Marcel Duchamp
Kay Bell Reynal photo in the Smithsonian Institution Archives of American Art
Birth name	Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp
Born	July 28, 1887(1887-07-28) Blainville-Crevon, France
Died	October 2, 1968 (aged 81) Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
Nationality	French, became a U.S. citizen in 1955
Field	Painting, Sculpture, Film
Movement	Dada, Surrealism
Works	Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912)) Fountain (1917) The Bride Stripped Bare By Her Bachelors, Even (1915-23) Etant donnés (1946-66)

Marcel Duchamp (pronounced [maʀsɛl dyˈʃɑ̃]) (28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French artist (he became an American citizen in 1955) whose work and ideas had considerable influence on the development of post-World War I Western art, and whose advice to modern art collectors helped shape the tastes of the Western art world. The Smithsonian Institution (smɪθsoʊnɪən is an educational and research institute and associated Museum complex administered and funded by the Government of Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Blainville-Crevon is a well-known village and a commune in the Seine-Maritime département in the Haute-Normandie région This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Neuilly-sur-Seine (nœji syʀ sɛn in French) is a commune bordering the western limit of the city of Paris, France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members Nude Descending a Staircase No 2 (French Nu descendant un escalier n° 2) is a 1912 painting by Marcel Duchamp. Fountain is a 1917 work by Marcel Duchamp. It is one of the pieces which he called readymades (also known as Found art The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors Even ( La mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires même) most often called The Large Glass, is an Étant donnés ( Given 1 The Waterfall 2 The Illuminating Gas, French Étant donnés 1° la chute d'eau / 2° le gaz d'éclairage. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

While he is most often associated with Dada and Surrealism, his participation in Surrealism was largely behind the scenes, and after being involved in New York Dada, he barely participated in Paris Dada. For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members

Thousands of books and articles attempt to interpret Duchamp's artwork and philosophy, but in interviews and his writing, Duchamp only added to the mystery. The interpretations interested him as creations of their own, and as reflections of the interpreter.

A playful man, Duchamp prodded thought about artistic processes and art marketing, not so much with words, but with actions such as dubbing a urinal "art" and naming it Fountain. Fountain is a 1917 work by Marcel Duchamp. It is one of the pieces which he called readymades (also known as Found art He produced relatively few artworks as he quickly moved through the avant-garde rhythms of his time. Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard

The creative act is not performed by the artist alone; the spectator brings the work in contact with the external world by deciphering and interpreting its inner qualifications and thus adds his contribution to the creative act. ^[1]

Contents 1 Childhood 2 Early work 2.1 Nude Descending a Staircase 3 Leaving "retinal art" behind 3.1 Société Anonyme 3.2 Dada 4 Readymades 5 The Large Glass 6 Kinetic works 7 Rrose Sélavy 8 Turns from art to chess 9 Artistic involvement and marriages 9.1 Exhibition design 10 Etant donnés 11 Death and burial 12 Legacy 13 See also 14 Selected works 15 Notes and references 16 External links

Childhood

Marcel Duchamp was born in Blainville-Crevon Seine-Maritime in the Haute-Normandie Region of France, and grew up in a family that liked cultural activities. Blainville-Crevon is a well-known village and a commune in the Seine-Maritime département in the Haute-Normandie région Seine-Maritime is a French department in Normandy. Before 1955 it was known as Seine-Inférieure. Haute-Normandie ( Upper Normandy) is one of the 26 regions of France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The art of painter and engraver Emile Nicolle, his maternal grandfather, filled the house, and the family liked to play chess, read books, painted and made music together.

Of Eugene and Lucie Duchamp's seven children, one died as an infant and four became successful artists. Marcel Duchamp was the brother of:

• Jacques Villon (1875-1963), painter, printmaker
• Raymond Duchamp-Villon (1876-1918), sculptor
• Suzanne Duchamp-Crotti (1889-1963), painter

As a child, with his two older brothers already away from home at school in Rouen, Duchamp was closer to his sister Suzanne who was a willing accomplice in the games and activities conjured from his fertile imagination. Jacques Villon ( July 31, 1875 - June 9, 1963) was a French Cubist painter and printmaker Raymond Duchamp-Villon ( November 5, 1876 - October 9, 1918) was a French sculptor Suzanne Duchamp-Crotti ( 20 October 1889 &ndash 11 September 1963) was a French Dadaist painter At 10 years old, Duchamp followed in his brothers' footsteps when he left home and began schooling at Lycée Corneille in Rouen. For the next 7 years he was locked into an educational regime which focused on intellectual development. Though he was not an outstanding student, his best subject was mathematics, and he won two mathematics prizes at the school. He also won a prize for drawing in 1903, and at his commencement in 1904 he won a coveted first prize validating his recent decision to become an artist.

He took drawing classes and learned academic drawing from a teacher, who unsuccessfully attempted to protect his students from Impressionism, Post-Impressionism and other avant-garde influences. Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s Post-Impressionism is the term coined by the British artist and Art critic Roger Fry in 1910 to describe the development of French art since Manet. However, Duchamp's artist mentor was his brother Jacques Villon, whose fluid and incisive style he sought to imitate. At 14, his first serious art attempts were drawings and watercolors depicting Suzanne Duchamp in various poses and activities. That summer he also painted landscapes in an Impressionist style using oils.

Early work

Duchamp's early art works align with Post-Impressionist styles. Post-Impressionism is the term coined by the British artist and Art critic Roger Fry in 1910 to describe the development of French art since Manet. He experimented with classical techniques and subjects, as well as Cubism and Fauvism. Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European Les Fauves ( French for The Wild Beasts) were a short-lived and loose grouping of early When he was later asked about what influenced him at the time, Duchamp cited the work of Symbolist painter Odilon Redon, whose approach to art was not outwardly anti-academic, but quietly individual. Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century Art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts Bertrand-Jean Redon, better known as Odilon Redon ( April 20, 1840 &ndash July 6, 1916) was a Symbolist painter and

He studied art at Académie Julian (1904 to 1905), but preferred playing billiards to attending classes. The Académie Julian was an Art school in Paris, France. Rodolphe Julian established the Académie Julian in 1868 at the Passage Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting During this time Duchamp drew and sold cartoons which reflected his ribald humor. Many of the drawings use visual and/or verbal puns. A pun (or paronomasia) is a Phrase that deliberately exploits confusion between similar-sounding Words for humorous or Rhetorical Such play with words and symbols engaged his imagination for the rest of his life.

