| Mapuche |
|---|
 |
| Total population |
|
ca. 900,000 |
| Regions with significant populations |
| Chile, Argentina (Araucania and Patagonia) |
| Languages |
| Mapudungun, Spanish |
| Religions |
| Own religion plus Christianity (Catholicism and Evangelicalism) |
| Related ethnic groups |
| Picunche, Huilliche |
Mapuche Indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia ( French: Royaume d'Araucanie et de Patagonie; sometimes referred to as New France) was an ephemeral political Mapudungun (from mapu 'earth land' and dungun 'speak speech' is a Language isolate spoken in central Chile and west central Argentina Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel The Picunche (a Mapudungun word meaning "North People" also referred to as picones by the Spanish were a mapudungun speaking Chilean people The Huilliche ( Huillice) is an ethnic group of Chile, belonging to the Mapuche culture For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. They were known as araucanos "Araucanians" by the Spaniards but this is now considered pejorative by the people and the term Mapuche is the one most often used by people in conversation and in the media in Chile and Argentina and is the one preferred by them. Contrary to popular belief, the Quechua word awqa "rebel, enemy", is probably not the root of araucano: the latter is more likely derived from the placename rag ko (Spanish Arauco) "clayey water"[1][2]. Quechua ( Runa Simi) is a Native American language of South America. Arauco may refer to Arauco Chile city and municipality in Chile Arauco Province, Chile Araucanía
The Mapuche had an economy based on agriculture; their social organisation consisted of extended families, under the direction of a "lonko" or chief, although in times of war they would unite in larger groupings and elect a toqui (from Mapudungun toki "axe, axe-bearer") to lead them. A lonco (from Mapudungun longko, literally "head" is a tribal chief of the Mapuches These were often Ulmen the wealthier men in the Toqui (from the Mapudungun toki "axe axe-bearer" is a title conferred by the Mapuche (an indigenous Chilean people to those who are chosen as their leader
The Mapuche are a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups which shared a common social, religious and economic structure, as well as a common linguistic heritage. Their influence extended between the Aconcagua River and Chiloé Island and later eastward to the Argentine pampa. The Aconcagua River is a river in Chile that rises from the joint of two minor tributary rivers at above sea level in the Andes, Juncal river from the east (which Chiloé Island ( Spanish: "Isla de Chiloé" also known as' Isla Grande de Chiloé "Greater Island of Chiloé", is the largest island The Mapuche (note that Mapuche can refer to the whole group of Picunches (people of the north), Huilliches and Mapuches from Araucanía or exclusively to Mapuches from Araucanía) inhabited the valleys between the Itata and Toltén Rivers, as well as the Huilliche (people of the South), the Cuncos. The Picunche (a Mapudungun word meaning "North People" also referred to as picones by the Spanish were a mapudungun speaking Chilean people Araucanía or Araucana was the Spanish name given to the region of Chile inhabited by the Mapuche peoples known as the Moluche (also The Itata River flows in the Bío-Bío Region, southern Chile. Toltén is Chilean commune located at the lower flows Toltén River at the southern coast of Cautín Province which is part of Araucanía Region The Huilliche ( Huillice) is an ethnic group of Chile, belonging to the Mapuche culture The Cuncos are a sedentary native Chilean people belonging to the southern group of Mapuche peoples and that inhabited the coasts of Chile from Valdivia In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the Mapuches expanded eastward into the Andes and pampas forming with the existing people the Poyas and Pehuenche. Pehuenches (people of pehuén in Mapudungun) are an indigenous people that are part of the Mapuche peoples and live in the Andes in south central Chile At about the same time ethnic groups of the pampa regions, the Puelche, Ranqueles and northern Aonikenk, called Patagons by Ferdinand Magellan, known now as Tehuelche, made contact with Mapuche groups, adopting their language and some culture (in what came to be called the Araucanization). Puelche ( Mapudungun: pwelche, " people of the east" is the name that the Mapuche used to give the ethnic groups who inhabited the lands to the east of the The Patagones or Patagonian giants are a mythical race of people who first began to appear in early European accounts of the then little-known region and coastline Ferdinand Magellan (Fernão de Magalhães fɨɾˈnɐ̃ũ dɨ mɐgɐˈʎɐ̃ĩʃ Fernando de Magallanes (Spring 1480 &ndash April 27 1521 Mactan Island, Cebu Tehuelches is the collective name of the native tribes of Patagonia. The Araucanization (Araucanización was the process of expansion of Mapuche culture influence and language from Araucanía into the patagonic
