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Christ Pantocrator seated in a capital "U" in an illuminated manuscript from the Badische Landesbibliothek, Germany.
Christ Pantocrator seated in a capital "U" in an illuminated manuscript from the Badische Landesbibliothek, Germany. Meaning The most common translation of Pantocrator is "Almighty" or "All-powerful An illuminated manuscript is a Manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration such as decorated Initials borders and

A manuscript is any document that is written by hand, as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way. A document (noun is a bounded physical representation of body of Information designed with the capacity (and usually intent to Communicate. The term may also be used for information that is hand-recorded in other ways than writing, for example inscriptions that are chiselled upon a hard material or scratched (the original meaning of graffiti) as with a knife point in plaster or with a stylus on a waxed tablet, (the way Romans made notes), or are in cuneiform writing, impressed with a pointed stylus in a flat tablet of unbaked clay. Epigraphy (ἐπιγραφολογία from Greek ἐπιγραφή — "inscription" is the study of inscriptions or epigraphs engraved Graffiti (singular graffito; the plural is used as a Mass noun) is the name for images or lettering scratched scrawled painted or marked in any manner on property A stylus (plural styli or styluses) is a Writing utensil. The word is also used for a computer accessory ( PDAs) The word manuscript is derived from the Latin manu scriptus, literally "written by hand. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. "

In publishing and academic contexts, a "manuscript" is the text submitted to the publisher or printer in preparation for publication, usually as a typescript prepared on a typewriter, or today, a printout from a PC, prepared in manuscript format. Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view A typewriter is a mechanical or Electromechanical device with a set of "keys" that when pressed cause characters to be printed on a medium A personal computer ( PC) is any Computer whose original sales price size and capabilities make it useful for individuals and which is intended to be operated Manuscript format is the format in which most editors prefer to receive Writers submittals of text Manuscripts for publication.

Originally, all books were in manuscript form. In China, and later other parts of East Asia, Woodblock printing was used for books from about the seventh century. For the use of the technique in art see Woodcut on the technique and Old master print for the history in Europe and Woodblock printing in Japan. The earliest dated example is the Diamond Sutra of 868. The Diamond Sutra is a short Mahayana Sutra of the Perfection of Wisdom genre which teaches the practice of the avoidance of abiding in extremes In the Islamic world and the West, all books were in manuscript until the introduction of movable type printing in about 1450. Movable type is the system of Printing and Typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press Manuscript copying of books continued for a least a century, as printing remained expensive. Private or government documents remained hand-written until the invention of the typewriter in the late nineteenth century. A typewriter is a mechanical or Electromechanical device with a set of "keys" that when pressed cause characters to be printed on a medium Because of the likelihood of errors being introduced each time a manuscript was copied, the filiation of different version of the same text is a fundamental part of the study and criticism of all texts that have been transmitted in manuscript. Textual criticism (or lower criticism) is a branch of Literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of Transcription errors in

In Southeast Asia, in the first millennium, documents of sufficiently great importance were inscribed on soft metallic sheets such as copperplate, softened by refiner's fire and inscribed with a metal stylus. Copperplate refers to the use of inscribed sheets of copper in printing In the Philippines, for example, as early as 900 CE, specimen documents were not inscribed by stylus, but were punched much like the style of today's dot-matrix printers. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP A dot matrix printer or impact matrix printer refers to a type of Computer printer with a print head that runs back and forth on the page and prints by impact striking This type of document was rare compared to the usual leaves and bamboo staves that were inscribed. However, neither the leaves nor paper were as durable as the metal document in the hot, humid climate. In Myanmar, the kammavaca, buddhist manuscripts, were inscribed on brass, copper or ivory sheets, and even on discarded monk robes folded and lacquered. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. In Italy some important Etruscan texts were similarly inscribed on thin gold plates: similar sheets have been discovered in Bulgaria. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Etruria &mdash usually referred to in Greek and Latin source texts as Tyrrhenia &mdash was a region of Central Italy, located in an area The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Technically, these are all inscriptions rather than manuscripts. Epigraphy (ἐπιγραφολογία from Greek ἐπιγραφή — "inscription" is the study of inscriptions or epigraphs engraved

Manuscripts are not defined by their contents, which may combine writing with mathematical calculations, maps, explanatory figures or illustrations. Manuscripts may be in the form of scrolls or in book form, or codex format. A scroll is a roll of Papyrus, Parchment, or Paper which has been written drawn or painted upon for the purpose of transmitting information or using as A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together A codex ( Latin for block of wood, Book; plural codices) is a book in the format used for modern books with separate pages normally Illuminated manuscripts are enriched with pictures, border decorations, elaborately engrossed initial letters or full-page illustrations. An illuminated manuscript is a Manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration such as decorated Initials borders and