In 1905 he began his compulsory military service working for a printer in Rouen. Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting There he learned typography and printing processes – skills he would use in his later work. Typography is the art and techniques of arranging type, Type design, and modifying type Glyphs Type glyphs are created and modified using a variety Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press

Due to his brother Jacques Villon's membership in the prestigious Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture Duchamp's work hung in the 1908 Salon d'Automne. The Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture Paris, was founded in 1648, modelled on Italian examples such Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year In 1903 the first Salon d'Automne (Autumn Salon was organized by Georges Rouault, André Derain, Henri Matisse and Albert Marquet as a The following year his work displayed in the Salon des Indépendants. The Société des Artistes Indépendants ( Society of Independent Artists) formed in Paris in summer 1884 choosing the device "No jury nor awards" ( Sans Of Duchamp's pieces in show, critic Guillaume Apollinaire wrote, ". Guillaume Apollinaire (in French ɡijom apɔliˈnɛʁ ( August 26, 1880 &ndash November 9, 1918) was a French Poet . . Duchamp's very ugly nudes. . . ", though the two were to become friends. He also became life-long friends with exuberant artist Francis Picabia after meeting him at the 1911 Salon d' Automne, and Picabia proceeded to introduce him the life of fast cars and 'high' living. Francis-Marie Martinez Picabia ( January 22, 1879 - November 30, 1953) was a well-known painter and poet born of a French mother and

In 1911 at his eldest brother Jacques Villon's home in Puteaux the Duchamp brothers hosted regular discussion group with other artists and writers including Francis Picabia, Robert Delaunay, Fernand Léger, Roger de la Fresnaye, Albert Gleizes, Jean Metzinger, Juan Gris, and Alexander Archipenko. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Puteaux is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. Francis-Marie Martinez Picabia ( January 22, 1879 - November 30, 1953) was a well-known painter and poet born of a French mother and Robert Delaunay ( April 12 1885 — October 25 1941) was a French artist who used orphism, similar to abstraction Joseph Fernand Henri Léger ( February 4, 1881 – August 17, 1955) was a French painter, sculptor, and Roger de La Fresnaye ( 11 July, 1885 - 27 November, 1925) was a French Cubist painter. Albert Gleizes ( December 8, 1881 - June 23, 1953) was a French painter Jean Metzinger ( June 24, 1883 – November 3, 1956) was a French painter. José Victoriano González-Pérez ( March 23, 1887 – May 11, 1927) better known as Juan Gris, was a Spanish Alexander Porfiryevich Archipenko (also referred to as Olexandr Oleksandr or Aleksandr) ( May 30, 1887 - February 25, 1964) The group came to be known as the Puteaux Group, and the artists' work dubbed Orphic cubism. The Section d'Or ("Golden Section" in French) also known as Groupe de Puteaux or Puteaux Group and based in the Paris suburb of Puteaux Uninterested in the Cubists' seriousness and their focus on visual matters, he did not join Cubist theory conversations, and gained a reputation of being shy. However, that same year he painted in a Cubist style and added his impression of movement by repeating imagery.

During this period Duchamp's fascination with transition, change, movement and distance began to manifest, and like many artists of the time he was intrigued with the concept of the 4th dimension and depicting it. In Physics and Mathematics, a sequence of n numbers can be understood as a location in an n -dimensional space

Works from this period included his first "machine" painting, Coffee Mill (Moulin à café) (1911), which he gave to his brother Raymond Duchamp-Villon. The Coffee Mill shows similarity to the "grinder" mechanism of the Large Glass he was to paint years later.

In his 1911 Portrait of Chess Players (Portrait de joueurs d'echecs) there is the Cubist overlapping frames and multiple perspectives of his two brothers playing chess, but to that Duchamp added elements conveying the unseen mental activity of the players. (Notably, "échec" is French for "failure". )

Nude Descending a Staircase

Main article: Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2

Duchamp's first controversial work, Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (Nu descendant un escalier n° 2) (1912), depicts the motion of the mechanistic nude with superimposed facets, similar to motion pictures. Nude Descending a Staircase No 2 (French Nu descendant un escalier n° 2) is a 1912 painting by Marcel Duchamp. Nude Descending a Staircase No 2 (French Nu descendant un escalier n° 2) is a 1912 painting by Marcel Duchamp. The painting shows elements of both the fragmentation and synthesis of the Cubists, and the movement and dynamism of the Futurists. Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European Futurism was an Art movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century

He first submitted the piece to appear at the Cubist Salon des Indépendants, but jurist Albert Gleizes asked Duchamp's brothers to have him voluntarily withdraw the painting, or paint over the title that he had painted on the work and rename it something else. The Société des Artistes Indépendants ( Society of Independent Artists) formed in Paris in summer 1884 choosing the device "No jury nor awards" ( Sans Albert Gleizes ( December 8, 1881 - June 23, 1953) was a French painter His brothers did approach him with Gleizes' request, and Duchamp quietly refused. Of the incident Duchamp later recalled, "I said nothing to my brothers. But I went immediately to the show and took my painting home in a taxi. It was really a turning point in my life, I can assure you. I saw that I would not be very much interested in groups after that. "

Later he submitted the painting to the 1913 Armory Show in New York City, which displayed works of American artists and was the first major exhibition of the modern trends coming out of Paris. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Many exhibitions have been held in the vast spaces of US National Guard armories, but the Armory Show refers to the International Exhibition American show-goers, accustomed to realistic art, were scandalized, and the Nude was at the center of much of the controversy.

Leaving "retinal art" behind

About this time Duchamp read Max Stirner's philosophical tract, The Ego and Its Own, the study of which he considered another turning point in his artistic and intellectual development. Johann Kaspar Schmidt ( October 25, 1806 – June 26, 1856) better known as Max Stirner (the Nom de plume The Ego and Its Own (Der Einzige und sein Eigentum also translated as The Individual and His Property; a literal translation would read The Sole One and His He called it ". . . a remarkable book . . . which advances no formal theories, but just keeps saying that the ego is always there in everything. "

Duchamp also credited the stage adaptation of Raymond Roussel's 1910 novel, Impressions d'Afrique which featured plots that turned in on themselves, word play, surrealistic sets and humanoid machines with radically changing his approach to art, and inspiring him to begin his creation of The Bride Stripped Bare By Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass). Raymond Roussel ( Paris, January 20, 1877 - Palermo, July 14, 1933) was a French Poet, Novelist The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors Even ( La mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires même) most often called The Large Glass, is an

While in Germany in 1912 he painted the last of his Cubist-like paintings and a "bride stripped bare by her bachelors" image, and began making plans for the Large Glass — scribbling short notes to himself, sometimes with hurried sketches, but it would be over 10 years before the piece was completed. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors Even ( La mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires même) most often called The Large Glass, is an Little else is known about the two-month stay in Germany except that the friend he visited was intent to show him the sights and the night life.

