Mantis shrimp
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea Class: Malacostraca Subclass: Hoplocarida Calman, 1904 Order: Stomatopoda Latreille, 1817
Suborders, superfamilies and families [1]
Suborder Archaestomatopodea Tyrannophontidae† Suborder Unipeltata Bathysquilloidea Bathysquillidae Indosquillidae Gonodactyloidea Alainosquillidae Hemisquillidae Gonodactylidae Odontodactylidae Protosquillidae Pseudosquillidae Takuidae Erythrosquilloidea Erythrosquillidae Lysiosquilloidea Coronididae Lysiosquillidae Nannosquillidae Tetrasquillidae Squilloidea Squillidae Eurysquilloidea Eurysquillidae Parasquilloidea Parasquillidae

Mantis shrimp or stomatopods are marine crustaceans, the members of the order Stomatopoda. Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " Structure of crustaceans As Arthropods crustaceans have a stiff Exoskeleton, which must be shed to allow the animal to grow ( Ecdysis or molting The Malacostraca (Greek "soft shell" are the largest class of Crustaceans and include most of the animals that non-experts recognize as crustaceans including William Thomas Calman ( December 29 1871 - September 29 1952) was a Scottish Zoologist, specialising in the Crustacea Pierre André Latreille ( November 20, 1762 - February 6, 1833) was a French entomologist. This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used Taxonomic rank ( rank, category, taxonomic category is an abstract term used in the Scientific classification, or Taxonomy, of organisms In Biological classification, family ( Latin Gonodactylidae is a family of Mantis shrimp. It contains the following genera   Gonodactylaceus Manning Odontodactylus is a Genus of Mantis shrimp, the only genus in the family Odontodactylidae   Erythrosquilla is a Genus of Mantis shrimp, placed in its own family ( Erythrosquillidae) and Superfamily ( Erythrosquilloidea Lysiosquillidae is a family of Mantis shrimp, containing the following genera  Lysiosquilla Dana 1852 Squillidae is a family of Mantis shrimp, the only family in the Superfamily Squilloidea   Alima Leach Eurysquillidae is a family of Mantis shrimp. Formerly places in the superfamily Gonodactyloidea, it has since been recognised that eurysquillids are Marine is an Umbrella term. As an adjective it is usually applicable to things relating to the Sea or Ocean, such as Marine biology, Marine Structure of crustaceans As Arthropods crustaceans have a stiff Exoskeleton, which must be shed to allow the animal to grow ( Ecdysis or molting This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used They are neither shrimp nor mantids, but receive their name purely from the physical resemblance to both the terrestrial praying mantis and the shrimp. True shrimp are swimming decapod Crustaceans classified in the Infraorder Caridea, found widely around the world in both fresh The Insect order Mantodea or mantises consists of approximately 2000 species worldwide in Temperate and Tropical habitats of The Insect order Mantodea or mantises consists of approximately 2000 species worldwide in Temperate and Tropical habitats of They may reach 30 cm (12 in) in length, although exceptional cases of up to 38 cm have been recorded ^[2]. A centimetre ( American spelling: centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one hundredth Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. A centimetre ( American spelling: centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one hundredth The carapace of mantis shrimp covers only the rear part of the head and the first three segments of the thorax. A carapace is a dorsal section of an Exoskeleton or shell in a number of animal groups The thorax is a division of an Animal 's body that lies between the head and the Abdomen. Mantis shrimp appear in a variety of colours, from shades of browns to bright neon colours.

Called "sea graciolamentiana" by ancient Assyrians, "prawn likers" in Australia and now sometimes referred to as "thumb splitters" by modern divers — because of the relative ease the creature has in mutilating small appendages — mantis shrimp sport powerful claws that they use to attack and kill prey by spearing, stunning or dismemberment. The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. Scuba diving is swimming underwater, or taking part in another activity while using a Scuba set. Mantis shrimp can break through aquarium glass with a single strike from this weapon ^[3]. An aquarium (plural aquariums or aquaria) is a Vivarium consisting of at least one transparent side in which Water -dwelling Plants

Contents 1 Ecology 2 Classification and the claw 3 The eyes 3.1 Reasons given for powerful eyesight 4 Behavior 5 Cookery 6 Aquariums 7 References 8 External links

Ecology

These aggressive and typically solitary sea creatures spend most of their time hiding in rock formations or burrowing intricate passageways in the sea-bed. They either wait for prey to chance upon them or, unlike most crustaceans, actually hunt, chase and kill living prey. They rarely exit their homes except to feed and relocate, and can be diurnal, nocturnal or crepuscular, depending on the species. In Animal behavior, diurnality indicates an Animal that is active during the Daytime and rests during the Night. As an Animal behavior, nocturnality describes sleeping during the Daytime and being active at Night - the opposite of the diurnal Crepuscular is a term used to describe animals that are primarily active during Twilight, hence at Dawn and at Dusk. Most species live in tropical and subtropical seas (Indian and Pacific Oceans between eastern Africa and Hawaii), although some live in temperate seas.