Tenth-century minuscule Manuscript of Thucydides's History of the Peloponnesian War
Tenth-century minuscule Manuscript of Thucydides's History of the Peloponnesian War

Contents

Manuscripts in history

Armenian manuscript
Armenian manuscript

The traditional abbreviations are MS for manuscript and MSS for manuscripts. Thucydides ( C 460 BC &ndash C 395 BC) ( Greek Θουκυδίδης Thoukydídēs) was a Greek The History of the Peloponnesian War is an account of the Peloponnesian War in Ancient Greece, fought between the Peloponnesian League (led by [1][2] The second s is not simply the plural; by an old convention, it doubles the last letter of the abbreviation to express the plural, just as pp. means "pages".

Before the invention of woodblock printing in China or by moveable type in a printing press in Europe, all written documents had to be both produced and reproduced by hand. For the use of the technique in art see Woodcut on the technique and Old master print for the history in Europe and Woodblock printing in Japan. Movable type is the system of Printing and Typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image Historically, manuscripts were produced in form of scrolls (volumen in Latin) or books (codex, plural codices). A scroll is a roll of Papyrus, Parchment, or Paper which has been written drawn or painted upon for the purpose of transmitting information or using as A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together A codex ( Latin for block of wood, Book; plural codices) is a book in the format used for modern books with separate pages normally Manuscripts were produced on vellum and other parchments, on papyrus, and on paper. Vellum (from the Old French Vélin for "calfskin" is mammal skin prepared for writing or printing on single pages scrolls codices or books Parchment is a thin material made from Calfskin, Sheepskin or goatskin. Papyrus (/pəˈpaɪrəs/ (Rhymes -aɪrəs)is a thick paper-like material produced from the Pith of the papyrus plant Cyperus papyrus Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging In Russia birch bark documents as old as from the 11th century have survived. A birch bark document is a document written on pieces of Birch bark. In India the Palm leaf manuscript, with a distinctive long rectangular shape, was used from ancient times until the 19th century. Palm leaf manuscripts are Manuscripts made out of dried palm leaves Paper spread from China via the Islamic world to Europe by the 14th century, and by the late 15th century had largely replaced parchment for many purposes. Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging

When Greek or Latin works were published, numerous professional copies were made simultaneously by scribes in a scriptorium, each making a single copy from an original that was declaimed aloud. Scriptorium, literally "a place for writing" is commonly used to refer to a room in medieval European Monasteries devoted to the copying of manuscripts by monastic

The oldest written manuscripts have been preserved by the perfect dryness of their Middle Eastern resting places, whether placed within sarcophagi in Egyptian tombs, or reused as mummy-wrappings, discarded in the middens of Oxyrhynchus or secreted for safe-keeping in jars and buried (Nag Hammadi library) or stored in dry caves (Dead Sea scrolls). A sarcophagus is a Funeral receptacle for a Corpse, most commonly carved or cut from stone A mummy is a Corpse whose Skin and Flesh have been preserved by either intentional or Incidental exposure to Chemicals extreme A midden, also known as a kitchen midden, or a shell heap, is a dump for domestic waste. Oxyrhynchus (Ὀξύρρυγχος "sharp-nosed" ancient Egyptian Pr-Medjed; Coptic Pemdje; modern Egyptian Arabic Nag Hammadi library (popularly known as The Gnostic Gospels) is a collection of early Christian Gnostic texts discovered near the The Dead Sea Scrolls consist of roughly 1000 documents including texts from the Hebrew Bible, discovered between 1947 and 1979 in eleven Caves Manuscripts in Tocharian languages, written on palm leaves, survived in desert burials in the Tarim Basin of Central Asia. Tocharian or Tokharian is one of the branches of the Indo-European language family. The Tarim Basin ( is a large Endorheic basin occupying an area of more than 400000 km² Volcanic ash preserved some of the Greek library of the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum. The Villa of the Papyri is a private house in the ancient Roman city of Herculaneum (current commune of Ercolano) Herculaneum (in modern Italian Ercolano) is an ancient Roman town located in the territory of the current commune of Ercolano.

Ironically, the manuscripts that were being most carefully preserved in the libraries of Antiquity are virtually all lost. Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean Papyrus has a life of at most a century or two in relatively moist Italian or Greek conditions; only those works copied onto parchment, usually after the general conversion to Christianity, have survived, and by no means all of those.