Later that year he travelled with Picabia, Apollinaire and Gabrielle Buffet-Picabia through the Jura mountains, an adventure that Buffet-Picabia described as one of their "forays of demoralization, which were also forays of witticism and clownery . The Jura Mountains are a small Mountain range located north of the Alps, separating the Rhine and Rhone rivers and forming part of . . the disintegration of the concept of art. " Duchamp's notes from the trip avoid logic and sense with a sort of surrealistic mythical flavor.

Duchamp painted few canvases after 1912, and in those he did, he attempted to remove "painterly" effects, and instead used a technical drawing approach. Painterly is a translation of the German term malerisch, one of the opposed categories popularized by Swiss Art historian Heinrich Wölfflin

His broad interests took him to an exhibition of aviation technology during this period, and about it Duchamp said to his friend Constantin Brancusi, "Painting is washed up. Constantin Brâncuşi, ( February 19, 1876 &ndash March 16, 1957) konstanˈtin brɨnˈkuʃʲ was an internationally renowned Romanian Who will ever do anything better than that propellor? Tell me, can you do that?" Brancusi later sculpted bird forms that U. "Bird in Space" is a series of sculptures by Constantin Brancusi, a Romanian sculptor S. Customs officials mistook for aviation parts and for which they attempted to collect import duties.

During this decade Duchamp began working as a librarian in the Bibliotèque Sainte-Geneviève where he earned a living wage and withdrew from painting circles into scholarly realms. He studied math and physics – areas where exciting new discoveries were taking place. The theoretical writings of Henri Poincaré particularly intrigued and inspired Duchamp. Jules Henri Poincaré ( 29 April 1854 &ndash 17 July 1912) (ˈʒyl ɑ̃ˈʁi pwɛ̃kaˈʁe was a French Mathematician Poincaré postulated that the laws believed to govern matter were created solely by the minds that "understood" them and no theory could be considered "true. " "The things themselves are not what science can reach. . . , but only the relations between things. Outside of these relations there is no knowable reality," Poincaré wrote in 1902. Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting

Duchamp's own art-science experiments began during his tenure at the library. To make one of his favorite pieces, 3 Standard Stoppages (3 stoppages étalon), one at a time from a height of 1 meter, he dropped three 1-meter lengths of thread onto a prepared canvases. They landed in three random undulating positions. He varnished them into place on the blue-black canvas strips and attached them to glass. Then he cut three wood slats into the shapes of the curved strings, and put all the pieces into a croquet box. Three small leather signs with the title printed in gold were glued to each of the "stoppage" backgrounds. The piece appears to literally follow Poincaré's School of the Thread, part of a book on classical mechanics.

Work on The Large Glass continued into 1913 with his invention of inventing a repertoire of forms with notes, sketches and painted studies, and even drawing some of his ideas on the wall of his apartment. The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors Even ( La mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires même) most often called The Large Glass, is an Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

In his studio he mounted a bicycle wheel upside down onto a stool, spinning it occasionally just to watch it. Later he denied that its creation was purposeful, though it has come to be known as the first of his readymades. The readymades of Marcel Duchamp are ordinary manufactured objects that he selected and modified as an antidote to what he called "retinal art" "I enjoyed looking at it," he said. "Just as I enjoy looking at the flames dancing in the fireplace. "

Meanwhile, Nude Descending a Staircase No. 2 was scandalizing Americans at the Armory Show, and the sale of all four of his paintings in the show financed his trip to America in 1915. Nude Descending a Staircase No 2 (French Nu descendant un escalier n° 2) is a 1912 painting by Marcel Duchamp. Many exhibitions have been held in the vast spaces of US National Guard armories, but the Armory Show refers to the International Exhibition Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

After World War I was declared in 1914, with his brothers and many friends in military service and himself exempted, Paris felt uncomfortable to Duchamp. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year He decided to emigrate to the then neutral United States. To his surprise he found he was a celebrity when he arrived in New York in 1915 where he quickly befriended art patron Katherine Dreier and artist Man Ray. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Katherine Sophie Dreier ( September 10, 1877 &ndash March 29, 1952) was an artist and a patron of the arts Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised Duchamp's circle also included art patrons Louise and Walter Conrad Arensberg, actress and artist Beatrice Wood and his friend Francis Picabia, as well as other avant-garde figures. Walter Conrad Arensberg (April 4 1878 - January 29 1954 was an American art collector critic and poet Walter Conrad Arensberg (April 4 1878 - January 29 1954 was an American art collector critic and poet Beatrice Wood ( March 3, 1893 – March 12, 1998) was an American artist and Studio potter, who late in life was dubbed Francis-Marie Martinez Picabia ( January 22, 1879 - November 30, 1953) was a well-known painter and poet born of a French mother and Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard Though he spoke little English in the course of supporting himself by giving French lessons and some library work, he quickly learned the language.

For two years the Arensbergs who remained his friends and patrons for 42 years were the landlords to his studio with payment to be The Large Glass. He turned down an offer of $10,000 per year for all of his yearly production made by an art gallery preferring to work on The Large Glass.

Société Anonyme

For Duchamp creating Société Anonyme in 1920, along with Katherine Dreier and Man Ray, was the beginning of his life-long involvement in art dealing and collecting. Société Anonyme Inc was an art organization founded in 1920 by Katherine Dreier, Man Ray and Marcel Duchamp. Katherine Sophie Dreier ( September 10, 1877 &ndash March 29, 1952) was an artist and a patron of the arts Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised The group collected modern art works, and arranged modern art exhibitions and lectures into the 1930s.