Classification and the claw

Around 400 species of mantis shrimp have currently been described worldwide; all living species are in the suborder Unipeltata ^[4]. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. They are commonly separated into two distinct groups determined by the manner of claws they possess:

• Spearers are armed with spiny appendages topped with barbed tips, used to stab and snag prey. A claw is a curved pointed appendage found at the end of a toe or finger in most Mammals, Birds, and some Reptiles. Squilla mantis is a Species of Mantis shrimp chiefly found and fished in the Mediterranean Sea. An appendage in the broadest sense is an additional or subsidiary part existing on or added to something which can generally still function if the appendage has never existed or
• Smashers, on the other hand, possess a much more developed club and a more rudimentary spear (which is nevertheless quite sharp and still used in fights between their own kind); the club is used to bludgeon and smash their meals apart. The "punch" delivered has roughly the power of a . 22 caliber pistol. ^[5] The inner aspect of the dactyl (the terminal portion of the appendage) can also possess a sharp edge, with which the animal can cut prey while it swims.

Both types strike by rapidly unfolding and swinging their raptorial claws at the prey, and are capable of inflicting serious damage on victims significantly greater in size than themselves. The term raptorial implies much the same as " Predatory quot but most often refers to modifications of an arthropod's foreleg that make it function for the grasping In smashers, these two weapons are employed with blinding quickness, with an acceleration of 10,400 g and speeds of 23 m/s from a standing start  ^[6], about the speed and force of a . g-force (also G-force, g-load) is a measurement of an object's Acceleration expressed in g s 22 caliber bullet. Because they strike so rapidly, they generate cavitation bubbles between the appendage and the striking surface  ^[6]. Cavitation is defined as the phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles of a flowing liquid in a region where the pressure of the liquid falls below its vapour pressure The collapse of these cavitation bubbles produce measurable forces on their prey in addition to the instantaneous forces of 1,500 N that are caused by the impact of the appendage against the striking surface, which means that the prey is hit twice by a single strike; first by the claw and then by the collapsing cavitation bubbles that immediately follow  ^[7]. The newton (symbol N) is the SI derived unit of Force, named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on Classical Even if the initial strike misses the prey, the resulting shock wave can be enough to kill or stun the prey.

The snap can also produce sonoluminescence from the collapsing bubble. Sonoluminescence is the emission of short bursts of Light from imploding bubbles in a Liquid when excited by Sound. This will produce a very small amount of light and high temperatures in the range of several thousand Kelvin within the collapsing bubble, although both the light and high temperatures are too weak and short-lived to be detected without advanced scientific equipment. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The light emission and temperature increase probably have no biological significance but are rather side-effects of the rapid snapping motion. Pistol shrimp produce this effect in a very similar manner. Alpheidae is a family of Caridean snapping shrimp characterized by having asymmetrical claws the larger of which is typically capable of producing

Smashers use this ability to attack snails, crabs, molluscs and rock oysters; their blunt clubs enabling them to crack the shells of their prey into pieces. The word snail is a Common name that can be used for almost all members of the Molluscan class Gastropoda which have coiled shells in the Crabs are decapod Crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting "tail" (βραχύ / brachy Molluscs are animals belonging to the phylum Mollusca. There are around 250000 extant Species within the phylum with an estimated 70000 The common name oyster is used for a number of different groups of Bivalve Mollusks most of which live in marine habitats or Brackish water. Spearers, on the other hand, prefer the meat of softer animals, like fish, which their barbed claws can more easily slice and snag.

The eyes

Mantis shrimp are the only known animals with hyperspectral colour vision. Hyperspectral imaging collects and processes information from across the Electromagnetic spectrum. Color vision is the capacity of an organism or machine to distinguish objects based on the Wavelengths (or frequencies) of the Light they reflect or emit Their eyes (both mounted on mobile stalks and constantly moving about independently of each other) are similarly variably coloured, and are considered to be the most complex eyes in the animal kingdom ^[8]. In biological Taxonomy, a kingdom or regnum is a Taxonomic rank in either (historically the highest rank or (in the new three-domain system ^[9] They permit both serial and parallel analysis of visual stimuli. In Physiology, a stimulus is a detectable change in the internal or external environment

Each compound eye is made up of up to 10,000 separate ommatidia of the apposition type. The Compound eye of Insects is composed of units called ommatidia. Each eye consists of two flattened hemispheres separated by six parallel rows of highly specialised ommatidia, collectively called the midband, which divides the eye into three regions. "Globose" redirects here See also Globose nucleus. A sphere (from Greek σφαίρα - sphaira, "globe This is a design which makes it possible for mantis shrimp to see objects with three different parts of the same eye. In other words, each individual eye possesses trinocular vision and depth perception. Depth perception is the visual ability to perceive the world in three Dimensions Although any animal capable of moving around its environment must be able to The upper and lower hemispheres are used primarily for recognition of forms and motion, not colour vision, like the eyes of many other crustaceans.