The study of the writing, or "hand" in surviving manuscripts is termed palaeography. Palaeography, palæography ( British) or paleography ( American) (from the Greek grc παλαιός palaiós, In the Western world, from the classical period through the early centuries of the Christian era, manuscripts were written without spaces between the words (scriptio continua), which makes them especially hard for the untrained to read. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean Scriptio continua ("Continuous script" in Latin is a style of writing without spaces between words or sentences with all the text in Capital letters, and Extant copies of these early manuscripts written in Greek or Latin and usually dating from the 4th century to the 8th century, are classified according to their use of either all upper case or all lower case letters. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Capital letters or majuscules pronunciation /məˈdʒʌskyuls ˈmædʒəˌskyuls/ in the Roman alphabet A, B, C, D, Hebrew manuscripts, such as the Dead Sea scrolls make no such differentiation. The Dead Sea Scrolls consist of roughly 1000 documents including texts from the Hebrew Bible, discovered between 1947 and 1979 in eleven Caves Manuscripts using all upper case letters are called majuscule, those using all lower case are called minuscule. Capital letters or majuscules pronunciation /məˈdʒʌskyuls ˈmædʒəˌskyuls/ in the Roman alphabet A, B, C, D, Usually, the majuscule scripts such as uncial are written with much more care. Uncial is a Majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek Scribes From the 8th century to the The scribe lifted his pen between each stroke, producing an unmistakable effect of regularity and formality. On the other hand, while minuscule scripts can be written with pen-lift, they may also be cursive, that is, use little pen-lift. For the indie rock band see Cursive (band. Cursive is any style of handwriting that is designed for writing down notes and

Manuscripts today

In the context of library science, a manuscript is defined as any hand-written item in the collections of a library or an archive; for example, a library's collection of the letters or a diary that some historical personage wrote. Library science is an Interdisciplinary Science incorporating the Humanities, Law and Applied science to study topics related to A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution An archive refers to a collection of historical records and also refers to the location in which these records are kept A letter is a Written Message from one person to another Letters especially a regular exchange between two persons (sometimes called Pen pals For other uses of the term 'diary' see Diary (disambiguation.

In other contexts, however, the use of the term "manuscript" no longer necessarily means something that is hand-written. By analogy a "typescript" has been produced on a typewriter. A manuscript is any Document that is Written by hand as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way

In book, magazine, and music publishing, a manuscript is an original copy of a work written by an author or composer, which generally follows standardized typographic and formatting rules. An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance (The staff paper commonly used for handwritten music is, for this reason, often called "manuscript paper. ") In film and theatre, a manuscript, or script for short, is an author's or dramatist's text, used by a theater company or film crew during the production of the work's performance or filming. A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one For the comedic team see The Film Crew. A film crew is a group of people hired by a production company for the purpose of producing a A performance, in Performing arts, generally comprises an event in which one group of people (the performer or performers behave in a particular way for another group of people More specifically, a motion picture manuscript is called a screenplay; a television manuscript, a teleplay; a manuscript for the theater, a stage play; and a manuscript for audio-only performance is often called a radio play, even when the recorded performance is disseminated via non-radio means. See also Pre-production Screenwriting A screenplay or script is a written plan authored by a Screenwriter, for a Film or Television A teleplay is a drama which is Telecast using many of the same constraints as a theater piece (limited Scenery, cast Special effects) A play, or stageplay, is a form of Literature written by a Playwright, almost always consisting of Dialogue between Fictional characters Radio drama is a form of audio storytelling broadcast on radio.

In insurance, a manuscript policy is one that is negotiated between the insurer and the policyholder, as opposed to an off-the-shelf form supplied by the insurer. Insurance, in Law and Economics, is a form of Risk management primarily used to hedge against the Risk of a contingent loss

Manuscripts by authors

An average manuscript page in 12 point Times Roman will contain about 23 lines of type per page and about 13 words per line, or 300 words per manuscript page. Times New Roman is a Serif Typeface commissioned by the British newspaper The Times, in 1931, designed by Stanley Thus if a contract between an author and publisher specifies the manuscript to be of, say, 500 pages, it generally means 150,000 words.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Harper, Douglas. "Manuscript. " Online Etymology Dictionary. Nov. 2001. Accessed 10-11-2007.
  2. ^ "Medieval English Literary Manuscripts. " www. Library. Rochester. Edu. 22 June 2004. University of Rochester Libraries. Accessed 10-11-2007.

See also

External links

Dictionary

manuscript

-noun

  1. A book, or any other document, written by hand.
  2. A book, article etc, written by hand or typewritten, submitted for publication.
  3. handwriting
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