Contents |
History
Origin
The origin of the Mapuche is not clear. The Mapuche language Mapudungun, has been classified by some authorities as being related to the Penutian languages of North America. Mapudungun (from mapu 'earth land' and dungun 'speak speech' is a Language isolate spoken in central Chile and west central Argentina Penutian is a proposed grouping of language families that includes many Native American languages of western North America, predominantly spoken at one Others group it among the Andean languages (Greenberg 1987, Key 1978), and yet others postulate an Araucanian-Mayan relationship (Stark 1970, Hamp 1971); Croese (1989, 1991) has advanced the hypothesis that it is related to Arawak. The term Arawak (from aru, the Lokono word for Cassava flour was used to designate the Amerindians encountered by the Spanish in A recent study found that Mapuche pre-Columbian Araucana came from Polynesia by analysing their DNA;[1][2][3][4] this suggests contact between the Mapuche and Polynesia. The Araucana, also known as a South American Rumpless, is a Breed of Chicken originating in Chile. Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a Subregion of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known One of the earliest sites of human occupation in the Americas, Monte Verde, lies within what was later to become Huilliche territory, although there is currently no demonstrated link between the Monte Verde people and the Mapuche. Monte Verde is an Archaeological site in south-central Chile, which has been dated to 14500 years before present The Huilliche ( Huillice) is an ethnic group of Chile, belonging to the Mapuche culture
War of Arauco
The Mapuche successfully resisted many attempts by the Inca Empire to subjugate them, despite their lack of state organisation. The Arauco War was a long conflict between colonial Spaniards and the Mapuche people of the region of Araucanía, of modern Chile. The Inca Empire (or Inka Empire) was the largest empire in Pre-Columbian America. They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army. The God Emperor of the Inca Empire ( Quechua: Inka Qhapaq) of the Andes (the area including modern Peru, Ecuador, and Túpac Inca Yupanqui (aka Topa Inca Tupaq Inka Yupanki (literally “noble Inca accountant” was the tenth Sapa Inca (1471-93 CE of the Inca Empire The result of the bloody three day confrontation known as the Battle of the Maule was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the Maule river. The Battle of the Maule, in modern Chile, was fought between the Mapuche people and the Inca Empire. The Maule river (in Mapudungun "rainy" is one of the most important rivers of Chile and is inextricably linked to this country's pre-Hispanic ( Inca Here they were forced to establish a fortified border.
They fought against the Spaniards for over 300 years. Initial conquests of land by Spain in the late 16th century were repelled by the Mapuche, so effectively that there were areas to which Europeans did not return until late in the 19th century. One of the main geographical boundaries was the Bío-Bío River, which the Mapuche used as a natural barrier to Spanish and Chilean incursion. The Biobío River (Also known as Bío Bío or Bio-Bio) is the second largest River in Chile. The 300 years were not uniformly a period of hostility, but often allowed substantial trade and interchange between Mapuche and Spaniards or Chileans. Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. Nevertheless, the long Mapuche resistance has become primarily known as the War of Arauco, and is immortalized in Alonso de Ercilla's epic poem La Araucana. The Arauco War was a long conflict between colonial Spaniards and the Mapuche people of the region of Araucanía, of modern Chile. Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga ( Madrid August 7, 1533 &ndash November 29, 1594 in Madrid Spanish nobleman soldier and La Araucana is an epic poem in Spanish about the Spanish conquest of Chile, by Alonso de Ercilla; it is also known in English as The
When Chile revolted from the Spanish crown, some Mapuche chiefs sided with the colonists; most, however, regarded the matter with indifference. This lack of concern shows how the Mapuche perceived that they were their own people on their own land, and did not realize the potential threat the colonists would pose to their culture. After Chile's independence from Spain, the Mapuche coexisted and traded with their neighbours, who prudently remained north of the Bío-Bío River, although clashes occurred frequently.
