past and Present By Columbus Salley, Page 82, 1999, Citadel Press.
  31. ^ M. G. Smith, Roy Augier and Rex Nettleford, "The Rastafari Movement in Kingston, Jamaica," Kingston 1960, p. 5
  32. ^ 32 Market Street,January 25, 2008

Further reading

Works by Marcus Garvey

Books

External links

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