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Manuel Quimper Benítez del Pino (c. 1757 – April 1844) was a Peruvian-born Spanish explorer, cartographer, naval officer, and colonial official. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries He participated in charting the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Sandwich Islands in the late 18th century. The Strait of Juan de Fuca (also called Juan de Fuca Strait) is a large body of water about long forming the principal outlet for the Georgia Strait and Puget "Sandwich Island" redirects here Sandwich Island is also an early name for the Cook Islands island of Manuae, and for the island of Efate He was later appointed a colonial governor in his native Peru at the beginning of the fight for independence there. He retired to Spain, but was able to return to Peru where he served as a naval officer in the new republic and pursued a literary career before his death there in Lima. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America.

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Early life

Quimper was born in Lima, Peru to a French father and Spanish mother. Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking At the age of thirteen he became a cadet with a company of the Spanish navy stationed at Callao, Peru, and participated in the exploration of Chiloé Island. Callao in Perupng see image description page at http//enwikipedia Chiloé Island ( Spanish: "Isla de Chiloé" also known as' Isla Grande de Chiloé "Greater Island of Chiloé", is the largest island In April 1771, with the endorsement of Peruvian Viceroy Manuel de Amat y Juniet, he was accepted at the Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Marcos in Lima, where he studied mathematics and their nautical applications, graduating in June 1774. Created in 1542 the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled Manuel de Amat y de Junyent, in Catalan Manuel d'Amat i de Junyent (March 1707 Vacarisses (near Barcelona) Spain,&mdash February 14 Major National University of Saint Mark (Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos UNMSM is a public university in Lima, Peru.

Little is known of Quimper's family. In 1792 El Mercurio Peruano, a publication of the Sociedad Académica de Amantes de Lima, published a letter he had apparently written to a brother in Lima during his 1790 stay at Nootka Sound.

Naval career

Following his university studies, Quimper was assigned to the frigate Áquila on a mission to re-affirm Spanish sovereignty over the island of Tahiti in the South Pacific and in the latter part of 1777 to deliver lumber from Guayaquil for naval construction at Callao. Tahiti is the largest Island in the Windward group of French Polynesia, located in the Archipelago of Society Islands in the Guayaquil (waʝaˈkil officially Santiago de Guayaquil, is the largest and the most populous City in Ecuador, as well as that nation's main port In late 1780 he was promoted to Lieutenant and assigned the transport of food from Callao to Talcahuano. Talcahuano is a Municipality and port city in the Bio-Bio Region of Chile. Two years later he was sent to chart the Juan Fernández Islands in the South Pacific and upon his return to port at Valparaiso received recognition for his cartographic skills. The Juan Fernández Islands is a sparsely inhabited island group reliant on tourism and fishing in the South Pacific Ocean, situated about 667 km off the coast of Chile Valparaíso (literally in Spanish: Valle Paraíso (Paradise Valley and also called "Valpo" locally is a major city in Chile In 1786 he embarked on a four-month sail to the Spanish port of Cádiz. Cádiz ( Spanish:) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the province of the same name, a province which is one of eight Within a month he had been promoted to Ship Lieutenant and received permission to serve at the court of King Carlos III in Madrid for four months before returning to sea assigned to the protection of the Gulf of Cádiz. This is a list of Spanish Monarchs &mdashthat is rulers of the country of Spain in the modern sense of the word Charles III ( January 20, 1716 – December 14, 1788) was King of Spain 1700–88 (as Carlos III King of Naples and Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. The Gulf of Cádiz (in Spanish: Golfo de Cádiz) is the arm of the Atlantic Ocean between Cape St

The Spanish court was becoming increasingly concerned about British and Russian incursions along the Pacific Northwest coast of North America. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Pacific Northwest is a region in the northwest of North America (the term refers to the land not the ocean Seven of the best Spanish naval officers were dispatched to learn of British and Russian intentions. These included Quimper and his fellow Peruvian Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra, who was named commander of the Marine Department of San Blas. Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra (baptized 3 June, 1743 &ndash 26 March, 1794) was a Peruvian naval officer born in San Blas is both a municipality and municipal seat located on the Pacific coast of Mexico They departed from Cadiz aboard the San Ramon in May 1789. Shortly after their arrival at Veracruz, the seven were transferred to San Blas. Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave is one of the 31 states that constitute the republic of Mexico.