Occupation of the Araucanía
Chilean population pressures increased on the Mapuche borders, and by the 1880s Chile extended both to the north and to the south of the Mapuche heartlands. This article is about the Chilean military man for his Argentine grandfather see Cornelio Saavedra. A lonco (from Mapudungun longko, literally "head" is a tribal chief of the Mapuches These were often Ulmen the wealthier men in the Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Occupation of the Araucania (1861–1883 was a series of Military campaigns agreements and penetrations by the Chilean army and Settlers Further, Chile in the 1880s, as a result of its preparation for and its victory in the War of the Pacific against Bolivia and Peru, found itself with a large standing army and a relatively modern arsenal for the period. The War of the Pacific, sometimes called the Saltpeter War in reference to its original cause was fought between Chile and the joint forces of Bolivia The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Finally, in the mid- to late-1880s, partially on the pretext of crushing a French adventurer, Orelie-Antoine de Tounens, who had declared himself King of Araucania, Chile overwhelmed the Mapuche in the course of the so-called "pacification of the Araucanía". Orélie-Antoine de Tounens (1825-1878 was a French lawyer and adventurer who assumed the title of King of Araucania and Patagonia. The Occupation of the Araucania (1861–1883 was a series of Military campaigns agreements and penetrations by the Chilean army and Settlers
Using a combination of force and diplomacy, Chile's government obliged some Mapuche leaders to sign a treaty absorbing the Araucanian territories into Chile. The immediate impact of the war was widespread starvation and disease. Starvation (also called inanition) is a severe reduction in Vitamin, Nutrient, and Energy intake and is the most extreme form of A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly It has been claimed that the Mapuche population dropped from a total of half a million to 25,000 within a generation[3], though the latter figure has been called an exaggeration by several authorities. In the post-conquest period, however, there was internment of a significant percentage of the Mapuche, the wholesale destruction of the Mapuche herding, agricultural and trading economies, the wholesale looting of Mapuche property (real and personal - including a large amount of silver jewelry to replenish the Chilean national coffers), and the creation and institutionalization of a system of reserves called reducciones along lines similar to North American reservation systems. Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones Reductions (known as Reducciones de Indios, or simply Reducciones in Spanish; also Congregacíones) were settlements Subsequent generations of Mapuche live in extreme poverty as a direct result of being conquered and expropriated.
Recent history
Mapuche descendants now live across southern Chile and Argentina; some maintain their traditions and continue living from agriculture, but a growing majority have migrated to cities in search of better economic opportunities. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Chile's region IX continues to have a rural population made up of approximately 80%; there are also substantial Mapuche populations in regions X, VIII, and VII. Araucanía or Araucana was the Spanish name given to the region of Chile inhabited by the Mapuche peoples known as the Moluche (also Geography and demography The region has an area of 67013 km² and its population according to the 2002 INE Census was 1073135 with a population density The VII Maule Region (VII Región del Maule is one of Chile 's 15 first order Administrative divisions Its Capital is Talca.
In recent years, there has been an attempt by the Chilean government to redress some of the inequities of the past, by, for example, validating the Mapudungun language and culture by including them in the curriculum of elementary schools around Temuco. Temuco is the capital of the Araucanía Region, Chile. The name comes from the Mapudungun language meaning "temu water" " temu Nevertheless, land disputes and violent interactions do continue in some Mapuche areas, particularly in the northern sections of the IX region between and around Traiguén and Lumaco - where a history of conflict continues into the present.