Rows 1-4 of the midband are specialised for colour vision, from ultra-violet to infra-red. Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays Infrared ( IR) radiation is Electromagnetic radiation whose Wavelength is longer than that of Visible light, but shorter than that of The optical elements in these rows have eight different classes of visual pigments and the rhabdom is divided into three different pigmented layers (tiers), each adapted for different wavelengths. Rhabdoms are transparent rods found in the center of each Ommatidium in the Compound eye of Arthropods These rods are constructed from the eight photoreceptor The retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE) is the Pigmented cell layer just outside the neurosensory Retina that nourishes retinal visual cells and is firmly In Physics wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a propagating Wave of a given Frequency. The three tiers in rows 2 and 3 are separated by colour filters (intrarhabdomal filters) that can be divided into four distinct classes, two classes in each row. It is organised like a sandwich; a tier, a colour filter of one class, a tier again, a colour filter of another class, and then a last tier. Rows 5-6 are segregated into different tiers too, but have only one class of visual pigment (a ninth class) and are specialised for polarisation vision. They can detect different planes of polarised light. Polarization ( ''Brit'' polarisation) is a property of Waves that describes the orientation of their oscillations A tenth class of visual pigment is found in the dorsal and ventral hemispheres of the eye.

The midband only covers a small area of about 5°-10° of the visual field at any given instant, but like in most crustaceans, the eyes are mounted on stalks. This article describes the unit of angle For other meanings see Degree. In mantis shrimps the movement of the stalked eye is unusually free, and can be driven in all possible axes, up to at least 70°, of movement by eight individual eyecup muscles divided into six functional groups. By using these muscles to scan the surroundings with the midband, they can add information about forms, shapes and landscape which cannot be detected by the upper and lower hemisphere of the eye. They can also track moving objects using large, rapid eye movements where the two eyes move independently. By combining different techniques, including saccadic movements, the midband can cover a very wide range of the visual field. A saccade is a fast movement of an eye, head or other part of an animal's body or device

Some species have at least 16 different photoreceptor types, which are divided into four classes (their spectral sensitivity is further tuned by colour filters in the retinas), 12 of them for colour analysis in the different wavelengths (including four which are sensitive to ultraviolet light) and four of them for analysing polarised light. Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays By comparison, humans have only four visual pigments. The visual information leaving the retina seems to be processed into numerous parallel data streams leading into the central nervous system, greatly reducing the analytical requirements at higher levels. The vertebrate retina is a light sensitive part inside the inner layer of the Eye. This article is about the more general meaning of the term "data stream" In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges.

One species has been reported to be able to detect circular polarized light. In Electrodynamics, circular polarization (also circular polarisation) of Electromagnetic radiation is a Polarization such that the tip of the ^[10]

Reasons given for powerful eyesight

The eyes of mantis shrimp may make them able to recognise different types of coral, prey species (which are often transparent or semi-transparent), or predators, such as barracuda, which have shimmering scales. The barracuda is a Ray-finned fish known for its large size (up to 16 ft in length and up to a foot in width for some species) and fearsome appearance Alternatively, the manner in which mantis shrimp hunt (very rapid movements of the claws) may require very accurate ranging information, which would require accurate depth perception.

The fact that those with the most advanced vision also are the species with the most colourful bodies, suggests the colour vision has taken the same direction as the peacock's tail. The term peafowl refers to Gallinaceous Birds classified within the genera Rheinardia Argusianus Afropavoand Pavo

During mating rituals, mantis shrimp actively fluoresce, and the wavelength of this fluorescence was shown to match the wavelengths detected by their eye pigments ^[2]. Fluorescence is a Luminescence that is mostly found as an Females are only fertile during certain phases of the tidal cycle; the ability to perceive the phase of the moon may therefore help prevent wasted mating efforts. Characteristics A tide is a repeated cycle of sea level changes in the following stages Over several hours the water rises or advances up a beach in the flood Lunar phase (or Moon phase refers to the appearance of the illuminated portion of the Moon as seen by an observer usually on Earth It may also give mantis shrimp information about the size of the tide, which is important for species living in shallow water near the shore.