In July 1789 they received news from the Pacific Northwest with the arrival of the Princesa Real, a fur-trading vessel captured from the British at Nootka Sound by Spanish commander Esteban José Martinez. British merchant vessel Princess Royal From 1786 to 1788 the Princess Royal, under Charles Duncan accompanied the much larger Prince of Wales, under For other uses of the word Nootka see Nootka (disambiguation. In 1788 the British exporer John Meares had established a fur trading post on Nootka Sound. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. John Meares ( c 1756 &ndash 1809, a native of Dublin was a Navigator and explorer best known for his role in initiating a crisis that led to the Vancouver Martinez considered this settlement illegal and had seized the port and some vessels, including the Princess Royal which he renamed the Princesa Real and dispatched to San Blas at the disposition of New Spain Viceroy Revillagigedo. The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España was a name given to the Viceroy -ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in North America, Juan Vicente de Güemes Padilla Horcasitas y Aguayo 2nd Count of Revillagigedo ( Spanish, with variant name Juan Vicente de Güemes Pacheco de Padilla y Horcasitas The Viceroy, however, wished to avoid further difficulties with the British and ordered Quimper to return the vessel.

On February 3, 1790, a Spanish expedition sailed north from San Blas under the command of Captain Francisco de Eliza. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 1790 ( MDCCXC) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Francisco de Eliza y Reventa (1759 &ndash February 19, 1825) was a Spanish naval officer Navigator, and Explorer. It included Lieutenants Francisco Eliza and Salvador Fidalgo, and Sub-Lieutenant Manuel Quimper. Their purpose was to strengthen the settlement at Nootka Sound, to further chart the waters of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the San Juan Islands, and to return the Princesa Real to the British. For other uses of the word Nootka see Nootka (disambiguation. The Strait of Juan de Fuca (also called Juan de Fuca Strait) is a large body of water about long forming the principal outlet for the Georgia Strait and Puget The San Juan Islands are a part of the San Juan Archipelago in the northwest corner of the continental United States. After several weeks at sea, the Princesa Real and Quimper arrived with difficulty at Nootka Sound where repairs on the vessel were untertaken before returning the ship to the British. For other uses of the word Nootka see Nootka (disambiguation. Throughout the month of May the Princesa Real was repaired with no sign of the British. Quimper then used the vessel to carry out a two-month exploration of the north and south coasts of the Strait of Juan de Fuca.

During June and July he charted and named many geographic features along the south shore of Vancouver Island and the north coast of the Olympic Peninsula. Vancouver Island is a large Island in British Columbia, Canada, one of several North American regions named after George Vancouver, the British Geography The Olympic Peninsula is home to some of the only Temperate rain forests in the world including the Hoh, Queets, and Quinault He was the first European to report seeing Mount Baker, which he named La Gran Montagna Carmelita. Mount Baker (elevation) is an active glaciated andesitic Stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc and the Cascades of On the Olympic Peninsula he traded with and observed the customs of indigenous people near Dungeness (which he named Bahia de Quimper) and near the Elwha River, which were most likely members of the Klallam tribe in both instances and he was possibly the first European they had seen. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Dungeness is an unincorporated community in Clallam County, Washington, United States, located north of Sequim. The Elwha River is a 45-mile-long River located on the Olympic Peninsula in the U Klallam (also Clallam, although the spelling with "K" is preferred in all four modern Klallam communities refers to four related indigenous Native Most of his discoveries along the strait were renamed by British Captain George Vancouver in 1792. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Captain George Vancouver Those which retained at least a semblance of his Spanish names include Port Angeles, Rosario Strait, Quimper Peninsula and Fidalgo Island. Port Angeles is a city in and the County seat of Clallam County, Washington, United States. Rosario Strait is a Strait in northern Washington state, separating Island and San Juan Counties. The Quimper Peninsula is a narrow peninsula forming the most northeastern extent of the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state in the northwestern United States Fidalgo Island is an Island in Skagit County, Washington, located about north of Seattle.

Quimper returned to Nootka Sound in early August but was unable to enter the port for several days due to heavy fog. He set sail for New Spain and arrived at Monterey on September 1, 1790. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1790 ( MDCCXC) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year From there he was joined by Lt. Fidalgo aboard the San Carlos. They arrived at San Blas on November 13, 1790. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 1790 ( MDCCXC) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Viceroy Revillagigedo was surprised to learn that the Princesa Real was still in Spanish possession. He dispatched a message to the Court in Madrid recommending the return of the vessel to the British at Macau and sent a report of Quimper's explorations in the Pacific Northwest with nine of his charts. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Quimper was promoted to Frigate Lieutenant.