Representatives from Mapuche organisations joined the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation (UNPO) seeking recognition and protection for their cultural and land rights. The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization ( UNPO) formed in 1991 is a democratic International organization.
Though Japanese and Swiss interests are active in the region that Chileans call "Araucanía" and the Mapuche call "Ngulu Mapu", both of the main forestry companies are Chilean-owned. On land the Mapuche claim is theirs, the firms have planted hundreds of thousands of acres with Monterey pine and eucalyptus trees, species that are not native to the region and that consume large amounts of water and fertilizer.
Chilean exports of wood to the United States, almost all of which come from this southern region, are about $600 million a year and rising. Though an international campaign led by the conservation group Forest Ethics resulted in the Home Depot chain and other leading wood importers agreeing to revise their purchasing policies, to "provide for the protection of native forests in Chile," some Mapuche leaders were not satisfied.
In an effort to defuse tensions, a special government body, the Commission for Historical Truth and New Treatment, issued a report in 2003 calling for drastic changes in Chile's treatment of its indigenous people, more than 80 percent of whom are Mapuche. The recommendations included the formal recognition of political and "territorial" rights for aboriginal peoples, as well as efforts to promote their cultural identity.
In recent years, Mapuche activists have been prosecuted under counter-terrorism legislation originally introduced by the military dictatorship, under Pinochet. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November The law allows prosecutors to withhold evidence from the defense for up to six months, and to conceal the identity of witnesses, who may give evidence in court behind screens. There are several non-violent activist groups, which utilize various tactics, including the destruction of private property. Protestors from Mapuche communities have engaged in these tactics against multinational forestry corporations [5] that are occupying territory, originally a part of the same Mapuche communities.
Over the past decade, numerous protests have taken place in the Araucania region. These protests are quite frequent in the region, and Chilean police and paramilitary groups [6] have responded against Mapuche activists with a disproportionate level of violence. This includes the murder of young unarmed Mapuche activists, Alex Lemún [7], in 2002, and Matías Catrileo [8] in 2008. Numerous Mapuche youth are living in hiding [9] due to the level of state repression against their communities.
Culture
According to genetic studies, most Chilean Mapuche possess some non-aboriginal ancestry, and over 60% of Chile's non-aboriginal population possess Native American ancestry, in varying degrees, although until recently very few Chileans would admit their Native American admixture. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. There were 604,349 Mapuche according to the census of 2002, making up approximately 4% of the Chilean population, while an estimated 300,000 live on the other side of the Andes in Argentina. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. Due to the loss of their lands, many Mapuche now live in impoverished conditions in large cities such as Santiago. Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago See also: Demographics of Chile. Chile has a population of over 16 million people About 85% is urban-dwelling roughly half of which (approx Mapuche resistance continues, especially against the large forestry companies exploiting traditional lands. Forestry is the Art and Science of managing forests tree Plantations and related Natural resources. Pinochet-era anti-terrorism laws have frequently been used in recent years against certain community leaders and Mapuche political activists. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion
At the time of the arrival of Europeans, the Mapuche were capable of sufficiently organizing themselves to create a network of forts and complex defensive buildings but also ceremonial constructions such as some mounds recently discovered near Purén. A mound is a general term for an artificial heaped Pile of Earth, Gravel, Sand, rocks [4] They quickly adopted iron metal-working (they already worked copper [5]) and horseback-riding from the Europeans, along with the cultivation of wheat and sheep. Metalworking is craft and practice of working with Metals to create individual parts assemblies or large scale structures For the Roman class see Equestrian (Roman Equestrianism refers to the skill of riding or driving Horses This broad description Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. In the long 300 year coexistence between the Spanish colonies and the relatively well-delineated autonomous Mapuche regions, the Mapuche also developed a strong tradition of trading with the Spanish/Chileans. It is this which lies at the heart of the Mapuche silver-working tradition, for it was from the large and widely-dispersed quantity of Spanish and Chilean silver coins that the Mapuche wrought their elaborate jewelry, head bands, etc.