By this time Walter Pach, one of the coordinators of the 1913 Armory Show, sought Duchamp's advice on modern art, and beginning with Société Anonyme Dreier depended on his counsel in gathering her collection, as did Arensberg. Walter Pach (1883-1958 was an artist critic lecturer art adviser and art historian who wrote extensively about modern art and championed the cause of Modern art. Many exhibitions have been held in the vast spaces of US National Guard armories, but the Armory Show refers to the International Exhibition Later Peggy Guggenheim, Museum of Modern Art directors Alfred Barr and James Johnson Sweeney consulted with Duchamp on their modern art collections and shows. Peggy Guggenheim ( August 26, 1898 – December 23, 1979) was an American Art collector The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, USA, on 53rd Street between Fifth Alfred Hamilton Barr Jr ( January 2, 1902 &ndash August 15, 1981) known as Alfred H James Johnson Sweeney (1900–1986 was a curator and writer about modern art

Dada

New York Dada had a less serious tone than that of Europe, and was not a particularly organized venture. For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released Duchamp's friend Picabia connected with the Dada group in Zürich, bringing to New York the Dada ideas of absurdity and anti-art. Francis-Marie Martinez Picabia ( January 22, 1879 - November 30, 1953) was a well-known painter and poet born of a French mother and Together with Man Ray and many from the group that met almost nightly at the Arensberg home or caroused in Greenwich Village, Duchamp contributed his ideas about art and his humor to the New York activities, much of which ran concurrent with the development of readymades and The Large Glass. Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised Walter Conrad Arensberg (April 4 1878 - January 29 1954 was an American art collector critic and poet Greenwich Village (ˌgrɛnɪtʃ ˈvɪlɪdʒ often simply called the Village, is a largely residential area on the west side of downtown (southern Manhattan The readymades of Marcel Duchamp are ordinary manufactured objects that he selected and modified as an antidote to what he called "retinal art" (See also found art. The term found art &mdashmore commonly found object (objet trouvé or readymade &mdashdescribes Art created from the undisguised but often modified )

Duchamp and Dada are most often connected by his submission of Fountain, a urinal, to the Society of Independent Artists exhibit in 1917. Fountain is a 1917 work by Marcel Duchamp. It is one of the pieces which he called readymades (also known as Found art Society of Independent Artists was an association of American artists founded in 1916 and based in New York. The Independent Artists shows were unjuried and all pieces that were submitted were displayed. However, the show committee said that Fountain was not art and rejected it from the show causing an uproar amongst the Dadaists and led Duchamp to resign from the board of the Independent Artists. ^[2]

Along with Henri-Pierre Roché and Beatrice Wood, Duchamp published New York's Dada's magazine, The Blind Man which included art, literature, humor and commentary. Henri-Pierre Roché ( May 28, 1879 – April 9, 1959) was a French author who was involved with the Dada movement Beatrice Wood ( March 3, 1893 – March 12, 1998) was an American artist and Studio potter, who late in life was dubbed

Readymades

Main article: Readymades of Marcel Duchamp

In 1915 Duchamp began doing his "readymades" — found objects he chose and presented as art. Bicycle Wheel is a readymade by Marcel Duchamp consisting of a bicycle fork with front wheel mounted upside-down on a wooden stool Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The readymades of Marcel Duchamp are ordinary manufactured objects that he selected and modified as an antidote to what he called "retinal art" He assembled the first readymade, a bicycle wheel mounted on a stool, in 1913 about the same time as his Nude Descending A Staircase was attracting the attention of critics at the International Exhibition of Modern Art, though it wasn't until two years later he called it a readymade. The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind Many exhibitions have been held in the vast spaces of US National Guard armories, but the Armory Show refers to the International Exhibition

Bottle Rack (1914), a bottle drying rack signed by Duchamp, is considered to be the first "pure" readymade. Prelude to a Broken Arm (Nov. 1915), a snow shovel, followed soon after. His Fountain, the urinal signed with the pseudonym R. Fountain is a 1917 work by Marcel Duchamp. It is one of the pieces which he called readymades (also known as Found art Mutt that shocked the art world in 1917, was selected in 2004 as "the most influential artwork of the 20th century" by 500 renowned artists and historians. ^[3]

It is necessary to arrive at selecting an object with the idea of not being impressed by this object on the basis of enjoyment of any order. However, it is difficult to select an object that absolutely does not interest you, not only on the day on which you select it, and which does not have any chance of becoming attractive or beautiful and which is neither pleasant to look at nor particularly ugly. (Marcel Duchamp)

Research published in 1997 by Rhonda Roland Shearer speculates that Duchamp's "found" objects may actually have been created by Duchamp. Rhonda Roland Shearer is a sculptor scholar and journalist who founded the nonprofit organization Art Science Research Laboratory with her late husband Stephen Jay Gould (See Readymades of Marcel Duchamp. The readymades of Marcel Duchamp are ordinary manufactured objects that he selected and modified as an antidote to what he called "retinal art" )

The Large Glass

Main article: The Large Glass

Duchamp carefully created The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass), working on the piece from 1915 to 1923 except when he was in Buenos Aires and Paris in 1918-1920. The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors Even ( La mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires même) most often called The Large Glass, is an The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors Even ( La mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires même) most often called The Large Glass, is an The Philadelphia Museum of Art, located at the west end of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Philadelphia 's Fairmount Park, was established in 1876 The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors Even ( La mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires même) most often called The Large Glass, is an He executed the work on two panes of glass with materials such as lead foil, fuse wire, and dust. It combines chance procedures, plotted perspective studies, and laborious craftsmanship. His notes for the piece, published as The Green Box, reflect the creation of unique rules of physics, and myth which describes the work, and describe that his "hilarious picture" is intended to depict the erratic encounter between a bride, and her nine bachelors.

Until 1969 when the Philadelphia Museum of Art revealed his Etant donnés tableau, The Glass was thought to be his last major work. The Philadelphia Museum of Art, located at the west end of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Philadelphia 's Fairmount Park, was established in 1876 Étant donnés ( Given 1 The Waterfall 2 The Illuminating Gas, French Étant donnés 1° la chute d'eau / 2° le gaz d'éclairage.