Another theory is that the invertebrate brain is unequipped to analyse all the incoming data in real time and so the processing is performed physically by the eye. An invertebrate is an Animal lacking a Vertebral column. The group includes 98% of all animal Species — all animals except those in the Chordate The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain

Behavior

Mantis shrimp appear to be highly intelligent, are long-lived and exhibit complex behaviour, such as ritualised fighting. Scientists have discovered that some species use fluorescent patterns on their bodies for signaling with their own and maybe even other species, expanding their range of behavioural signals. Fluorescence is a Luminescence that is mostly found as an They can learn and remember well, and are able to recognise individual neighbours with whom they frequently interact. They can recognise them by visual signs and even by individual smell. Many have developed a complex social behaviour to defend their space from rivals.

In a lifetime, they can have as many as 20 or 30 breeding episodes. Depending on the species, the eggs can be laid and kept in a burrow, or carried around under the female's tail until they hatch. Also depending on the species, male and female come together only to mate or bond in monogamous long-term relationships. Monogamy is the custom or condition of having only one mate in a Relationship, thus forming a Couple.

In the monogamous species, the mantis shrimp remain with the same partner for up to 20 years. They share the same burrow, and there are reasons to suspect that these pairs can coordinate their activities. Both sexes often take care of the eggs (biparental care). In Pullosquilla and some species in Nannosquilla, the female will lay two clutches of eggs, one that the male tends and one that the female tends. In other species, the female will look after the eggs while the male hunts for both of them. Once the eggs hatch the offspring may spend up to three months as plankton. Plankton consist of any drifting Organisms ( Animals Plants Archaea, or Bacteria) that inhabit the Pelagic zone of

Most stomatopods display the standard locomotion types as seen in true shrimp and lobsters. In Biomechanics, animal locomotion is the study of how Animals move. True shrimp are swimming decapod Crustaceans classified in the Infraorder Caridea, found widely around the world in both fresh Clawed lobsters compose a family ( Nephropidae, sometimes also Homaridae) of large marine Crustaceans Lobsters are economically important as One species, Nannosquilla decemspinosa, has been observed flipping itself into a crude wheel. The species lives in shallow, sandy areas. At low tides, N. decemspinosa is often stranded by its short rear legs, which are sufficient when the body is supported by water. The mantis shrimp then performs a forward flip, in an attempt to roll towards the next tidepool. Caldwell once observed an N. decemspinosa roll repeatedly for a total of six feet.

Cookery

In Japanese cuisine, the mantis shrimp is eaten raw as sashimi and as a sushi topping, and is called shako (蝦蛄). Japanese Cuisine has developed over the centuries as a result of many political and social changes Sashimi ( IPA: /'saɕimi/ 刺身 is a Japanese delicacy primarily consisting of very fresh raw Seafood, sliced into thin pieces about 2 In Japanese cuisine, is Vinegared Rice, usually topped with other ingredients including fish various meats and vegetables It is commonly served in Japan, but is not often found on the menu at sushi restaurants in the United States . For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

In Cantonese cuisine, the mantis shrimp is a popular dish known as "pissing shrimp" (攋尿蝦, Mandarin pinyin: lài niào xiā, modern Cantonese: laaih niuh hā) due to its tendency to urinate when cooked . Cantonese ( Yue) cuisine comes from Guangdong Province in Southern China, or specifically from Guangzhou (Canton Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Because of this, mantis shrimp are speared to induce them to evacuate their bowels prior to being introduced into the cookpot . After cooking, their flesh is closer to that of lobsters than that of shrimp, and like lobsters, their shells are quite hard and require some pressure to crack. Clawed lobsters compose a family ( Nephropidae, sometimes also Homaridae) of large marine Crustaceans Lobsters are economically important as True shrimp are swimming decapod Crustaceans classified in the Infraorder Caridea, found widely around the world in both fresh

In the Mediterranean countries the Squilla mantis mantis shrimp is a common seafood, especially on the Adriatic coasts. Squilla mantis is a Species of Mantis shrimp chiefly found and fished in the Mediterranean Sea.

The usual concerns associated with consuming seafood are an issue with mantis shrimp, as they may dwell in contaminated waters. This is especially true in Hawaii where some have grown unnaturally large ^[2]. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the

Aquariums

Many saltwater aquarists keep stomatopods in captivity. These aquarists may play a role in understanding the mysteries of the mantis shrimp. However, mantis shrimp are considered pests by other hobbyists because they can be transported unwittingly in a load of rocks destined for an aquarium. Once inside the tank, they may feed on fish, corals, and smaller crustaceans. They are notoriously difficult to catch when established in a well-stocked tank ^[11] and have been known to destroy aquariums by cracking the glass^[12].

References

External links

• Crustacea.net Stomapoda pages
• The Lurker's Guide to Stomatopods - mantis shrimp
• Mantis shrimp - colourful and aggressive
• Research on Stomatopods at the University of Maryland
• Mantis shrimp. The Aquarium Wiki (2006-04-07). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
• Mantis shrimp - Pictures and Videos
• Caldwell Lab at the University of California, Berkeley
• Patek Lab at the University of California, Berkeley

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