Mapuche languages
Mapuche languages are spoken in Chile and to a smaller extent in Argentina. Mapudungun (from mapu 'earth land' and dungun 'speak speech' is a Language isolate spoken in central Chile and west central Argentina They have two branches: Huilliche and Mapudungun. The Huilliche language (also known as Veliche and Huiliche) is an Araucanian language spoken (as of 1982 by about 2000 ethnic Huilliche Mapudungun (from mapu 'earth land' and dungun 'speak speech' is a Language isolate spoken in central Chile and west central Argentina Although not related, there is some discernible lexical influence from Quechua. Quechua ( Runa Simi) is a Native American language of South America. It is estimated that only about 200,000 full-fluency speakers remain in Chile, and the language still receives only token support in the educational system. In recent years it has started to be taught in rural schools of Bio-Bio, Araucanía and Los Lagos Regions. Political and administrative division See also Araucanization Arauco War Occupation Geography and demography The region has an area of 67013 km² and its population according to the 2002 INE Census was 1073135 with a population density
Mythology and beliefs
Central to Mapuche belief is the role of the machi "shaman". The beliefs of the Mapuche and their mythology stories about to the world and creatures born of the extensive and old religious beliefs next to a series of common legend and myths that Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a Proposition or Premise to be true A machi is a Shaman or (usually a good Witch in the Mapuche culture of South America; and is also an important character and the Mapuche It is usually filled by a woman, following an apprenticeship with an older Machi, and has many of the characteristics typical of shamans. The machi performs ceremonies for curing diseases, warding off evil, influencing weather, harvests, social interactions and dreamwork. Machis often have extensive knowledge of Chilean medicinal herbs, though as biodiversity in the Chilean countryside has declined due to commercial agriculture and forestry, the dissemination of such knowledge has also declined but is in revival. See also Herbalism Medicinal plants of the American West List of culinary herbs and spices Machis also have an extensive knowledge of sacred stones and the sacred animals.
A book by investigative journalist Patrick Tierney, The Highest Altar: Unveiling the Mystery of Human Sacrifice (1989) ISBN 9780140139747 , documents a possible modern ritual human sacrifice during the devastating earthquake and tsunami of 1960 by a machi of the Mapuche in the Lago Budi community. Investigative journalism is a type of reporting in which reporters deeply investigate a topic of interest often involving crime Political corruption, or some other Scandal Patrick Tierney is an Investigative journalist who works as a volunteer to the UCIS at the University of Pittsburgh. The 1960 Valdivia earthquake or Great Chilean Earthquake (Gran terremoto de Valdivia of 22 May, 1960 is the most powerful Earthquake ever The Budi Lake (Lago Budi from the Mapudungun word Füzi which means salt is located near the coast of Araucanía Region, Southern Chile The victim, 5 year old José Luis Painecur, had his arms and legs removed by Juan Pañán and Juan José Paincur(the victims grandfather), and was stuck into the sand of the beach like a stake. The waters of the Pacific Ocean then carried the body out to sea. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The sacrifice was rumored to be at the behest of local machi, Juana Namuncurá Añen. The 2 men were charged with the crime and confessed, but later recanted. They were released after 2 years. A judge ruled that those involved in these events had "acted without free will, driven by an irresistible natural force of ancestral tradition. " The story is also mentioned in a Time Magazine article from that year, although with much less detail. [10]