Kinetic works

Duchamp's interest in kinetic works shows as early as the notes for The Large Glass and the Bicycle Wheel readymade, and despite losing interest in "retinal art" he retained interest in visual phenomena. Kinetic art is art that contains moving parts or depends on motion for its effect The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors Even ( La mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires même) most often called The Large Glass, is an Bicycle Wheel is a readymade by Marcel Duchamp consisting of a bicycle fork with front wheel mounted upside-down on a wooden stool

In 1920, with help from Man Ray, Duchamp built what has come to be known as Rotary Glass Plates (Precision Optics) (Rotative plaque de verre). Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised The piece, which he did not consider art, involved a motor to spin pieces of rectangular glass on which were painted segments of a circle. When the apparatus spins, the circle segments appear to be closed concentric circles. (Animation of Rotary Glass Plates)

Man Ray set up to photograph the initial experiment, but when they turned the machine on for the second time, a belt broke, caught a piece of the glass which after glancing off of Man Ray's head, crashed into bits. Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised ^[4]

After moving back to Paris in 1923, at Andre Breton's urging and the financing of Jacques Doucet, he built another optical device based on the first one - Rotary Demisphere (Precision Optics). André Breton (in French ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃ ( February 19, 1896 &ndash September 28, 1966) was a French Writer, This time the optical element was a globe cut in half with black concentric circles painted on it. When it spins the circles appear to move backwards and forwards in space. Duchamp asked that Doucet not exhibit the apparatus as art. ^[5]

Rotoreliefs were the next phase of Duchamp's spinning works. To make the optical "play toys" he painted designs on flat cardboard circles and spun them on a phonographic turntable that when spinning the flat disks appeared 3-dimensional. He had a printer run off 500 sets of six of the designs and set up a booth at a 1935 Paris inventors' show to sell them. The venture was a financial disaster, but some optical scientists thought they might be of use in restoring 3-dimensional sight to people with one eye. ^[6] (Animated display of the Rotoreliefs)

In collaboration with Man Ray and Marc Allégret, Duchamp filmed early versions of the Rotoreliefs and they named the film Anémic Cinéma (1925-1926). Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised Marc Allégret ( December 22, 1900 - November 3, 1973) was a French Screenwriter and Film director.

Later, in Alexander Calder's studio in 1931, while looking at the sculptor's kinetic works Duchamp suggested that he call them "mobiles" which Calder did for his upcoming show. Alexander Calder (22 July 1898 – 11 November 1976 also known as Sandy Calder, was an American sculptor and Artist most famous for inventing A mobile is a type of Kinetic sculpture constructed to take advantage of the principle of equilibrium To this day this type of sculpture is called "mobiles". ^[7]

Rrose Sélavy

Main article: Rrose Sélavy

Rrose Sélavy, or Rose Sélavy, was one of Duchamp's pseudonyms. Rrose Sélavy, or Rose Sélavy, was one of the pseudonyms of artist Marcel Duchamp. The name, a pun, sounds like the French phrase "Eros, c'est la vie", which translates to English as "Eros, such is life". A pun (or paronomasia) is a Phrase that deliberately exploits confusion between similar-sounding Words for humorous or Rhetorical It has also been read as "arroser la vie" ("to make a toast to life").

Sélavy emerged in 1921 in a series of photographs by Man Ray of Duchamp dressed as a woman. Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised Through the 1920s Man Ray and Duchamp collaborated on more photos of Sélavy. Duchamp later used the name as the byline on written material and signed several creations with it. Duchamp used the name in the title of at least one sculpture, Why Not Sneeze Rrose Sélavy?. Why not Sneeze Rrose Sélavy? is a 1921 " readymade " sculpture by Marcel Duchamp. The sculpture, a type of readymade called an assemblage, consists of an oral thermometer, a couple dozen small cubes of marble resembling sugar cubes inside a birdcage. The readymades of Marcel Duchamp are ordinary manufactured objects that he selected and modified as an antidote to what he called "retinal art" The thermometer is a device that measures Temperature or Temperature gradient using a variety of different principles it comes from the Greek roots Marble is a nonfoliated Metamorphic rock resulting from the Metamorphism of Limestone, composed mostly of Calcite (a crystalline form of Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. For the film see The Birdcage; for the Maserati race car see Maserati Tipo 61.

The inspiration of the name Rrose Sélavy has been viewed to be Belle da Costa Greene, J.P. Morgan's librarian of The Morgan Library & Museum (formerly The Pierpont Morgan Library) who, following his death, became the Library's director, working there for a total of forty-three years. Belle da Costa Greene ( December 13, 1883 in Washington DC - May 10, 1950 in New York City New York) was the Librarian John Pierpont Morgan ( April 17, 1837 &ndash March 31, 1913) was an American financier banker and art collector who The Morgan Library & Museum (formerly The Pierpont Morgan Library) is a museum and research library in New York City. Empowered by J. P. Morgan, and then by his son Jack, Greene built the collection buying and selling rare manuscripts, books and art. A manuscript is any Document that is Written by hand as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual

Turns from art to chess

In 1918 Duchamp left his work on the Large Glass and the art scene, and went to Buenos Aires, Argentina for nine months where he often played chess, and carved from wood the only chess set he himself made, though a local craftsman made the knights. Chess pieces vary in both value and abilities A standard chess match consists of each player having the following equipment 1 king The knight (♘ ♞ sometimes referred to by players as a 'horse' is a piece in the Game of Chess, representing a Knight (armoured cavalry He returned to Paris in 1919, where he lived until he returned to the United States in 1920. By the time he moved to Paris in 1923 he was no longer a practicing artist. Instead he played and studied chess, which he played for the rest of his life to the near exclusion of all other activity. Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players. Duchamp's obsessive fascination with chess can be traced back much earlier to the themes of his major art pieces. The most immediately obvious of these is the chess position known as "trébuchet" (the trap), which gave its title to the Readymade of 1917: a coat rack with four hooks, which is nailed to the floor, hooks uppermost. Zugzwang ' is also a musical work by Juan Maria Solare. Zugzwang' ( German for "compulsion to move" ˈtsuːktsvaŋ

Not only did he design the 1925 Poster for the Third French Chess Championship, but he finished the event at fifty percent (3-3, with two draws), and thus earned the title of chess master. A chess master is a Chess player of such skill that he/she can usually beat Chess experts who themselves typically can nearly always prevail against most amateurs During this period his fascination with chess distressed his first wife so much that she glued his pieces to the board, which possibly contributed to their divorce four months later. A chessboard is the type of Checkerboard used in the Game of Chess, and consists of 64 squares (eight rows and eight columns arranged in two alternating He went on to play in the French Championships and also in the Olympiads from 1928-1933, favoring hypermodern openings like the Nimzo-Indian. An Olympiad is a period of four years associated with the Olympic Games of Classical Greece. Hypermodernism is a school of Chess thought which advocates controlling the centre of the board with distant pieces rather than with pawns, thus inviting the opponent The Nimzo-Indian Defence is a Chess opening characterised by the moves 1 Sometime in the early 1930s, Duchamp realized that he had reached the height of his ability and had no real chance of winning recognition in top-level chess. Over the following years, the intensity of his participation in chess tournaments declined but he discovered correspondence chess and became a chess journalist writing weekly newspaper columns. Correspondence chess is Chess played by various forms of long-distance correspondence usually through a Correspondence chess server, through email or by