On February 14, 1791, Quimper set sail aboard the Princesa Real with orders from San Blas commander Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra to chart the Sandwich Islands and then turn the vessel over to the Philippines Governor-General Félix Berenguer de Marquina, who would then have it returned to the British at Macau. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra (baptized 3 June, 1743 &ndash 26 March, 1794) was a Peruvian naval officer born in "Sandwich Island" redirects here Sandwich Island is also an early name for the Cook Islands island of Manuae, and for the island of Efate Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the chief political executive during two pre-independence phases in the history of the Philippines, under Spanish Félix Berenguer de Marquina (1736 Alicante, Spain &mdash October 10, 1826, Alicante was a Spanish naval officer colonial official and While exploring the Sandwich Islands he had a tense encounter with James Colnet, the British commander at Nootka, on April 1, 1791. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Colnet demanded an explanation from Quimper as to why the Princesa Real had not yet been returned to the British and Quimper informed him of the plans to return it at Macau. Colnet threatened to seize the ship then and there, but when he observed Quimper preparing for combat he backed down. Quimper continued his exploration of the islands of Hawaii, Maui, and Oahu, and on April 19, 1791, set sail for the Philippines. The Island of Hawaii, also called the Big Island or Hawaii Island, is a volcanic Island in the U The Island of Maui is the second-largest of the Hawaiian Islands at 727 Oahu (usually Oahu outside Hawaiian and Hawaiian English) known as ''"The Gathering Place", is the third largest of the Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP

Quimper arrived at the Cavite naval base on Manila Bay on June 4, 1791. Manila Bay is a natural Harbor which serves the Port of Manila (on Luzon) in the Philippines. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common He handed over the ship to Vicente Llanos y Valdés, a relative of the Minister of the Navy. The Princesa Real was returned to Macau on August 12, 1791, but a strong hurricane soon struck there badly damaging the ship, and it was later sold for salvage. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon - Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Spanish explorer Alessandro Malaspina returned to Manila from his exploration of the Marianas Islands and Quimper helped to create charts of his findings. Alessandro Malaspina (also spelled Alexandro and Alejandro; November 5, 1754 - April 9, 1810) was an Italian The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called Ladrones Islands, from Spanish Islas de los Ladrones meaning

On May 21, 1792, Quimper was given command of the frigate San José de las Ánimas and sailed for San Blas, accompanied by the schooner Valdés under the command of Lt. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Cosme Bertadano. The two vessels were soon separated by a hurricane causing the Valdés to return to Manila. Quimper continued on to San Blas. His ship was badly damaged by the weather and he did not arrive until nearly six months later on November 6, 1792. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year He learned that on October 16, orders had been issued granting him permission to marry Francisca Márquez, and appointing him as special assistant to his countryman and friend Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra, the naval commander at San Blas, who was in failing health but did not want to resign his command while the international situation was deteriorating and war was likely. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra (baptized 3 June, 1743 &ndash 26 March, 1794) was a Peruvian naval officer born in He held this position until February 1794 when Bordega y Quadra died.

Quimper himself was in poor health and was therefore granted permission in June 1795 to return to Spain. While waiting at Veracruz to embark on this voyage he was named the captain of the corvette Atrevida and sailed on this ship to Cádiz while it was still under the command of Malaspina. Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave is one of the 31 states that constitute the republic of Mexico. Cádiz ( Spanish:) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the province of the same name, a province which is one of eight Quimper apparently never took command of the Atrevida because while it was at the port of Cádiz, he requested and was granted a transfer to Madrid to attend to personal matters. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Eight months later he was inducted into the prestigious Orden Militar de Calatrava. The Order of Calatrava was the first Military order founded in Castile, but the second to receive Papal approval

Quimper then served at Algeciras under the command of Bruno de Heceta, a veteran explorer who had also explored the Pacific Northwest of America. Algeciras - Arabic: الجزيرة الخضراء is a port city in the south of Spain, and is the largest urban area on the Bay of Gibraltar Bruno de Heceta (Hezeta y Dudagoitia (1744-1807 was a Spanish Basque explorer of the Pacific Northwest. He soon asked for the governorship of Guayaquil, but was instead given command of the naval fleet at Madrid, a position he maintained until 1802. Guayaquil (waʝaˈkil officially Santiago de Guayaquil, is the largest and the most populous City in Ecuador, as well as that nation's main port He was then appointed the Minister of the Treasury in Veracruz and so returned to America in a ministerial position.