The most important beliefs of the Mapuche are expressed in the tale Trentren Vilu y Caicai Vilu, and manifest in the Ngen and Pillan spirits, the Kalku and Wekufe (evil/illness) spirits, the Chonchon, the Piuchen, the Nguruvilu, and the Calchona. In Mapuche mythology, Ngen are Spirits of Nature. In Mapudungun, the word ngen means "owner" The Pillan (of Mapudungun origin singular pillán and plural pillanes in Spanish) is a powerful and respected male Spirit in Kalku or Calcu, in Chilean folklore and the Mapuche mythology, is a sorcerer or Shaman, usually but not necessarily an evil one The wekufe (from Mapudungun wekufü "demon outside being" is an important type of harmful Spirit or demon in Mapuche mythology. For other uses see Chonchon (disambiguation The Chonchon, (of the language Mapudungun and Spanish Chonchón is a creature (considered a mythical The Peuchen is a creature from the Mapuche and Chilota mythology pertaining to southern Chile, a much feared Shapeshifting creature The Nguruvilu "fox snake" ( also Guirivilo Guruvilu Ñuruvilu Ñirivilu Ñivivilu Ñirivilo o Nirivilo; from Mapudungun ngürü "fox"
An equally important part of Mapuche belief and society is the remembered history of independence and resistance from 1540 (Spanish and then Chileans) and of the treaty with the Chilean government in the 1870s. In that perception, it is important to include not exclude Mapuches in the Chilean culture. Having said that, memories, stories, and beliefs, often very local and particularized, are a significant part of the Mapuche traditional culture. To varying degrees, this history of resistance continues to this day amongst the Mapuche, though at the same time a large majority in Chile would also strongly include themselves as Chilean similarly to a large majority in Argentina including themselves as Argentines.
References
- ^ Mapuche o Araucano (Spanish)
- ^ Antecedentes históricos del pueblo araucano (Spanish)
- ^ Ward Churchill, A Little Matter of Genocide, 109.
- ^ Dillehay, Tom, Monuments, Empires, and Resistance: The Araucanian Polity and Ritual Narratives (Cambridge University Press, Washington, 2007)
- ^ Pedro Mariño de Lobera, in Crónica del Reino de Chile, Cap. Tom Dillehay is an American Anthropologist who is the anthropology department chair at Vanderbilt University. XXXI and XXXIII mentions copper points on the Mapuche pikes in the Battle of Andalien and Battle of Penco. The battle of Andalien in early February 1550 was a night action between 20000 Mapuche under the command of their Toqui Ainavillo and Pedro de Valdivia The Battle of Penco, on March 12th 1550 was a battle between 60000 Mapuche under the command of their Toqui Ainavillo with his Araucan and Tucapel allies Possibly this metal working was learned from the prior interaction with the Inca Empire or was a native craft (copper being common in the area). The Inca Empire (or Inka Empire) was the largest empire in Pre-Columbian America.
Further reading
- Language of the land : the Mapuche in Argentina and Chile: http://www.iwgia.org/sw21526.asp, 2007, ISBN 9788791563379
- When a flower is reborn : the life and times of a Mapuche feminist, 2002, ISBN 0822329344
- Courage tastes of blood : the Mapuche community of Nicolás Ailío and the Chilean state, 1906-2001, 2005, ISBN 0822335859
- Neoliberal economics, democratic transition, and Mapuche demands for rights in Chile, 2006, ISBN 0813029384
- Shamans of the foye tree : gender, power, and healing among Chilean Mapuche, 2007, ISBN 9780292716582
- A grammar of Mapuche, 2007, ISBN 9783110195583
- Mapuche Dreamwork: http://www.clas.berkeley.edu:7001/Gallery/nakashima/index.html
See also
- Araucanía
- Araucanization
- Araucaria
- Arauco War
- Battle of the Maule
- Caupolican
- Colocolo
- Galvarino
- Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia
- Lautaro
- Mapuche International Link
- Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
External links
- Mapuche International Link official website
- Mapuche-nation.org
- Rehue Foundation in Netherland
- Mapulink website
- Mapuche Health
- Website of the Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia
Dictionary
Mapuche
-proper noun
- An indigenous group of inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina.
- The language of the Mapuche people.
-adjective
- Of, from, or pertaining to the Mapuche.
-noun
- A person of the Mapuche.
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