In 1932 Duchamp teamed up with fellow chess theorist Halberstadt to publish "L'opposition et cases conjuguées sont réconciliées" (Opposition and Sister Squares are Reconciled). This treatise describes the Lasker-Reichhelm position, a unique and extremely rare position that can arise in the endgame of a chess game. Details Corresponding squares are squares of reciprocal (or mutual Zugzwang. In Chess, the endgame (or end game or ending) refers to the stage of the game when there are few pieces left on the board In conclusion, the authors observe that the most Black can hope for is a draw. In Chess, a draw is one of the possible outcomes of a game the others being a win for white and a win for black Given accurate play by White, Black can only succeed in delaying the progress of events, ultimately losing to White. They demonstrate this fact by plotting the game play on enneagram-like charts that fold in upon themselves. In Geometry, an enneagram is a nine-pointed geometric figure The term derives from two Greek words ennea (nine and grammon (writ or draft Grasping the central theme of this work, the endgame, is an important key to understanding Duchamp's complex attitude towards his artistic career. While his contemporaries were achieving spectacular success in the art world by selling their visions to high society collectors and trend setters, Duchamp observed "I am still a victim of chess. It has all the beauty of art - and much more. It cannot be commercialized. Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer Chess is much purer than art in its social position. " Duchamp can be seen, very briefly, playing chess with Man Ray in the short film Entr'acte (1924) by Rene Clair. Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised Entr'acte is French for "between the acts" (German Zwischenspiel, Italian Intermezzo) René Clair (11 November 1898 &ndash 15 March 1981 was a French Filmmaker.

His theme of the endgame was picked up by Irish playwright Samuel Beckett who used it as the narrative device for his commercially successful 1957 play of the same name, "Endgame". Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989 was an Irish Writer, Dramatist and poet Endgame by Samuel Beckett, is a one-act play with four characters One of Duchamp's most notable chess games occurred in 1968, at a concert called "Reunion" at Ryerson University in Toronto. Ryerson University, commonly referred to simply as Ryerson, is a public University in Toronto, Canada. His opponent was the avant-garde composer and event organizer John Cage. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> John Milton Cage Jr The music was produced by a series of photoelectric cells underneath each square of the chessboard which were sporadically triggered during normal game play. ^[8]

On choosing a career in chess Duchamp had this to say: "If Bobby Fischer came to me for advice, I certainly would not discourage him - as if anyone could - but I would try to make it positively clear that he will never have any money from chess, live a monk-like existence and know more rejection than any artist ever has, struggling to be known and accepted. Robert James "Bobby" Fischer ( March 9 1943 – January 17 2008) was an American -born Chess Grandmaster "

Artistic involvement and marriages

Though Duchamp was no longer a practicing artist he continued to consult with artists, art dealers and collectors, but as far as most people knew at the time he did not produce art. From 1925 he often travelled to and from France and the United States, and made New York's Greenwich Village his home in 1942.

On June 8, 1927, Duchamp married Lydie Sarazin-Lavassor, and they divorced six months later on 25 January 1928. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It was gossiped at the time that it was a marriage of convenience for Duchamp, because she was the daughter of a wealthy automobile manufacturer. Early in January 1928 Duchamp told Lydie that he could no longer bear the responsibility and confinement of marriage, and a little over three weeks later they were divorced. ^[9]

From the mid-1930s onwards he collaborated with the Surrealists and participated in their exhibitions. Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members From then until 1944, together with Max Ernst, Eugenio Granell and André Breton, he edited the Surrealist periodical VVV, and also served as an advisory editor for View magazine which featured him in its March 1945 edition which introduced him to many Americans. Max Ernst ( 2 April 1891 &ndash 1 April 1976) was a German painter, Sculptor, Graphic artist, and Eugenio Granell (28 November 1912 &ndash 24 October 2001 was an artist often described as the last Spanish André Breton (in French ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃ ( February 19, 1896 &ndash September 28, 1966) was a French Writer, VVV was a journal devoted to the dissemination of Surrealism, published in New York City from 1942 through 1944. View was an American literary and art magazine published from 1940 to 1947 by artist and writer Charles Henri Ford, and writer and film critic Parker Tyler

In 1954, he and Alexina "Teeny" Sattler married, and they remained together until his death. Alexina "Teeny" Duchamp (1906 &ndash 1995 was the second wife of artist and chess player Marcel Duchamp.

Duchamp became a United States citizen in 1955 but his influence on the art world remained behind the scenes until the late 1950s when he was "discovered" by young artists such as Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns who were eager to escape the dominance of Abstract Expressionism. Jasper Johns Jr (born May 15, 1930 in Augusta Georgia) is a contemporary American artist who primarily works in painting and Printmaking Abstract expressionism was an American post– World War II Art movement.

Interest in Duchamp reignited in the 1960s, and he gained international public recognition. 1963 saw his first retrospective exhibition at the Pasadena Art Museum, and in 1966 the Tate Gallery hosted a large exhibit of his work. Tate is the United Kingdom 's national museum of British and Modern Art and is a network of four art galleries in England: Tate Britain (opened in Other major institutions, including the Philadelphia Art Museum and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, followed with large showings of Duchamp's work. The Philadelphia Museum of Art, located at the west end of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Philadelphia 's Fairmount Park, was established in 1876 The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, He was invited to lecture on art and participate in formal discussions, as well as sitting for interviews with major publications.

The last surviving member of the Duchamp family of artists, in Rouen in 1967 Duchamp helped organize an exhibition called "Les Duchamp: Jacques Villon, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Marcel Duchamp, Suzanne Duchamp. " Some of this family exhibition was later shown at the Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris. Centre Georges Pompidou (constructed 1971–1977 and known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement

Exhibition design

1938 - The International Surrealist Exhibition was held at the Beaux-arts Gallery, Paris with more than 60 artists from different countries, showing around 300 paintings, objects, collages, photographs and installations.