Places named by Quimper

Places named for Quimper

Governmental career

Manuel Quimper was appointed in 1802 a Spanish treasury minister to oversee emperial disbursements in Veracruz. Discovery Bay is A small bay adjoining the Strait of Juan de Fuca on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington State An Neah Bay is a Census-designated place (CDP on the Makah Indian reservation in Clallam County, Washington, United States. Māalaea is a Census-designated place (CDP in Maui County, Hawai{{okina}}i, United States. Pearl Harbor is a Harbor on the Island of O{{okina}}ahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Mount Baker (elevation) is an active glaciated andesitic Stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc and the Cascades of Port Angeles is a city in and the County seat of Clallam County, Washington, United States. Sooke is an incorporated district municipality situated on the southern tip of Vancouver Island, Canada. The City of Esquimalt (ɨsˈkwaɪmɔlt is a municipality at the southern tip of Vancouver Island, in British Columbia, Canada. Port Renfrew is a town on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, located approximately 2 hours drive west of Victoria British Dungeness is an unincorporated community in Clallam County, Washington, United States, located north of Sequim. Hatley Park is a neighbourhood in Colwood British Columbia. Named after Hatley Park National Historic Site, it is the home of Royal Roads University. The Quimper Peninsula is a narrow peninsula forming the most northeastern extent of the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state in the northwestern United States Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Vancouver Island is a large Island in British Columbia, Canada, one of several North American regions named after George Vancouver, the British British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Sooke is an incorporated district municipality situated on the southern tip of Vancouver Island, Canada. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave is one of the 31 states that constitute the republic of Mexico. In 1805 he was appointed the governor of Huamanga (later renamed Ayacucho) in the southern part of his native Peru, but due to a confusing incident involving the newly appointed Viceroy of Peru, José Fernando Abascal y Sousa, he instead became the governor of the Peruvian region of Puno on Lake Titicaca. Ayacucho is a region of Peru, located in the south-central Andes of the country Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Created in 1542 the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled Puno is a region in southeastern Peru. It is bordered by Bolivia on the east the Madre de Dios Region on the north the Cusco and Lake Titicaca is a lake located on the border of Bolivia and Peru.

During his term as governor of Puno an independence movement emerged of which Quimper warned Viceroy Abascal in July 1809. Quimper's own carefully guarded collection of papers, maps, manuscripts, and books were destroyed in an uprising of the local people. He was removed as governor at the end of January 1810. His successor, Manuel Antonio Nieto, died within months and Quiimper returned to Puno as governor in June 1810.

Following the 1814 uprisings for independence in Upper Peru, Quimper was again appointed the governor of Huamanga in August 1814. This article is about a historical region now in Bolivia Alto Perú is also the name of a Shanty town area just outside Lima, Peru (see His journey to his new post, however, was interrupted by a rebellion in the Cuzco region of Peru and he was detoured to the city of Arequipa. Cusco ( Quechua: Qusqu suyu) is a region in Peru. It is bordered by the Ucayali Region on the north the Madre de Dios and For the Cactus Genus, see Oreocereus. Arequipa is the capital of the Arequipa Region in southern Peru From there he and 250 men went to the aid of Puno on December 9, 1814. After restoring order they marched to his natal city of Lima. Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking Quimper was still in Lima when the Viceroy was replaced by Joaquin de la Pezuela, who confirmed his appointment as governor of Huamanga and Quimper traveled there to assume the position that he held for three years before returning to Spain in retirement.

Retirement in Spain

While Quimper was in Spain, his son Colonel Manuel Quimper, was fighting for the Spanish cause in Peru. He had been serving in Upper Peru until named the commander-in-chief of Spanish forces of the southern coast of Peru on February 9, 1820. The young Manuel Quimper suffered a major defeat while defending the city of Nazca and was forced to flee to the coast in October 1820. For the archaeological site see Nazca Lines. For the culture it belonged to see Nazca culture.

Meanwhile in Madrid the senior Quimper received the military honor of La Cruz de San Hermenegildo in 1820. Quimper also began to receive recognition for his literary talent. In 1821 Imprenta Alvarez published his 180-page manuscript of Décima poetry entitled Laicas vivacidades de Quimper, antorcha peruana, acaecimientos del Perú en civiles guerras, promovidas por el Reino de Buenos-Ayres, desde el año 1809 hasta el de 1818, describing his personal observations of the civil wars in Peru from 1809 to 1818. Décima is a style of poetry that is Octosyllabic and has 10 lines

Still showing regret over the loss of the documents which had been destroyed at Puno, at the end of 1821 he solicited the endorsement of José Bustamente, the director-general of the National Armada, for the publication of a recounting of his experiences aboard the Atrevida in Manila Bay thirty years earlier. Manila Bay is a natural Harbor which serves the Port of Manila (on Luzon) in the Philippines. He apparently received no support from Bustamente. Nevertheless, in 1822 Quimper published in Madrid his book Islas Sandwich: Descripción sucinta de este archipiélago, which had been previously published in El Mercurio Peruano. In the "Introducción" to this book he attempted to explain himself and his return to Spain, citing his naval service to Spain since adolesence, and the fact that he had been treated as an American in Spain, and as a Spaniard in Peru.

Return to Peru

Quimper longed to return to his native land of Peru and in February 1822 took steps to assure sympathetic treatment there upon his return. He returned shortly thereafter and is reported to have become a Peruvian "Patriot" in 1823. The government of the Republic of Peru named him a naval commander in 1827 and later a captain. He continued his literary pursuits and wrote the poem Poema raro, segments of which were published in La Gazeta de Lima. He died in Lima in April 1844.

See also

References

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