The surrealists wanted to create an exhibition which in itself would be a creative act and called on Duchamp to do so. At the exhibition's entrance he placed Salvador Dalí's Rainy Taxi (an old taxi rigged to produce a steady drizzle of water down the inside of the windows, and a shark-headed creature in the driver's seat and a blond mannequin crawling with live snails in the back) greeted the patrons who were in full evening dress. Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist Surrealist Street filled one side of the lobby with mannequins dressed by various surrealists. He designed the main hall to seem like subterranean cave with 1,200 coal bags suspended from the ceiling over a coal brazier with a single light bulb which provided the only lighting,[1] so patrons were given flashlights with which to view the art. Wolfgang Paalens installation underneath was composed of limp oak leaves and a water-filled pond with actual water lilies and reed, and the aroma of roasting coffee filled the air. Around midnight in the crazy gleam of the pale light cones the visitors witness the dancing shimmer of a sparsely dressed girl who suddenly arises from the reed, jumps on the bed, abruptly lapses into a hysterical shriek - an idea of Dali -, and disappears just as quickly.

Much to the surrealists' satisfaction the exhibition scandalized the viewers.

1942 - For the First Papers of Surrealism show in New York, surrealists again called on Duchamp to design the exhibition. This time he wove a 3-dimensional web of string throughout the rooms of the space, in some cases making it almost impossible to see the works. [2] He made a secret arrangement with an associate's son to bring his friends to the opening of the show, so that when the finely dressed patrons arrived they found a dozen children in athletic clothes kicking and passing balls, and skipping rope. His design for the show's catalog included "found", rather than posed, photographs of the artists.

Etant donnés

Main article: Etant donnés

Duchamp's final major art work surprised the art world that believed he'd given up art for chess 25 years earlier. Étant donnés ( Given 1 The Waterfall 2 The Illuminating Gas, French Étant donnés 1° la chute d'eau / 2° le gaz d'éclairage. Given: 1 The Waterfall, 2. The Illuminating Gas (Etant donnés: 1° la chute d'eau / 2° le gaz d'éclairage) is a tableau, visible only through a peep hole in a wooden door,[3] of a nude woman lying on her back with her face hidden and legs spread holding a gas lamp in the air in one hand against a landscape backdrop. Étant donnés ( Given 1 The Waterfall 2 The Illuminating Gas, French Étant donnés 1° la chute d'eau / 2° le gaz d'éclairage. [4]

Duchamp worked secretly on the piece from 1946 to 1966 in his Greenwich Village studio while even his closest friends thought he had abandoned art. Greenwich Village (ˌgrɛnɪtʃ ˈvɪlɪdʒ often simply called the Village, is a largely residential area on the west side of downtown (southern Manhattan It was a surprise to the art world in particular, as Duchamp had apparently decided to give up "retinal art", as already mentioned, but here Duchamp seemed to have produced a piece that appealed to the eye as well as the mind.

Death and burial

Marcel Duchamp died on 2 October 1968 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France and is buried in the Rouen Cemetery, in Rouen, Normandy, France. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Neuilly-sur-Seine (nœji syʀ sɛn in French) is a commune bordering the western limit of the city of Paris, France. Rouen (ʁwɑ̃ in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. His grave bears the epitaph, "D'ailleurs, c'est toujours les autres qui meurent;" or "Besides, it's always other people who die. "

Legacy

Duchamp is usually considered to have a negative attitude to later artists who developed the ideas he had initiated, because of this quote which is widely attributed to him:

This Neo-Dada, which they call New Realism, Pop Art, Assemblage, etc. , is an easy way out, and lives on what Dada did. When I discovered the ready-mades I sought to discourage aesthetics. In Neo-Dada they have taken my readymades and found aesthetic beauty in them, I threw the bottle-rack and the urinal into their faces as a challenge and now they admire them for their aesthetic beauty.

However, it had actually been written in a letter to him in 1961 by fellow Dadaist Hans Richter, but in the second person not the first, i. Hans Richter may refer to Hans Richter (conductor (1843-1916 Austrian conductor Hans Richter (architect, designer of the Volksbühne e. "You threw. . . etc". In the margin next to it, Duchamp had written, "Ok, ça va très bien" ("that's really fine"). Richter did not make this clear for many years. ^[10]

Duchamp's attitude is actually far more favourable as his words in 1964 evidence:

Pop Art is a return to "conceptual" painting, virtually abandoned, except by the Surrealists, since Courbet, in favour of retinal painting. For the French Admiral see Admiral Courbet (1828-1885 Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet ( 10 June 1819 &ndash . . If you take a Campbell soup can and repeat it 50 times, you are not interested in the retinal image. What interests you is the concept that wants to put 50 Campbell soup cans on a canvas.

Perhaps in tribute, surrealist Salvador Dalí wrote a preface to Pierre Cabanne's Dialogues with Marcel Duchamp, a transcription of interviews between Cabanne and Duchamp. Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist In it, Dalí oddly writes "Marcel Duchamp spoke to me, during the course of the Second World War (traveling between Arcachon and Bordeaux) of a new interest in the preparation of shit, of which the small excretions from the navel are the "deluxe" editions. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including To this I replied that I wished to have genuine shit, from the navel of Raphael. Today Pop artist Verona sells artists' shit in very sophisticated packaging as a luxury item. Pop Art is a visual Art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in parallel in the late 1950s in the United States. " ^[11],^[12]

A testimony to the influence of Duchamp's work and the mark he left on the art world, in December 2004, Duchamp's Fountain was voted the most influential artwork of the 20th century by 500 well-established artists and critics in the British art world. Fountain is a 1917 work by Marcel Duchamp. It is one of the pieces which he called readymades (also known as Found art ^[3]

The Marcel Duchamp Prize (in French: Prix Marcel Duchamp) is an annual award given to a young artist by Centre Georges Pompidou. The Marcel Duchamp Prize (in French: Prix Marcel Duchamp) is an annual award given to a young artist Centre Georges Pompidou (constructed 1971–1977 and known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement

In April 2008 British artist James Robert Ford exhibited a solo show of his work at FERREIRA PROJECTS, London, entitled Duchamp played Chess; I Made Cranes, in reference to Duchamp's (supposed) abandonment of art for chess. James Robert Ford is a contemporary British mixed media and Installation artist Ford's projects include House Gymnastics (a domestic version of Le Parkour

See also

• Armory Show
• History of painting
• Western painting
• Shock art

Selected works

• Portrait of Chess Players (Portrait de joueurs d'echecs) (1911). Many exhibitions have been held in the vast spaces of US National Guard armories, but the Armory Show refers to the International Exhibition The history of Painting reaches back in time to artifacts from pre-historic humans and spans all cultures See also Western art, History of painting, Western art history, History of art, Art history, Painting, Outline of painting Shock art is art that utilizes disturbing imagery sound or scents to create a shocking experience Philadelphia Museum of Art
• Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (Nu descendant un Escalier. Nude Descending a Staircase No 2 (French Nu descendant un escalier n° 2) is a 1912 painting by Marcel Duchamp. No. 2) (1912). Philadelphia Museum of Art
• Readymades of Marcel Duchamp (1915- )
  • Fountain (1917)
  • L.H.O.O.Q. (1919)
• The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (La Mariée mis à nu par ses célibataires, même). The readymades of Marcel Duchamp are ordinary manufactured objects that he selected and modified as an antidote to what he called "retinal art" Fountain is a 1917 work by Marcel Duchamp. It is one of the pieces which he called readymades (also known as Found art The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors Even ( La mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires même) most often called The Large Glass, is an Often called The Large Glass. The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors Even ( La mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires même) most often called The Large Glass, is an (1915-1923). Philadelphia Museum of Art
  • The Green Box. Notes and studies for The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even. The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors Even ( La mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires même) most often called The Large Glass, is an (1915-1923) Philadelphia Museum of Art
• Rrose Sélavy (1921- ) Duchamp's female "alter-ego" who signed some works and was photographed by Man Ray. Rrose Sélavy, or Rose Sélavy, was one of the pseudonyms of artist Marcel Duchamp.
• Rotoreliefs (1920s) External link
• Anémic Cinéma Film (1926) UbuWeb
• Given: 1 The Waterfall, 2. The Illuminating Gas. (French: Etant donnés: 1. Étant donnés ( Given 1 The Waterfall 2 The Illuminating Gas, French Étant donnés 1° la chute d'eau / 2° le gaz d'éclairage. la chute d'eau/2. le gaz d'éclairage. Translation note: "Etant donnés" translates from French to English as "Being given", with emphasis on the existent 'Being' however the work is known in English as Given: 1 The. . . . ) (1946-1966) Philadelphia Museum of Art (outside view) (inside view)

Notes and references

Notes

References

• Tomkins, Calvin: Duchamp: A Biography, Henry Holt and Company, Inc. , 1996. ISBN 0-8050-5789-7
• Seigel, Jerrold: The Private Worlds of Marcel Duchamp, University of California Press, 1995. ISBN 0-520-20038-1
• Hulten, Pontus (editor): Marcel Duchamp: Work and Life, The MIT Press, 1993. ISBN 0-262-08225-X
• Cabanne, Pierre: Dialogs with Marcel Duchamp, Da Capo Press, Inc. , 1979 (1969 in French), ISBN 0-306-80303-8
• Duchamp Bottles Belle Greene: Just Desserts For His Canning by Bonnie Jean Garner (with text boxes by Stephen Jay Gould)
• Gibson, Michael: Duchamp-Dada, (in French, Nouvelles Editions Françaises-Casterman, 1990) International Art Book Award of the Vasari Prize in 1991. Stephen Jay Gould (September 10 1941 &ndash May 20 2002 was a prominent American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science
• Sanouillet, Michel and Peterson, Elner, The Writings of Marcel Duchamp. NY: Da Capo Press, 1989. ISBN 0-306-80341-0

External links

Duchamp works

• Philadelphia Museum of Art houses the Arensbergs' large collection of Duchamp's work. The Philadelphia Museum of Art, located at the west end of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Philadelphia 's Fairmount Park, was established in 1876 Walter Conrad Arensberg (April 4 1878 - January 29 1954 was an American art collector critic and poet (website)
• The Israel Museum has many of Duchamp's works in its Vera and Arturo Schwarz Collection of Dada and Surrealist Art. The Israel Museum Jerusalem (מוזיאון ישראל ירושלים Muze'on Yisrael Yerushalayim) was founded in 1965 as Israel 's National museum. (website)
• The Museum of Modern Art has many Duchamp works. The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, USA, on 53rd Street between Fifth (website)
• An explanation about the “Roue de bicyclette” by Duchamp (website)

Essays by Duchamp

• Marcel Duchamp: The Creative Act (1957) Text Audio

General resources

• Andrew Stafford: Making Sense of Marcel Duchamp - animated explanations.
• Marcel-Duchamp.com Étant donné - annual review published by L'association pour l'etude de Marcel Duchamp.
• Toutfait: The Marcel Duchamp Studies Online Journal
• MarcelDuchamp.org - Personal website dedicated to Duchamp.
• MarcelDuchamp.net - Art Science Research Laboratory site about researching Duchamp.
• Marcel Duchamp - Olga's Gallery pages with biography and images.
• Marcel Duchamp Rotoreliefs - animated.
• Marcel Duchamp (DADA Companion) - the Online Research Companion.
• Marcel Duchamp: Cooler Than Warhol - A great multimedia presentation about Duchamp's history and work.

Essays about Duchamp

• Marc Décimo: Marcel Duchamp mis à nu. A propos du processus créatif (Marcel Duchamp Stripped Bare. Apropos of the creative Act), Les presses du réel, Dijon (France), 2004.
• Marc Décimo:The Marcel Duchamp Library, perhaps (La Bibliothèque de Marcel Duchamp, peut-être), Les presses du réel, Dijon (France), 2001.

Lydie Fischer Sarazin-Levassor, A Marriage in Check. The Heart of the Bride Stripped by her Bachelor, even, Les presses du réel, Dijon (France), 2007.

• Rhonda Roland Shearer: Marcel Duchamp's Impossible Bed and Other "Not" Readymade Objects: A Possible Route of Influence From Art To Science
• Michael Beyer: Duchamp is Dandy!
• Hilton Kramer: "Duchamp & his legacy", The New Criterion

Audio and video

• Voices of Dada, Futurism & Dada Reviewed and Surrealism Reviewed - readings by Duchamp on the audio CDs
• UbuWeb - Music, lectures, and film
• Duchamp's Legacy with Richard Hamilton and Sarat Maharaj from Tate Britain. Origin The New Criterion was founded in 1982 by The New York Times art critic Hilton Kramer. Richard Hamilton (born February 24 1922) is an English painter and Collage artist Tate Britain is a part of the Tate gallery network in Britain, with Tate Modern, Tate Liverpool and Tate St Ives. (RealPlayer required. )

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